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        雌激素與皮膚健康:生理作用、衰老影響及治療進展

        2024-12-31 00:00:00楊鳳娟蔣獻
        中國美容醫(yī)學(xué) 2024年7期

        [摘要]雌激素對機體各個系統(tǒng)的影響已得到充分證明,然而尚未探索的一個領(lǐng)域是雌激素對皮膚的影響。目前,不斷發(fā)展的皮膚內(nèi)分泌學(xué)認為皮膚不僅是各種激素的靶器官,而且是一個高度活躍的代謝器官,雌激素似乎以多種方式影響著皮膚及皮膚病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。本文就雌激素的生成特性及相關(guān)受體、雌激素對皮膚的生理作用、更年期與皮膚衰老的關(guān)系進行回顧,以期為雌激素對皮膚影響的研究提供參考依據(jù)。

        [關(guān)鍵詞]雌激素;皮膚生理作用;皮膚衰老;更年期

        [中圖分類號]R339.3+8" " [文獻標志碼]A" " [文章編號]1008-6455(2024)07-0181-04

        Estrogen and Skin Health: Physiological Roles, Effects of Aging, and Prospects for Treatment

        YANG Fengjuan1, JIANG Xian1,2

        ( 1.Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; 2.Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China )

        Abstract: The effects of estrogen on various systems of the body are well documented; however, one area that has not yet been explored is the effect of estrogen on the skin. The currently evolving field of Dermato-Endocrinology considers the skin not only as a target organ for various hormones but also as a highly active metabolic organ where estrogen appears to influence the development of skin and dermatosis in multiple ways. In this article, we review estrogen production properties and related receptors, the physiological effects of estrogen on the skin, menopause and skin aging, providing evidence for the study of the effects of estrogen on the skin.

        Key words: estrogen; physiological effect of skin; aging of skin; menopause

        目前,皮膚內(nèi)分泌學(xué)認為皮膚上存在激素相關(guān)受體,是最大的非生殖靶組織,全身激素水平紊亂會影響皮膚自身的激素代謝。此外,皮膚是一個高度活躍的代謝器官,能夠從膽固醇合成廣泛的性類固醇激素以及代謝各種激素前體[1]。內(nèi)源性雌激素在皮膚上發(fā)揮著有益和保護作用,能增加皮膚厚度和真皮含水量、改善皮膚屏障功能和促進傷口愈合等。隨著絕經(jīng)后婦女人數(shù)的增加,人們對雌激素作用的興趣也在增加。在女性中,雌激素水平下降與各種皮膚變化有關(guān),許多變化可以通過補充雌激素來逆轉(zhuǎn)或改善。

        1" 雌激素及其代謝

        雌激素是一組C18類固醇激素,包括雌酮、雌二醇和雌三醇,雌激素相關(guān)的生物活性作用大多數(shù)都與17β-雌二醇(E2)有關(guān)(見圖1)。雌激素對女性的生理功能包括發(fā)育第二性征、調(diào)節(jié)促性腺激素分泌以促進排卵、維持骨量、調(diào)節(jié)脂蛋白合成、預(yù)防泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)萎縮、調(diào)節(jié)胰島素反應(yīng)和維持認知功能等[2]。

        在絕經(jīng)前的女性中,雌激素的生物合成主要發(fā)生在卵巢[3](見圖2)。然而在絕經(jīng)后的女性(卵巢停止產(chǎn)生雌激素)及男性中,C19類固醇在外周組織(脂肪和皮膚)中的芳香化是雌激素形成的主要機制。研究表明,皮膚具有合成類固醇激素必要的酶機制,能從膽固醇產(chǎn)生大部分前體并將各種前體轉(zhuǎn)化為更有效的性激素[1]。皮膚中的芳香化酶活性顯著,能將脫氫表雄酮(DHEA)轉(zhuǎn)化為雌激素并以旁分泌或內(nèi)分泌方式使用雌激素,而脫氫表雄酮硫酸鹽(DHEA-s)和脫氫表雄酮主要來自腎上腺[2]。

        2" 雌激素受體及其作用方式

        雌激素和皮膚之間通過受體有明顯的相互作用。雌激素可以通過細胞內(nèi)雌激素受體(ERα和ERβ)或通過激活特定的第二信使信號通路的細胞表面受體來調(diào)節(jié)其作用,產(chǎn)生獨立、協(xié)同或相反的作用(見圖3)。

        目前,已經(jīng)鑒定出兩種不同的細胞內(nèi)雌激素受體(ERα和ERβ),它們屬于核受體超家族[4-5]。ERα和ERβ是不同基因的產(chǎn)物,ERβ定位于14號染色體,而ERα定位于6號染色體,這兩種受體的表達具有組織依賴性[6-7]。ERα和ERβ在人體皮膚中都有表達,存在于表皮、真皮、毛囊和皮脂腺中,且在皮膚中ERβ比ERα分布更廣泛[8-9],ERβ的表達隨著年齡的增長而下降[10]。雌激素受體是配體激活的核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,與染色質(zhì)結(jié)合后能增強靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[11]。然而,雌激素受體也可與其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過蛋白質(zhì)-蛋白質(zhì)相互作用與它們的同源DNA結(jié)合位點結(jié)合[12-13]。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)細胞膜上存在雌激素受體(GPER1/GRP30),對雌激素快速反應(yīng),與細胞質(zhì)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)蛋白偶聯(lián),利用傳統(tǒng)的第二信使(如腺酰環(huán)化酶、cAMP、磷脂酶C、蛋白激酶C和絲裂原激活的蛋白激酶)啟動一系列信號級聯(lián)[14-15]。

        3" 雌激素在皮膚中的作用

        雌激素在皮膚生理中具有重要的有益和保護作用[16]。雌激素對皮膚不同類型的重要生理細胞有顯著的影響,在皮膚老化、色素沉著、頭發(fā)生長、皮脂產(chǎn)生和皮膚病等方面發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,但涉及的分子過程尚不完全清楚[17]。

        3.1 雌激素對表皮的影響:促進角質(zhì)形成細胞增殖、抑制凋亡。雌激素已被證明可以通過ERα而增強小鼠表皮中角質(zhì)形成細胞的有絲分裂活性[18-20]。此外,在體外雌激素可通過上調(diào)角質(zhì)形成細胞中ERα受體,誘導(dǎo)細胞周期蛋白D2,刺激人表皮角質(zhì)形成細胞的增殖和其DNA的合成[21-22]。Kanda N等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)雌激素還可通過角質(zhì)形成細胞中的cAMP/蛋白激酶A通路,增強Bcl-2,阻止過氧化氫誘導(dǎo)的體外培養(yǎng)人表皮角質(zhì)形成細胞凋亡,促進上皮再生。雌二醇能加速培養(yǎng)的人表皮角質(zhì)形成細胞的粒細胞-巨噬細胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)的分泌,增加3倍[24]。GM-CSF是一種多效性細胞因子,在皮膚損傷時由角質(zhì)形成細胞分泌,介導(dǎo)表皮細胞增殖、促進新生血管和再上皮化[25]。

        3.2 雌激素對真皮的影響:促進膠原蛋白合成。培養(yǎng)的小鼠真皮成纖維細胞已被證明在雌激素的作用下膠原合成增加約76%[26-27]。此外,雌二醇能顯著增加小鼠皮膚中透明質(zhì)酸和蛋白聚糖基質(zhì)E2表達的合成[28],促進傷口愈合。雌激素對傷口愈合有保護功能,雌激素通過增強角質(zhì)形成細胞和成纖維細胞功能誘導(dǎo)基質(zhì)沉淀、下調(diào)延遲傷口愈合的巨噬細胞遷移抑制因子(MIF)的表達、降低傷口蛋白酶水平、減少促炎細胞因子的表達(TNFα)等方式參與傷口愈合過程中的止血/炎癥、增殖和最終重塑過程[29-30]。

        3.3 雌激素對皮膚附屬器的影響:雌二醇通過影響芳香酶活性來顯著改變毛囊的生長和周期[31],并能刺激毛囊角質(zhì)形成細胞增殖的必需生長因子的合成來促進頭發(fā)生長[32]。在小鼠全身注射大量雌激素既可以縮小皮脂腺的大小,也可以抑制皮脂腺分泌[33]。Chen F等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)雌激素可以抑制皮脂細胞合成和抑制脂肪和甘油三酯分泌。

        4" 雌激素對更年期女性皮膚的影響及雌激素與衰老的關(guān)系

        更年期是女性生命中的一個重要轉(zhuǎn)折點,卵巢功能停止,內(nèi)源性雌激素水平急劇下降,加速了機體的生物衰老[35]。衰老引起的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能變化在皮膚的表現(xiàn)最為明顯,到目前為止討論最多衰老的內(nèi)在因素是雌二醇水平的下降[36]。隨著雌激素水平的降低更年期皮膚會發(fā)生膠原蛋白含量和皮膚厚度減少,失去彈性、皮膚干燥、皺紋產(chǎn)生、容易瘀傷及出現(xiàn)色素沉著等衰老相關(guān)表現(xiàn)[37-39]。見表1。

        絕經(jīng)期雌二醇水平降低與衰老的多種代謝機制有關(guān),包括細胞衰老和氧化應(yīng)激。雌二醇通過調(diào)節(jié)抗氧化物活性、防止端粒縮短、抑制NF-κB或直接抑制氧化應(yīng)激來發(fā)揮有效的抗衰老作用[40]。

        5" 激素替代療法

        雌激素水平下降與各種皮膚變化有關(guān),其中許多變化可以通過激素替代療法(HRT)來逆轉(zhuǎn)或改善[41-44]。盡管HRT有很多的益處,但許多研究表明其會增加腦血管事件、乳腺癌以及血栓栓塞等風險,對皮膚科醫(yī)生來說HRT的使用存在著挑戰(zhàn)[45-46]。

        為了將風險降到最低,許多研究使用選擇性雌激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑、局部雌激素、植物雌激素來改善雌激素缺乏的皮膚狀態(tài)[36]。在一次全國健康和營養(yǎng)調(diào)查中通過對3 875名絕經(jīng)后女性評估證實了局部用雌激素有改善皺紋外觀的能力[47]。此外,最近的一項雙盲、隨機試驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在面部涂抹14周的雌激素可以改善干燥、皮膚松弛和暗沉,并增加成纖維細胞雌激素受體[48]。然而,未來需要進行大量的前瞻性、安慰劑對照的臨床研究,以評估雌激素相關(guān)制劑干預(yù)更年期女性皮膚的功效和潛在風險。

        6" 小結(jié)和展望

        機體內(nèi)雌激素的穩(wěn)態(tài)對皮膚的生理作用至關(guān)重要,雌激素在調(diào)節(jié)皮膚老化、色素沉著、皮脂生成、傷口愈合和皮膚病等方面起著不可忽視的作用。隨著雌激素配體、選擇性雌激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑研究的新進展,需重新審視關(guān)于雌激素作用于皮膚的復(fù)雜機制等相關(guān)問題,這不僅提供了對雌激素作用更全面的認識,也可能為研究雌激素紊亂的病理機制提供依據(jù)。未來開發(fā)雌激素受體激動劑或拮抗劑來治療各種皮膚病,可能具有重要的臨床意義。

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        [收稿日期]2022-12-18

        本文引用格式:楊鳳娟,蔣獻.雌激素與皮膚健康:生理作用、衰老影響及治療進展[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2024,33(7):181-184.

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