摘要:目的 探究瑞馬唑侖(Rem)調節(jié)Toll樣受體4(TLR4)/髓樣分化因子88(MyD88)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信號通路對燒傷大鼠腸上皮細胞凋亡的影響。方法 將造模成功的燒傷大鼠隨機分為模型組(Model組),藥物低、中、高劑量處理組(Rem-L組、Rem-M組、Rem-H組)和高劑量瑞馬唑侖+TLR4激活劑組(Rem-H+LPS組),另取健康的大鼠作對照組(Control組)。在對大鼠尾靜脈采血且行安樂死后取其腸組織樣本。酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)檢測血清炎性因子白細胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6水平;HE染色觀察腸組織形態(tài);TUNEL檢測試劑盒檢測細胞凋亡;免疫組化檢測緊密連接蛋白ZO-1、Occludin表達;免疫印跡實驗檢測凋亡蛋白Bax及TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路蛋白表達。結果 與Control組相比,Model組細胞排列紊亂,有炎癥表現(xiàn),IL-1β、IL-6水平、細胞凋亡率升高,Bax、TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB/NF-κB表達上調,ZO-1、Occludin表達下調(P<0.05);與Model組比較,Rem-L、Rem-M、Rem-H組腸黏膜炎癥浸潤逐漸減輕,IL-1β、IL-6水平、細胞凋亡率降低,Bax、TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB/NF-κB表達下調,ZO-1、Occludin表達上調,呈劑量依賴性(P<0.05);與Rem-H組相比,Rem-H+LPS組組織炎癥加重,IL-1β、IL-6水平、細胞凋亡率升高,Bax、TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB/NF-κB表達上調,ZO-1、Occludin表達下調(P<0.05)。結論 Rem可能通過抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路緩解燒傷大鼠腸上皮細胞的損傷,從而保護腸黏膜。
關鍵詞:燒傷;Toll樣受體4;髓樣分化因子88;NF-κB;細胞凋亡;瑞馬唑侖;腸上皮細胞
中圖分類號:R644 文獻標志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20240667
Effect of remimazolam on apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in burned rats by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway
LONG Hua1, CHEN Yifei2, WANG Qingshu1
1 Department of Anesthesiology, Second People 's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang 618000, China;
2 Department of Anesthesiology, Mianyang Central Hospital
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of remimazolam (Rem) on apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in burned rats by regulating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods The successfully constructed burned rat model was randomly divided into the model group, the Rem low dose treatment (Rem-L) group, the Rem medium dose treatment (Rem-M) group and the Rem high dose treatment (Rem-H) group, and Rem-H+TLR4 activator (LPS) group. Healthy rats were taken as the control group. After blood samples were collected from tail vein of rats and intestinal tissue samples were taken after euthanasia. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HE staining was applied to observe the morphology of intestinal tissue. TUNEL detection kit was used to detect apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Occludin. Immunoblotting experiments were used to detect the expression levels of apoptotic proteins Bax and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway proteins. Results Compared with the control group, cell arrangement was disordered with inflammation, and IL-1β and IL-6 levels and apoptosis rate were increased, expression levels of Bax, TLR4, MyD88 and p-NF-κB/NF-κB were up-regulated, and expression levels of ZO-1 and Occludin were down-regulated in the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, inflammatory infiltration of intestinal mucosa was gradually reduced in the Rem-L, Rem-M and Rem-H groups, the apoptosis rate, IL-1β and IL-6 levels were decreased, the expression levels of Bax, TLR4, MyD88 and p-NF-κB/NF-κB were down-regulated, and the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin was up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Compared with the Rem-H group, the tissue inflammation was aggravated, the apoptosis rate, levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were increased, expression levels of Bax, TLR4, MyD88 and p-NF-κB/NF-κB were up-regulated, and expression levels of ZO-1 and Occludin were down-regulatedin in the Rem-H+LPS group (P<0.05). Conclusion Remimazolam may alleviate the damage of intestinal epithelial cells in burned model rats by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thus protecting intestinal mucosa.
Key words: burns; Toll-like receptor 4; myeloid differentiation factor 88; NF-kappa B; apoptosis; Remimazolam; intestinal epithelial cells
燒傷是常見的創(chuàng)傷性損傷,嚴重影響患者的生活質量,病死率較高。嚴重燒傷后促炎因子、應激細胞因子、缺氧因子通過多種信號通路誘導腸道屏障功能障礙[1]。腸黏膜屏障是維持人體內部環(huán)境穩(wěn)定的核心組織結構。腸道黏液屏障是抵御病原微生物入侵的第一道防線,在維持內部環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定方面起著重要作用[2]。緩解腸道黏膜損傷、減少全身炎癥反應和控制氧化應激負荷是治療嚴重燒傷的重要方法。瑞馬唑侖(Rem)是一種靶向γ-氨基丁酸A(GABAa)受體的新型麻醉藥物,可以穩(wěn)定血流動力學,提供快速麻醉和覺醒,對呼吸產生的抑制作用較小,且代謝物無任何藥理作用[3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),瑞馬唑侖能通過降低脂多糖(LPS)誘導的腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、白細胞介素(IL)-6和IL-1β等炎性因子的釋放而提高內毒素血癥小鼠的存活率[4]。但瑞馬唑侖對燒傷大鼠腸上皮細胞凋亡的影響仍不清楚。Toll樣受體4(TLR4)是LPS的主要信號受體,髓樣分化因子88(MyD88)是響應TLR4與LPS相互作用的關鍵下游信號蛋白,在LPS的作用下,核因子-κB(NF-κB)被TLR4-MyD88信號通路激活。NF-κB通路激活后IκBα被降解,p65磷酸化上調,誘導p65從細胞質向細胞核易位。這一系列的級聯(lián)反應最終導致炎癥反應激活和炎性因子的釋放[5]。有研究報道香蓮丸(XLP)可能通過調節(jié)TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路治療潰瘍性結腸炎[6]。但瑞馬唑侖能否調節(jié)TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路對燒傷大鼠腸上皮細胞凋亡產生影響尚未可知。本研究著重探究瑞馬唑侖對燒傷大鼠腸上皮細胞凋亡的影響及其可能的作用機制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗動物 108只雄性SPF級成年SD大鼠購自濟南朋悅實驗動物繁育有限公司,動物生產許可證號:SCXK(魯)2022-0006。所有大鼠均飼養(yǎng)在濕度60%±5%,溫度(25±1)℃的受控環(huán)境中,光暗循環(huán)各12 h,并有足夠的食物和水。
1.2 主要試劑與儀器 瑞馬唑侖購自維克奇生物公司;TLR4激活劑LPS購自MCE公司;兔抗大鼠Bax、Occludin、TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB、p-NF-κB抗體購自Abcam公司。兔抗ZO-1抗體購自上海碧云天生物技術有限公司。辣根過氧化物酶標記的二抗購自溫州科淼生物科技有限公司;山羊抗兔抗體購自廣東固康生物科技有限公司。大鼠IL-1β、IL-6酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)試劑盒分別購自博研生物、江萊生物。一步法TUNEL細胞凋亡檢測試劑盒(綠色熒光)購自碧云天公司。Eppendorf Centrifuge5424R小型臺式冷凍離心機購自艾本德生物公司;SuPerMax 3000AL型多功能酶標儀購自閃譜生物公司;LWD300-38LFT倒置顯微鏡購自北京測維光電儀器廠;冰凍切片機購自闊海醫(yī)療;Mini-PROTEAN? Tetra電泳儀購自美國伯樂公司。
1.3 造模及分組 以30 mg/kg戊巴比妥鈉腹腔麻醉所有大鼠,剪掉其背部毛發(fā),放置預制模板,將背部皮膚完全暴露于矩形開口,保護其余皮膚,據(jù)Walker-Mason燒傷模型[7],將大鼠背部皮膚浸入100 ℃沸水15 s,造成20%體表面積Ⅲ度燒傷(TBSAⅢ)動物模型,燒傷完成后即刻干燥[8]。Control組大鼠的背部浸入37 ℃水15 s,完成后立即干燥。觀察3 h,檢查所有大鼠的燒傷程度。實驗在成都紐瑞特醫(yī)療科技股份有限公司進行,經(jīng)該公司動物實驗中心倫理委員會審核通過(2023-11263)。將造模成功的大鼠隨機抽樣分為模型組(Model組),藥物低、中、高劑量處理組(Rem-L組、Rem-M組、Rem-H組)和高劑量瑞馬唑侖+TLR4激活劑組(Rem-H+LPS組),每組18只,另取18只正常SD大鼠作為對照組(Control組)。參照文獻[9],Rem-L組、Rem-M組、Rem-H組大鼠連續(xù)7 d于腹腔分別注射5、10、20 mg·kg-1·d-1瑞馬唑侖;Rem-H+LPS組連續(xù)7 d腹腔注射20 mg·kg-1·d-1瑞馬唑侖及0.4 mg·kg-1·d-1 LPS[10];Control組與Model組連續(xù)7 d腹腔注射等量生理鹽水,以上各組均每天腹腔注射1次。
1.4 標本收集 末次給藥結束后,對各組大鼠進行尾靜脈采血,取血清,然后腹腔注射120 mg/kg戊巴比妥鈉將大鼠安樂死,手術切取腸組織樣本,去除腸系膜和脂肪,清洗后分為2份,一份用4%甲醛固定24 h;另一份用液氮冰凍,-80 ℃保存待用。
1.5 大鼠血清炎性因子水平檢測 使用ELISA試劑盒檢測大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6水平,操作依據(jù)試劑盒步驟說明。
1.6 HE染色觀察腸黏膜組織形態(tài) 將各組大鼠腸組織用4%多聚甲醛固定24 h,然后用乙醇脫水、二甲苯透明,完成后包埋切片,切片厚度6 μm,蘇木素、伊紅染色,顯微鏡觀察。
1.7 TUNEL檢測細胞凋亡 將大鼠腸組織切片進行脫蠟水化,加20 mg/L蛋白酶K消化20 min,PBS清洗,加50 μL的TUNEL工作液,37 ℃條件下進行避光染色1 h,DAPI染色細胞核,在熒光顯微鏡下觀察樣本并進行拍照保存,統(tǒng)計細胞凋亡率。
1.8 免疫組化檢測ZO-1、Occludin表達 將大鼠腸組織樣本進行脫蠟及梯度乙醇水化,用胎牛血清封閉,加入ZO-1、Occludin抗體孵育,PBS清洗,加入二抗孵育,PBS清洗,DAB顯色,清洗后封片,顯微鏡下進行觀察拍照,并進行光密度(OD)值分析。
1.9 Western blot檢測Bax、TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB蛋白表" 達 用RIPA裂解液裂解各組大鼠腸組織樣本,孵育后以" " " " 12 000 r/min離心10 min,提取總蛋白,BCA法用于檢測蛋白濃度。使用十二烷基硫酸鈉聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳(SDS-PAGE)將蛋白分離,電轉膜,5%脫脂奶粉封閉,分別加入p-NF-κB、NF-κB、Bax、TLR4、MyD88對應一抗,孵育過夜,加入二抗,室溫孵育2 h,ECL顯色,將β-actin作為內參,分析各蛋白條帶表達量。
1.10 統(tǒng)計學方法 采用SPSS 25.0軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計量數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標準差[([x] ±s)]表示,多組間比較用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較用SNK-q檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 瑞馬唑侖對血清炎性因子表達水平的影" " "響 與Control組比較,Model組大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6水平升高(P<0.05);與Model組比較,Rem-L、Rem-M、Rem-H組IL-1β、IL-6水平呈劑量依賴性降低(P<0.05);與Rem-H組相比,Rem-H+LPS組IL-1β、IL-6水平上升(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 腸黏膜組織HE染色結果 Control組為正常腸組織,組織完整,結構正常,未出現(xiàn)染色變化;與Control組相比,Model組細胞排列紊亂,有炎癥表現(xiàn);與Model組比較,Rem-L、Rem-M、Rem-H組腸黏膜炎癥浸潤逐漸減輕;與Rem-H組相比,Rem-H+LPS組組織炎癥加重,見圖1。
2.3 瑞馬唑侖對大鼠腸上皮細胞凋亡的影響 凋亡細胞經(jīng)TUNEL染色顯示為綠色,Control組幾乎無凋亡細胞;與Control組比較,Model組細胞凋亡率升高,Bax表達上調(P<0.05);與Model組比較,Rem-L、Rem-M、Rem-H組細胞凋亡率逐漸降低,Bax表達下調,呈劑量依賴性(P<0.05);與Rem-H組相比,Rem-H+LPS組細胞凋亡率明顯上升,Bax表達上調(P<0.05),見表2,圖2、3。
2.4 瑞馬唑侖對大鼠腸上皮細胞緊密連接蛋白的影響 與Control組比較,Model組細胞ZO-1、Occludin表達下調(P<0.05);與Model組比較,Rem-L、Rem-M、Rem-H組細胞ZO-1、Occludin表達呈劑量依賴性上調(P<0.05);與Rem-H組比較,Rem-H+LPS組ZO-1、Occludin表達下調(P<0.05),見表3、圖4。
2.5 瑞馬唑侖對TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路的影響 與Control組比較,Model組TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB/NF-κB表達上調(P<0.05);與Model組比較,Rem-L、Rem-M、Rem-H組TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB/NF-κB表達呈劑量依賴性下調(P<0.05);與Rem-H組相比,Rem-H+LPS組TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB/NF-κB表達上調(P<0.05),見圖5、表4。
3 討論
腸損傷是嚴重燒傷患者的常見并發(fā)癥。腸道血流量減少會導致腸道缺氧,胃腸道屏障功能破壞[11]。腸道受損會影響營養(yǎng)物質的吸收,導致患者營養(yǎng)不良,是預后不良的重要因素[12]。因此,亟需明確嚴重燒傷后腸黏膜損傷和修復的機制,并開發(fā)有效的治療腸黏膜損傷的方法和藥物[13]。
瑞馬唑侖起效快,恢復時間短,手術成功率高,呼吸和血流動力學波動小,長期輸注后積累較少,并且沒有嚴重的藥物相關不良反應,已被用于內鏡檢查、手術、維持程序性鎮(zhèn)靜和全身麻醉[14]。瑞馬唑侖在許多炎癥疾病中的作用均有報道。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),瑞馬唑侖能夠通過3-磷酸肌醇依賴性蛋白激酶1(PDPK1)泛素化抑制NOD樣受體蛋白3(NLRP3)活性,從而減輕支氣管肺炎的炎癥[15]。Song等[16]研究證實,瑞馬唑侖能夠減輕葉酸(FA)誘導的急性腎損傷(AKI)后的炎癥反應,抑制腎纖維化進展。本研究采用5、10、20 mg·kg-1·d-1瑞馬唑侖治療燒傷大鼠后發(fā)現(xiàn)腸黏膜炎癥浸潤減輕,炎性因子IL-1β、IL-6水平降低,說明瑞馬唑侖可能具有抗炎作用。Shi等[17]研究報道,瑞馬唑侖可以提高缺氧復氧(H/R)誘導后的肝細胞活力并抑制肝細胞凋亡。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用不同劑量的瑞馬唑侖處理燒傷大鼠后,細胞凋亡率降低,Bax蛋白表達下調,提示瑞馬唑侖能夠抑制燒傷大鼠腸上皮細胞凋亡。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),燒傷大鼠通過瑞馬唑侖治療后緊密連接蛋白ZO-1、Occludin表達水平上升,說明瑞馬唑侖能夠上調緊密連接蛋白表達,緩解細胞通透性損傷。以上研究結果表明瑞馬唑侖具有腸道保護和抗炎的作用。
LPS是TLR4的激動劑,可與TLR4結合,通過MyD88通路激活NF-κB。激活的NF-κB通過釋放TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等促炎細胞因子觸發(fā)炎癥反應[18]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多種藥物能夠通過抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路的激活,沉默TLR4可以減少滅活表皮葡萄球菌(ISE)誘導的角膜上皮細胞中的IL-12、TNF-α、C-C類趨化因子9的分泌[19];靈芝多糖能通過抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號傳導緩解內毒素血癥,并明顯改善腸道屏障功能[20];右美托咪定通過抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號傳導改善大鼠腸道缺血再灌注損傷和人結腸癌細胞系細胞的剝奪/復氧損傷[21]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),燒傷大鼠經(jīng)腹腔注射瑞馬唑侖處理后,其TLR4、MyD88、p-NF-κB/NF-κB蛋白表達水平降低,提示瑞馬唑侖可能抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路,使用TLR4激活劑可逆轉瑞馬唑侖對燒傷大鼠的腸上皮細胞保護作用,證實瑞馬唑侖可能通過抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路改善燒傷大鼠腸上皮細胞凋亡以及炎癥損傷。
綜上所述,瑞馬唑侖可減緩燒傷大鼠腸上皮組織細胞的炎癥損傷,抑制腸上皮細胞凋亡,發(fā)揮腸道保護和抗炎作用,其作用機制可能通過抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信號通路激活實現(xiàn)。本研究也存在局限性,無法確定造模前大鼠胃腸道狀態(tài)是否正?;虼嬖诓町?,需下一步實驗驗證。
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(2024-05-28收稿 2024-08-11修回)
(本文編輯 李國琪)