摘要:克羅恩病(CD)是一種以慢性、非特異性炎癥為特征的自身免疫性腸道疾病,其病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制仍未明確。中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(NGAL)是從中性粒細(xì)胞中分離出的一種分泌性糖蛋白,廣泛參與腸道炎癥反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞凋亡、腫瘤進(jìn)展等病理生理過(guò)程。NGAL在CD的臨床診斷及活動(dòng)性監(jiān)測(cè)方面具有生物標(biāo)志物的潛能。就NGAL在CD不同臨床樣本中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值進(jìn)行綜述,以期為CD的臨床診治提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:Crohn??;脂籠蛋白質(zhì)2;診斷;中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白
中圖分類號(hào):R574 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20240286
Application value of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin in
clinical diagnosis of Crohn's disease
MA Kai, YAO Yibo, WANG Chen△
Department of Anal and Intestinal Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
△Corresponding Author E-mail: wangchen_longhua@163.com
Abstract: Crohn's disease (CD) is an autoimmune intestinal disease characterised by chronic and non-specific inflammation, and the exact etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), a secreted glycoprotein and isolated from neutrophils, is widely involved in pathophysiological processes such as intestinal inflammation response, apoptosis and tumour progression. It has been found that NGAL has the potential to be a clinical biological marker in clinical diagnosis and monitoring of CD activity. Therefore, this paper reviews the application value of NGAL in different clinical samples of CD, in order to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of CD.
Key words: Crohn disease; lipocalin-2; diagnosis; neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin
克羅恩病(Crohn′s disease,CD)是一種易累及全胃腸道的慢性透壁性腸道炎癥性疾病,近年來(lái)其發(fā)病率迅速上升,已成為21世紀(jì)全球性疾?。?]。最新流行病學(xué)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),美國(guó)CD的發(fā)病率高達(dá)4.1/10萬(wàn)[2],我國(guó)的CD發(fā)病率也呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),目前華東地區(qū)CD的發(fā)病率為1.86/10萬(wàn)[3]。CD的發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,迄今仍未明確。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其主要與環(huán)境影響、腸道菌群紊亂、免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡等因素有關(guān)[4-5]。目前CD的臨床診斷尚缺乏金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),需要結(jié)合患者癥狀、實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)、影像學(xué)評(píng)估、內(nèi)鏡及組織病理學(xué)檢查進(jìn)行綜合判斷[6-7]。中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin,NGAL)又稱脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白2(lipocalin-2,LCN2),是由中性粒細(xì)胞合成并分泌的一種含有178個(gè)氨基酸殘基的小分子外分泌蛋白,分子質(zhì)量約為25 ku,是脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白家族的重要成員之一[8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL在預(yù)判炎癥性疾病活動(dòng)度、病情嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)估及預(yù)后監(jiān)測(cè)中具有臨床生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物的潛能[9]。因此,本文就臨床不同樣本中NGAL對(duì)CD的診斷價(jià)值進(jìn)行綜述,以期為CD的臨床診治提供參考。
1 NGAL的生物學(xué)特性
1.1 NGAL的結(jié)構(gòu) NGAL是從中性粒細(xì)胞等細(xì)胞中分離出的一種糖蛋白,編碼該蛋白質(zhì)的基因序列與脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白超家族的基因結(jié)構(gòu)類似,因此將其歸類于脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白超家族。NGAL以多種形式存在,包括單體、同源二聚體以及與基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase 9,MMP9)共價(jià)結(jié)合形成的異二聚體。NGAL的編碼基因由63 bp的5′端非翻譯區(qū)和591 bp的編碼區(qū)組成,基因全長(zhǎng)為5 869 bp,位于9號(hào)染色體上,細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)圖譜為9q34.11。NGAL的蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)由N端的310-螺旋與C端的α-螺旋組成,并與中間的8個(gè)反平行式β-折疊區(qū)構(gòu)成保守的三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),即“載脂蛋白折疊”,使其具有結(jié)合疏水性小分子物質(zhì)的能力[10]。NGAL啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域包含多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),包括核因子(nuclear factor,NF)-κB、信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活蛋白(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)1/3、環(huán)磷腺苷效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(cAMP-response element binding protein,CREB)等,可見(jiàn)NGAL在維持炎癥平衡等方面具有潛在作用[11-12]。
1.2 NGAL的合成與分泌 除中性粒細(xì)胞外,NGAL可在多種細(xì)胞中表達(dá),如消化道和呼吸道的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞、上皮細(xì)胞及巨噬細(xì)胞等。正常狀態(tài)下,NGAL主要由早期的髓細(xì)胞合成和分泌,當(dāng)機(jī)體受到炎性因子攻擊時(shí),中性粒細(xì)胞被炎性因子激活進(jìn)而釋放大量的NGAL,并誘導(dǎo)促炎細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生[13]。NGAL的表面受體主要有2種,一種是特異性結(jié)合蛋白受體,即溶質(zhì)載體家族22成員17(solute carrier family 22 member 17,SLC22A17),又稱24p3R或LCN2-R;另一種是非特異性結(jié)合蛋白受體,即低密度脂蛋白受體相關(guān)蛋白2(lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2,LRP2),又稱Megalin/glycoprotein GP330受體[14]。
1.3 NGAL的生理功能 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL在炎癥反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞凋亡、腫瘤侵襲及免疫應(yīng)答等病理生理過(guò)程中均可發(fā)揮重要作用[15]。NGAL能夠運(yùn)輸親脂性分子,并與其表面的受體結(jié)合,如NGAL與MMP9結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物后能阻止MMP9降解,有助于穩(wěn)定和保護(hù)MMP9的酶活性,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力[16]。此外,NGAL可參與體內(nèi)鐵的運(yùn)輸以及與鐵死亡相關(guān)信號(hào)通路的調(diào)控,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵的含量,激活鐵死亡介導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激與炎癥反應(yīng),從而進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)疾病的發(fā)展[17]。NGAL還廣泛參與細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路,如NF-κB通路、STAT3通路、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT)及細(xì)胞自噬等通路[18-19],見(jiàn)表1。
2 NGAL在臨床中的應(yīng)用
在臨床上,NGAL廣泛參與多種疾病的發(fā)生及發(fā)展過(guò)程,已被用作急慢性腎損傷、肝硬化、肺纖維化等疾病進(jìn)展的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物及潛在治療靶點(diǎn)[20-21]。Wang等[22]通過(guò)構(gòu)建新生ARDS小鼠與細(xì)胞模型發(fā)現(xiàn),模型組較對(duì)照組NGAL的表達(dá)明顯升高,敲除NGAL基因可抑制MAPK/ERK信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而抑制因鐵死亡介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激損傷。另有研究通過(guò)對(duì)野生型與NGAL基因敲除型小鼠腹腔注射脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)誘導(dǎo)膿毒性心功能障礙,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL可進(jìn)一步加重模型小鼠的心功能障礙,促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡,證明了NGAL是治療膿毒性心功能障礙的有效靶點(diǎn)[23]。Luo等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL的表達(dá)水平與缺血缺氧性腦損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度相關(guān),NGAL可通過(guò)NF-κB/STAT3信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)腦損傷神經(jīng)元鐵死亡的發(fā)生,同樣證明了NGAL可作為缺血缺氧性腦損傷病情進(jìn)展的生物標(biāo)志物及臨床治療的有效靶點(diǎn)。
3 不同樣本中NGAL對(duì)CD的臨床診斷價(jià)值
近年來(lái),有關(guān)NGAL在CD臨床診斷及病情進(jìn)展評(píng)估中的重要作用已逐漸成為研究熱點(diǎn),NGAL水平與CD臨床活動(dòng)性和內(nèi)鏡下黏膜病變程度具有相關(guān)性,其診斷的敏感度與特異度優(yōu)于FC,證明了NGAL可作為CD臨床診斷的生物標(biāo)志物及潛在治療途徑[26]。因此,評(píng)估不同臨床樣本中NGAL對(duì)CD患者的診斷價(jià)值十分重要。
3.1 糞便檢測(cè) 糞便檢測(cè)是一種無(wú)創(chuàng)并客觀反映腸道炎性因子水平的方法,也是診斷CD的重要方式之一。糞便與腸道直接接觸,糞便標(biāo)志物的濃度可直接反映當(dāng)前腸道的炎癥程度,且糞便樣本易于采集、患者易接受,可較準(zhǔn)確地反映腸道炎癥程度的進(jìn)展[25]。Zollner等[26]通過(guò)對(duì)臨床132例炎癥性腸?。↖BD)患者(72例CD,60例潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎)及40例健康對(duì)照者的糞便進(jìn)行檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),IBD患者糞便中NGAL的表達(dá)水平較正常對(duì)照組明顯升高,且與臨床及內(nèi)鏡下疾病活動(dòng)性評(píng)估具有較強(qiáng)的正相關(guān)性,ROC曲線分析顯示NGAL診斷CD的曲線下面積大于FC,證明了NGAL可作為炎癥性腸道疾病的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物。Thorsvik等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CD患者糞便NGAL的表達(dá)水平較健康對(duì)照組明顯升高,NGAL水平與克羅恩病活動(dòng)指數(shù)(Crohn’s disease active index,CDAI)、克羅恩病內(nèi)鏡嚴(yán)重程度指數(shù)(Crohn's disease endoscopic index of severity,CDEIS)、CRP及ESR呈正相關(guān)。Hsieh等[28]通過(guò)三硝基苯磺酸(2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid,TNBS)構(gòu)建小鼠CD模型,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)糞便中NGAL的表達(dá)水平與腸道炎癥組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分呈正相關(guān),根據(jù)NGAL在糞便中的表達(dá)水平可初步判斷CD病變的嚴(yán)重程度。
3.2 尿液檢測(cè) 尿液是一種臨床常用的檢測(cè)樣本,可無(wú)創(chuàng)、連續(xù)并穩(wěn)定留取。由于腎小管的天然濾過(guò)屏障作用,尿液中蛋白質(zhì)組成成分復(fù)雜性降低,從而更容易檢測(cè)到一些低濃度蛋白質(zhì)的變化,有助于疾病的早期診斷及預(yù)后監(jiān)測(cè)。研究表明,尿NGAL已成為急性腎損傷早期診斷的生物標(biāo)志物[29]。Manfredi等[30]通過(guò)分析小兒IBD患者與健康對(duì)照組的尿液發(fā)現(xiàn),NGAL-MMP9復(fù)合物表達(dá)水平在IBD中明顯升高,其臨床診斷的效能明顯高于其他標(biāo)志物,如CRP、ESR等,可作為疾病活動(dòng)期的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物。另有研究通過(guò)分析CD患者靜脈注射IFX治療前后尿液NGAL的表達(dá)水平發(fā)現(xiàn),治療后NGAL的表達(dá)水平較治療前明顯降低,并推測(cè)IFX通過(guò)抑制TNF-α的表達(dá)水平、Th1細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫炎性細(xì)胞的活化和炎性因子的產(chǎn)生,從而降低NGAL表達(dá)[31]。
3.3 血清檢測(cè) 血清樣本檢測(cè)價(jià)格低廉、易被患者接受,短期內(nèi)可重復(fù)檢測(cè),在CD的診斷與病情評(píng)估中具有重要價(jià)值。Janas等[32]通過(guò)分析36例CD患兒與126例健康兒童血清中NGAL的表達(dá)水平發(fā)現(xiàn),CD患兒血清NGAL的表達(dá)水平較健康兒童明顯升高,且血清NGAL水平與疾病活動(dòng)性及內(nèi)鏡下腸黏膜組織病變的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)。Korkmaz等[33]研究顯示活動(dòng)期與緩解期CD患者血清NGAL的表達(dá)水平均明顯高于健康對(duì)照組,NGAL與白細(xì)胞(WBC)、CRP、ESR及疾病嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL可通過(guò)促進(jìn)氧化應(yīng)激、破壞腸道免疫屏障功能進(jìn)而加重疾病進(jìn)展。Stallhofer等[34]同樣證明了活動(dòng)性CD患者血清NGAL的表達(dá)水平較健康對(duì)照組明顯升高,促炎因子通過(guò)IL-23/Th17信號(hào)軸促進(jìn)腸上皮細(xì)胞分泌產(chǎn)生NGAL,進(jìn)一步加重腸道炎癥反應(yīng)的進(jìn)展。
3.4 腸組織檢測(cè) CD主要發(fā)生在回腸末端,呈節(jié)段性或跳躍性分布,可累及整個(gè)胃腸道,目前CD診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍然依賴于有創(chuàng)性的內(nèi)鏡和組織病理學(xué)檢查[35]。腸道發(fā)生炎癥時(shí),炎性細(xì)胞可由循環(huán)池穿過(guò)腸壁進(jìn)入腸腔,聚集在發(fā)生炎癥的腸黏膜上,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致腸黏膜屏障功能障礙,受累的腸壁表現(xiàn)為黏膜水腫、淋巴管擴(kuò)張和纖維組織增生等病理改變[36]。因此,對(duì)腸組織的檢測(cè)具有重要的臨床意義。?stvik等[37]通過(guò)檢測(cè)不同時(shí)期CD患者腸黏膜組織NGAL表達(dá)水平,結(jié)果顯示在活動(dòng)期其含量最高,炎性因子通過(guò)Toll樣受體3介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)途徑促進(jìn)腸道中NGAL的表達(dá)。Kim等[38]通過(guò)葡聚糖硫酸鈉(dextran sodium sulfate,DSS)構(gòu)建IBD動(dòng)物模型與LPS誘導(dǎo)的巨噬細(xì)胞模型以研究NGAL在IBD發(fā)病中的可能作用,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL可通過(guò)NF-κB信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)NOD樣受體熱蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域相關(guān)蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小體復(fù)合物的表達(dá),進(jìn)一步激活巨噬細(xì)胞的促炎作用,證明了NGAL是預(yù)防和治療腸道炎癥性疾病的重要靶點(diǎn)之一。Makhezer等[39]通過(guò)對(duì)IBD動(dòng)物模型及臨床樣本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),炎性因子通過(guò)p38MAPK-JNK/NOXO1信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)腸道上皮細(xì)胞中NOX1的表達(dá),進(jìn)而使腸上皮細(xì)胞分泌產(chǎn)生的活性氧與NGAL的表達(dá)水平升高,導(dǎo)致腸道的炎癥狀態(tài),抑制腸道中NOX1的表達(dá)可在一定程度上控制NGAL對(duì)腸上皮屏障的破壞作用,從而達(dá)到治療疾病的目的。
3.5 唾液檢測(cè) 口腔是消化系統(tǒng)的起始部位,是人體維持健康狀態(tài)的主要屏障,口腔每天分泌的唾液90%以上會(huì)進(jìn)入胃腸道,為唾液細(xì)菌進(jìn)入并定植于腸道表面提供了良好的動(dòng)力,口-腸屏障的失衡會(huì)導(dǎo)致多種腸道疾病的發(fā)生,口腔菌群的異位腸道定植在CD的發(fā)病過(guò)程中同樣起到了重要的作用[40]。人體唾液易于采集,其診斷及預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值在近年的研究中逐漸顯現(xiàn)。最新研究表明,唾液中的鈣保護(hù)蛋白是活動(dòng)性CD臨床診斷的潛在生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,鈣保護(hù)蛋白和NGAL均可由包括中性粒細(xì)胞和腸上皮細(xì)胞在內(nèi)的多種細(xì)胞分泌產(chǎn)生[41]。雖然目前尚未見(jiàn)關(guān)于對(duì)CD患者唾液NGAL表達(dá)水平的分析報(bào)道,但基于“口-腸軸”及CD的病變特點(diǎn)可推測(cè),NGAL在CD患者與健康人群唾液中可能會(huì)有差異性表達(dá)。因此,探討活動(dòng)期CD患者與健康對(duì)照組唾液NGAL表達(dá)差異,以及根據(jù)蒙特利爾分型研究不同病變部位、不同疾病行為CD患者NGAL的表達(dá)水平變化,是一個(gè)值得研究的方向。
4 小結(jié)與展望
基于不同臨床樣本探索新的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物用于評(píng)估CD病情進(jìn)展尤為重要。腎小管濾過(guò)作用在一定程度上阻礙了蛋白質(zhì)的蓄積,獲取腸道組織為有創(chuàng)操作,唾液檢測(cè)尚未被臨床所證實(shí),相比之下,糞便與血清留取較為方便,因此本課題組更傾向于檢測(cè)糞便與血清樣本以評(píng)估NGAL水平。未來(lái)仍需進(jìn)行多中心、大規(guī)模及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的臨床研究,從而提高NGAL對(duì)炎癥性腸道疾病的診斷價(jià)值與鑒別水平,不斷擴(kuò)大其適用范圍;同時(shí)借助細(xì)胞及動(dòng)物模型,分離培養(yǎng)關(guān)鍵的細(xì)胞亞群,利用多組學(xué)技術(shù)深入挖掘NGAL在細(xì)胞亞群的異質(zhì)性和動(dòng)態(tài)變化,進(jìn)一步明確NGAL誘發(fā)腸道炎癥反應(yīng)的內(nèi)在機(jī)制及可能參與的信號(hào)通路,以期為炎癥性腸道疾病的預(yù)防與臨床治療提供潛在靶點(diǎn)。
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(2024-03-10收稿 2024-04-10修回)
(本文編輯 李國(guó)琪)
基金項(xiàng)目:上海市重中之重臨床研究中心建設(shè)項(xiàng)目(2023ZZ02003);上海市級(jí)醫(yī)院中醫(yī)外科臨床能力促進(jìn)與提升專科聯(lián)盟(SHDC22021316-A);國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局高水平中醫(yī)藥重點(diǎn)學(xué)科建設(shè)項(xiàng)目——中醫(yī)肛腸病學(xué)(ZYYZDXK-2023064)
作者單位:上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬龍華醫(yī)院肛腸科(郵編200032)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:麻凱(1992),男,博士在讀,主要從事炎癥性腸道疾病的臨床與基礎(chǔ)方面研究。E-mail:mk9205010524@163.com
△通信作者 E-mail:wangchen_longhua@163.com