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        運(yùn)動心理學(xué)科中關(guān)于團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力研究的國際前沿與未來重點(diǎn)

        2024-07-16 00:00:00劉思奇湯佳豪
        四川體育科學(xué) 2024年2期

        摘 "要:團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力是團(tuán)隊(duì)合作的核心動力,是團(tuán)隊(duì)成員在商業(yè)和軍事等活動中取得成功的關(guān)鍵,也是國際運(yùn)動心理學(xué)的重點(diǎn)研究領(lǐng)域。運(yùn)動心理學(xué)科在團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力領(lǐng)域的研究成果頗豐。早在1985年,Carron 等人提出的任務(wù)-社會二維凝聚力模型就已經(jīng)為團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力這一概念在運(yùn)動心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。近年來,運(yùn)動心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域中關(guān)于體育團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的研究成果眾多,僅通過二元概念模型無法系統(tǒng)展示該領(lǐng)域研究主題,更難以厘清運(yùn)動心理學(xué)科中關(guān)于團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力研究的國際發(fā)展前沿。因此,本文使用系統(tǒng)綜述方法,以近5年國際運(yùn)動心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域發(fā)表的關(guān)于團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力主題的科研論文為研究對象,探索運(yùn)動心理學(xué)科中關(guān)于團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力研究的國際前沿與熱點(diǎn),并展望該領(lǐng)域未來研究方向。

        關(guān)鍵詞:群體環(huán)境調(diào)查問卷;體育隊(duì);體育凝聚力;運(yùn)動員;系統(tǒng)綜述

        The International Frontier and Future Focus of Team CohesionResearch in Sports Psychology

        LIU Siqi1, Tang Jiahao2

        (1."Faculty"of"sports"and"exercise"science"University"of"Malaya, Kuala"Lumpur, Malaysia;2. School of Physical Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou Haina, 571158, China)

        Abstract: Team cohesion is the core driving force behind collaborative efforts in various fields, playing a pivotal role in the success of teams in business, military, and other activities. It is also a focal point in the realm of international sports psychology. The discipline of sports psychology has made significant strides in the study of team cohesion. As early as 1985, Carron and his colleagues laid the foundation for the concept of team cohesion in the field of sports psychology with the introduction of the Task-Social Cohesion Model. In recent years, there has been a wealth of research in sports psychology on team cohesion, and the binary conceptual model alone is insufficient to systematically showcase the research themes in this domain. It is even more challenging to discern the international developmental frontiers of team cohesion research within the field of sports psychology. Therefore, this paper employs a systematic review approach, focusing on research articles published in the last five years in the international sports psychology domain pertaining to the theme of team cohesion. The aim is to explore the international forefront and hot topics in the research on team cohesion within the discipline of sports psychology, while also providing insights into future research directions in this field.

        Key words:"Group environment questionnaire; Sports teams; Sports cohesion; Athletes; Systematic review

        中圖分類號:G804.8""""""""""""""""""文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A

        自19世紀(jì)末,運(yùn)動心理學(xué)家就已經(jīng)開始探索運(yùn)動過程中所涉及的各種心理學(xué)原理,其中也包括對體育團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的研究。1985年,Carron 等人提出體育團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力概念模型,并編制出群體環(huán)境調(diào)查問卷(GEQ),用以測量團(tuán)隊(duì)中凝聚力的大小[1]。在該體育團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力概念模型中,Carron 等人將團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力這一概念變量化,并劃分為兩個(gè)子維度:任務(wù)凝聚力(例如團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo))和社會凝聚力(例如社會關(guān)系和友誼)。其中,任務(wù)凝聚力被定義為實(shí)現(xiàn)群體目標(biāo)的總體方向或動機(jī),社會凝聚力被定義為在群體內(nèi)發(fā)展和維持社會關(guān)系和活動的總體方向或動機(jī)。

        體育團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力概念模型為團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力這一概念在運(yùn)動心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。根據(jù)該模型的二維劃分,研究人員開始探索哪些因素會分別影響任務(wù)凝聚力和社會凝聚力[2]。例如,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)教練的支持[3]和體育團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)成員的相互信任[4]等因素僅會通過影響社會凝聚力(而非任務(wù)凝聚力)這一子維度來影響體育團(tuán)隊(duì)中的凝聚力。此外,與任務(wù)凝聚力相比,社會凝聚力更多地受到運(yùn)動員社會身份[2]以及同伴或仆人式教練角色[5]等因素的影響。

        然而,近年來運(yùn)動心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域中關(guān)于體育團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的研究成果眾多,僅通過二元概念模型無法系統(tǒng)展示該領(lǐng)域研究主題,更難以厘清運(yùn)動心理學(xué)科中關(guān)于團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力研究的發(fā)展前沿。因此,本文使用系統(tǒng)綜述方法,以近5年國際運(yùn)動心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域發(fā)表的關(guān)于團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力主題的科研成果為研究對象,探索運(yùn)動心理學(xué)科中關(guān)于團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力研究的國際前沿與熱點(diǎn),并展望該領(lǐng)域未來研究方向。

        1""研究方法

        1.1""檢索策略

        系統(tǒng)綜述的主要特征是通過文獻(xiàn)檢索查找特定領(lǐng)域?qū)W科知識集合,它的首要步驟就是制定檢索策略。本文作者遵循系統(tǒng)評價(jià)和薈萃分析(PRISMA)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的首選報(bào)告項(xiàng)目[6],采用“電子庫+手動”混合檢索策略。檢索電子數(shù)據(jù)庫包括:Web of Science、Psychology amp; Behavioral Sciences Collection、PubMed、SPORTDiscus 和 Scopus。檢索項(xiàng)包括標(biāo)題、摘要和關(guān)鍵詞。檢索詞包括:cohesion AND(sport* OR athlet*)。由于科研實(shí)效性要求,本文選擇了5個(gè)電子數(shù)據(jù)庫中近5年的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行檢索,以確保相關(guān)文章的最佳覆蓋和檢索精度。此外,檢索詞中包含通配符“*”,用于擴(kuò)大檢索范圍。手動檢索采用前向和后向引文追蹤法。

        1.2""納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

        納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的創(chuàng)建有利于明確系統(tǒng)綜述類研究所納入文章的資格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本文創(chuàng)建的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括以下3點(diǎn):(1)運(yùn)動相關(guān)人群(例如:運(yùn)動員、教練員或運(yùn)動心理學(xué)家)。(2)近5年出版的文章。(3)以英文發(fā)表在國際期刊上文章。本文創(chuàng)建的排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括以下4點(diǎn):(1)灰色文獻(xiàn)(例如:待刊論文、書籍章節(jié)、學(xué)位論文、會議論文或組織報(bào)告)。(2)無法獲取全文的文章。(3)僅題目和摘要以英文形式展現(xiàn),文章正文文本以英語以外語言書寫。(4)非運(yùn)動心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域相關(guān)研究。

        1.3""文獻(xiàn)記錄與篩選

        本研究使用 Zotero 軟件(2016)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)記錄。從不同電子數(shù)據(jù)庫導(dǎo)出的文獻(xiàn)集由本文第1作者與第2作者分別存儲在各自電腦的Zotero 軟件中。本文文獻(xiàn)篩選包括重復(fù)剔除、一級篩選、二級篩選、專家論證和文獻(xiàn)拓展5個(gè)步驟。(1)重復(fù)剔除。本文第1作者與第2作者根據(jù) PRISMA 指南的要求,通過Zotero 軟件進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)查重和文獻(xiàn)剔除;(2)一級篩選。根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),本文第1作者與第2作者獨(dú)立審查了每篇納入文獻(xiàn)的標(biāo)題和摘要;(3)二級篩選。本文第1作者與第2作者獨(dú)立審查納入文獻(xiàn)的全文內(nèi)容。在一、二級篩選過程中,不符合本文納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文章將被剔除;(4)專家論證。本文邀請了一名國內(nèi)體育心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)<遗c本文所有作者共同參與納入文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果的討論,直到得出一致結(jié)論;(5)文獻(xiàn)拓展。本文第1作者與第2作者采用前向和后向引文追蹤法,對經(jīng)過專家論證后的納入文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行手動檢索,并將檢索結(jié)果保存至Zotero 軟件中。

        1.4""數(shù)據(jù)提取與分析

        本文第1作者與第2作者獨(dú)立提取、分析和編碼數(shù)據(jù)。提取的數(shù)據(jù)包括作者、研究設(shè)計(jì)、出版年份、樣本特征(例如性別和運(yùn)動類型)和主要結(jié)論。

        2""研究結(jié)果

        通過對Scopus(n"= 341)、PubMed(n"= 76)、SportDiscus(n"= 76)、Web of Science(n"= 65)和Psychology amp; Behavioral Sciences Collection(n"= 7)5個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫的電子搜索,共產(chǎn)生554篇文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果。通過Zotero軟件篩出重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)130篇,剩余424篇文獻(xiàn)納入篩查目標(biāo)。其中全文閱讀231篇,其他文獻(xiàn)(n"= 193)則根據(jù)標(biāo)題或摘要被排除在外。在231篇文章中,有153篇被排除在外,因?yàn)樗鼈円磁c運(yùn)動心理學(xué)研究無關(guān)(n"= 84),要么與團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力研究主題不相關(guān)(n"= 69)。通過電子庫檢索,本文最終納入78篇文獻(xiàn)。此外,本文作者對納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行手動檢索。然而,沒有新的符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的論文被納入。

        在電子庫檢索和手動檢索步驟完成后,最終共有78篇文章符合本文納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(見圖1)。納入文獻(xiàn)的研究結(jié)果被分為如下7個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域:團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力量表的翻譯與驗(yàn)證、團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力與運(yùn)動員、團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力與教練員、團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力、團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的作用、團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的影響因素和團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的促進(jìn)策略。

        2.1""團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力量表的翻譯與驗(yàn)證

        在這一主題中,有兩篇文章在近5年翻譯并驗(yàn)證了團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力量表的跨文化適應(yīng)性。Haugen等人[7]將團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力量表問卷翻譯成為挪威語并通過333名挪威成年運(yùn)動員進(jìn)行了問卷適用性驗(yàn)證。GLAVA?等人[8]翻譯了克羅地亞語言的團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力問卷并在177名克羅地亞職業(yè)足球運(yùn)動員中進(jìn)行了問卷適用性驗(yàn)證。

        2.2""團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力與運(yùn)動員

        在這一主題中,共篩查出13篇文獻(xiàn)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動員的個(gè)人品德,例如誠實(shí)[9]、責(zé)任感[9]、自戀(narcissism )[10]、樂觀[11]和完美主義特質(zhì)(perfectionism traits)[12][13]"、運(yùn)動經(jīng)歷(sporting experience)[14]、社會身份(Social Identity)[2]、心理安全感(psychological"safety)[15]角色模糊度(role ambiguity)[16]、角色沖突(role conflict)[16]、比賽位置[17]"、隊(duì)員對隊(duì)友的親社會行為(prosocial behavior)[18]以及比賽賽季前運(yùn)動員的心理韌性和自我情緒調(diào)節(jié)能力[19]都會影響團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力。此外,團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)的非正式角色的存在(例如團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)的搞笑角色)對團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力也有正向預(yù)測作用[20]。

        2.3""團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力與教練員

        這一主題下共發(fā)現(xiàn)5篇相關(guān)研究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),教練員會對團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力產(chǎn)生積極或消極影響[21],具體包括:教練的公正[22]"、民主[23]"、親社會[24]和不文明現(xiàn)象行為[25]等,均會對運(yùn)動團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力產(chǎn)生影響。

        2.4""團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力

        這一主題下共發(fā)現(xiàn)8篇相關(guān)研究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力會影響體育團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力[26][27],例如運(yùn)動隊(duì)隊(duì)員的仆人式領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力(servant leadership)[2]和運(yùn)動隊(duì)隊(duì)長的仆人式領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力[28]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)教練和運(yùn)動員的轉(zhuǎn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力(transformational leadership)[4][29][29]和真誠領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力(authentic leadership)[31]也會影響團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力。

        2.5""團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的作用

        有28篇探討凝聚力在體育團(tuán)隊(duì)中的作用被納入本研究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),凝聚力是重要的團(tuán)隊(duì)文化[32],它可以影響運(yùn)動員的士氣(morale)[33]"、心理技能(psychological skills)[34]"、心理健康[35]、心理韌性(Mental Toughness)[36]、賽前情緒[37]、角色承諾(role commitment)[38]、運(yùn)動表現(xiàn)[39][40]、個(gè)人排名[41]、親社會行為[42]、運(yùn)動員參與度(athlete engagement)[43]、自我參與氛圍(ego-involving climate)[44]"、運(yùn)動隊(duì)新加入隊(duì)員的社交策略(socialization tactics)[45]"、運(yùn)動員對群體沖突的感知[46]"、運(yùn)動員與教練之間的關(guān)系滿意度[47]"、團(tuán)隊(duì)合作[48]"、團(tuán)隊(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)感(relatedness)[49]以及團(tuán)隊(duì)表現(xiàn)滿意度[50]。尤其是具有較高水平情緒管理能力和自我激勵能力的運(yùn)動員會更加依賴團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的作用[51]。不僅如此,團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力還可以減少運(yùn)動員在比賽中遭受腦震蕩傷害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[52],甚至可以通過運(yùn)動隊(duì)員的溝通技能來預(yù)測比賽結(jié)果[53]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),電子競技運(yùn)動員也會使用策略來提高團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力[54]

        盡管團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的作用巨大,但是也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力無法調(diào)節(jié)隊(duì)友間的人際情緒管理(Interpersonal emotion regulation)和運(yùn)動表現(xiàn)結(jié)果(performance outcome)之間的關(guān)系[55],無法預(yù)測運(yùn)動員抑郁和倦怠等心理變量[55]。同時(shí),年齡和性別變量不會影響團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力[27][56]。此外,Park等人(2022)[57]發(fā)現(xiàn),團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力與績效之間的關(guān)系模式呈倒U型,也就是說,團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力對團(tuán)隊(duì)績效既有積極影響,也有消極影響。尤其是教練使用的強(qiáng)制性凝聚力增強(qiáng)策略可能會讓運(yùn)動員感到心理不適,起到適得其反的功效[58]。

        2.6""團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的影響因素

        這一主題下共納入9篇文獻(xiàn)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)種族的多樣性[59][60]、集體效能感(collective efficacy)[61]、認(rèn)知和情感能力等因素[62]、群體原型(group"prototype)[63]、運(yùn)動團(tuán)隊(duì)成員之間的感知信息交流[64]"、教練和隊(duì)友的動機(jī)氣氛[65]、教練和運(yùn)動員關(guān)系的互補(bǔ)性[66]"、教練-隊(duì)員關(guān)系質(zhì)量[67]會影響體育團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的大小。

        2.7""團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的促進(jìn)策略

        這一主題下共納入13篇文獻(xiàn)與團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的促進(jìn)策略有關(guān)。具體來說,提升團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的方法包括:團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)活動[68][69][70]"、正念干預(yù)[71]、仁愛冥想干預(yù)(loving-kindness meditation)[72]、個(gè)人披露相互共享(personal-disclosure mutual-sharing approach)的正念冥想干預(yù)[73]"、目標(biāo)設(shè)定干預(yù)[74]"、運(yùn)動員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)[75]"[76]、運(yùn)動員感恩特質(zhì)的干預(yù)[77]和包含個(gè)體層面和團(tuán)隊(duì)層面的多層次觀察學(xué)習(xí)干預(yù)(multi-level observational learning interventions)[78]。此外,識別和治療運(yùn)動員的心理問題[79]和克服團(tuán)隊(duì)內(nèi)的溝通障礙[80]也有助于提升團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力水平。

        3""討""論

        本文的研究目的是探尋運(yùn)動心理學(xué)科中關(guān)于團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力研究的國際前沿,通過梳理發(fā)現(xiàn),該學(xué)科5年來的研究主要聚焦在團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力量表的翻譯與驗(yàn)證、團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的影響因素(包括運(yùn)動員、教練員、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力和其他影響因素)、團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的作用及促進(jìn)策略等主題。此外,本研究在梳理文獻(xiàn)的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)以下研究重點(diǎn)可成為未來體育心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域中團(tuán)凝聚力主題的研究方向。

        3.1""團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力與性別變量的研究分歧

        Jin等[27]和Rusu等[56]的研究認(rèn)為性別變量不會影響團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力,然而Olmedilla等[81]認(rèn)為,體育團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力在性別變量方面存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的顯著差異。性別變量的研究分歧表明團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力與性別變量的研究還有待深入,這一研究差異值得未來學(xué)者從不同類型運(yùn)動項(xiàng)目和運(yùn)動員不同訓(xùn)練水平進(jìn)行深入探究。

        3.2""團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力量表的異質(zhì)化人群驗(yàn)證

        關(guān)于GEQ量表的翻譯與驗(yàn)證,雖然近5年來僅被翻譯并出版成兩國語言[7][8],但作為全球科研界公認(rèn)的凝聚力測量量表,GEQ量表早已在多國、不同文化背景下進(jìn)行翻譯與驗(yàn)證。我國學(xué)者也早在2008年就已將GEQ量表翻譯成中文并在省隊(duì)運(yùn)動員群體中進(jìn)行了問卷信、效度檢驗(yàn)[82]。然而,修訂后的量表題項(xiàng)與原量表略有差異。盡管該量表目前是國內(nèi)體育心理學(xué)關(guān)于體育凝聚力研究的首選漢化版凝聚力量表,但誠如該學(xué)者所言,問卷的修訂是一個(gè)長期、復(fù)雜的過程,因此,GEQ量表仍需在不同群體(例如個(gè)體項(xiàng)目運(yùn)動隊(duì))中進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),以優(yōu)化該量表的跨文化適配性。

        3.3 "團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力提升策略的中國本土化

        雖然近5年來國際上已經(jīng)開發(fā)出多種體育團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力的提升策略,但未來我國學(xué)者可以側(cè)重開發(fā)適用于中國本土化運(yùn)動員的凝聚力干預(yù)策略,例如通過愛國主義動機(jī)教育來提升中國運(yùn)動隊(duì)員的團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力。除競技體育研究領(lǐng)域以外,未來學(xué)者也應(yīng)引導(dǎo)和開發(fā)一些具有中國特色的大眾健身形式,以促進(jìn)社區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的群體凝聚力,提升民眾整體幸福感,實(shí)現(xiàn)競技體育和大眾體育的協(xié)同提質(zhì)發(fā)展。

        4 "總""結(jié)

        為探求運(yùn)動心理學(xué)科中關(guān)于團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力研究的國際前沿,本文系統(tǒng)綜述電子檢索庫全部選擇國際英文期刊檢索庫,其文庫期刊中的部分學(xué)術(shù)前沿英文專業(yè)名詞在國內(nèi)期刊雜志中無法找到對應(yīng)的中文翻譯。因此,本文作者在力求準(zhǔn)確翻譯的前提下,備注了各類前沿專業(yè)名詞的原英文學(xué)術(shù)單詞,以增加本文研究結(jié)論的客觀性。此外,作為系統(tǒng)綜述類論文,本文未對納入文章進(jìn)行研究方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評估,因此有可能納入低質(zhì)量國際期刊論文。但考慮到本文僅匯總國際研究前沿,因此未對納入文章進(jìn)行研究方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評估是可接受的。

        未來,望國內(nèi)學(xué)者們砥礪前行,根據(jù)本文所總結(jié)的近年來與團(tuán)隊(duì)凝聚力領(lǐng)域研究相關(guān)的國際熱點(diǎn)與發(fā)展趨勢,繼續(xù)提升運(yùn)動心理學(xué)科在該領(lǐng)域的研究質(zhì)效,增加國際期刊發(fā)表質(zhì)與量,增強(qiáng)中國運(yùn)動心理學(xué)科的國際傳播影響力。

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