摘要:目的 探討總膽固醇與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比值(THR)、單核細(xì)胞與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比值(MHR)和中性粒細(xì)胞與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比值(NHR)對患者冠狀動脈狹窄程度和行經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入(PCI)治療的預(yù)測價值。方法 回顧性選取2021年6月至2023年6月在新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院行冠狀動脈造影的患者,嚴(yán)格納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選,共納入6 281例患者,分為PCI組和non-PCI組,收集所有患者的臨床資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果及介入治療資料。采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析評估THR、MHR和NHR與冠狀動脈狹窄程度之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。使用二元Logistic逐步回歸和受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線評估THR、MHR和NHR單一指標(biāo)和聯(lián)合指標(biāo)對冠心病患者行PCI治療的影響因素和預(yù)測價值。結(jié)果 與Non-PCI組比較,PCI組年齡偏大,男性占比、患糖尿病占比、THR、MHR、NHR、Gensini評分高于Non-PCI組,既往支架植入比例少于Non-PCI組(P<0.05)。Pearson相關(guān)分析結(jié)果顯示,THR(r=0.351,P<0.001)、MHR(r=0.192,P<0.001)和NHR(r=0.236,P<0.001)水平與冠狀動脈狹窄程度的Gensini評分均存在顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。多因素Logistic回歸結(jié)果顯示,年齡>50歲、男性、患糖尿病、THR、MHR、NHR是冠心病患者行PCI獨(dú)立危險因素,既往支架植入史是冠心病患者行PCI的保護(hù)因素。ROC曲線結(jié)果顯示,THR、MHR和NHR三者聯(lián)合曲線下面積(AUC)最大(AUC=0.809,95% CI:0.798~0.820)。結(jié)論 THR、MHR和NHR與冠狀動脈狹窄程度具有相關(guān)性,對評估冠心病行PCI治療有較強(qiáng)的臨床應(yīng)用價值。
關(guān)鍵詞:總膽固醇與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比值(THR);單核細(xì)胞與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比值(MHR);中性粒細(xì)胞與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比值(NHR);冠狀動脈狹窄;經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)
中圖分類號:R540.44 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.7652/jdyxb202406010
收稿日期:2024-04-10 修回日期:2024-07-24
基金項(xiàng)目:新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃項(xiàng)目(No. 2022B03022,No. 2022B03022-4)Supported by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key Ramp;D Project (No. 2022B03022, No. 2022B03022-4)
通信作者:馬依彤,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導(dǎo)師. E-mail:myt_xj@sina.com
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:https://link.cnki.net/urlid/61.1399.R.20240903.1809.003 (2024-09-04)
Predictive value of THR, MHR and NHR combined in assessing coronary artery stenosis severity and percutaneous coronary intervention
LIU Cheng, LIU Sen, YANG Hong, JIN Menglong, LIU Ziyang, FU Zhenyan, MA Yitong
(Department Ⅱ of Coronary Heart Disease, Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China)
ABSTRACT: Objective To investigate the value of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (THR), monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR), and neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHR) in predicting patients’ coronary artery stenosis severity and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods A total of 6 281 patients who underwent coronary angiography at our hospital between June 2021 and June 2023 were retrospectively included in this study. These patients were divided into two groups: PCI group and non-PCI group. The clinical data, laboratory findings, and interventional treatment data of all patients were collected and analyzed. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to evaluate the correlation of THR, MHR and NHR with the degree of coronary artery stenosis. Binary Logistic stepwise regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were utilized to assess the influencing factors and predictive value of THR, MHR and NHR single and combined indexes for coronary artery disease patients undergoing PCI. Results The PCI group was observed to be older, with a higher proportion of males, individuals with diabetes mellitus, and those who had undergone THR, MHR,NHR, and a Gensini score than the non-PCI group. Conversely, the proportion of previous stent implantation was less than that of the non-PCI group (Plt;0.05). The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant and positive correlation of the Gensini score with THR (r=0.351, Plt;0.001), MHR (r=0.192, Plt;0.001), and NHR (r=0.236, Plt;0.001) levels, indicating that these variables had a significantly positive correlation with the degree of coronary artery stenosis. The results of multifactorial Logistic regression demonstrated that age gt;50 years, male sex, diabetes mellitus, THR, MHR, and NHR were independent risk factors for PCI in patients with coronary artery disease. Conversely, a history of previous stent implantation was identified as a protective factor for PCI in patients with coronary artery disease. Furthermore, the results of ROC curves indicated that the combined area under the curve (AUC) was the largest for THR, MHR, and NHR (AUC=0.809, 95%CI:0.798-0.820). Conclusion THR, MHR and NHR correlate with the degree of coronary stenosis and have strong clinical applications in the assessment of coronary artery disease for PCI.
KEY WORDS: total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (THR); monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR); neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio(NHR); coronary artery stenosis; percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)
冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病簡稱冠心病(coronary heart disease, CHD),是臨床上常見的心血管疾病之一,我國CHD人群約1 139萬,其發(fā)病率和死亡率仍在升高[1]。CHD是主要由脂質(zhì)推動的慢性免疫炎癥和纖維增生性疾病,繼而引起冠狀動脈狹窄,影響心肌血供,導(dǎo)致心肌缺血乃至心肌梗死[2]。經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)已成為CHD的重要治療手段[3],冠狀動脈狹窄程度的精確評估以及是否選擇PCI對患者的預(yù)后至關(guān)重要。然而,如何精準(zhǔn)識別需要進(jìn)行PCI治療的冠狀動脈狹窄患者,避免過度或不足干預(yù),仍是臨床實(shí)踐中亟待解決的重要問題。
現(xiàn)有研究表明,總膽固醇與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比值(total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio,THR)、單核細(xì)胞與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比值(monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio,MHR)和中性粒細(xì)胞與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比值(neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio,NHR)與心血管疾病風(fēng)險存在關(guān)聯(lián)[4-7],但其聯(lián)合應(yīng)用預(yù)測冠狀動脈狹窄程度及PCI治療決策的潛力尚未得到充分探討。本研究旨在探討這三個比值與冠狀動脈狹窄程度(以Gensini評分表示)的相關(guān)性,評估該指標(biāo)對CHD患者行PCI治療影響因素和預(yù)測價值,從而優(yōu)化治療決策,改善患者預(yù)后。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對象
回顧性選取2021年6月至2023年6月在新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院普通門診收住院診治的病例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡>18歲;經(jīng)臨床表現(xiàn)、心電圖、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查、影像學(xué)檢查等綜合手段評估有造影指征并行冠狀動脈造影者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):急診行PCI者;合并嚴(yán)重肝腎功能衰竭者;合并嚴(yán)重血液系統(tǒng)疾病或惡性腫瘤者;合并急性感染性疾病;資料不全患者。經(jīng)過納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選,共納入6 281例患者為研究對象。
1.2 一般資料的收集
通過醫(yī)院電子病歷系統(tǒng)收集所有患者的臨床資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果及介入治療資料,包括年齡、性別、吸煙史、飲酒史、高血壓病史、糖尿病病史、既往支架植入史、血紅蛋白、身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、收縮壓、白蛋白、谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶 (alanine transferase,ALT)、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶" (aspartate transferase,AST)、肌酐、THR、MHR、NHR、是否住院期間死亡、Gensini評分。
所有研究對象均完成冠狀動脈造影檢查,根據(jù)術(shù)中是否行PCI治療將患者分為PCI組和Non-PCI組。
1.3 冠狀動脈狹窄的評估方法
常規(guī)采用右側(cè)橈動脈入路及Judkin法進(jìn)行冠狀動脈造影,由有資質(zhì)的心內(nèi)科醫(yī)師在導(dǎo)管室操作,冠狀動脈造影結(jié)果由兩名經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的介入心臟病專業(yè)醫(yī)師共同評估,以確保結(jié)果的一致性和準(zhǔn)確性。根據(jù)造影結(jié)果對研究對象進(jìn)行Gensini評分,將各個狹窄部位的分值與其所在血管的基礎(chǔ)分值相乘,將所有狹窄部位的得分相加,得出患者總的Gensini評分。病變程度越重,Gensini評分越高[8]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
所有數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS 26.0和R version 4.3.0 軟件分析數(shù)據(jù)。連續(xù)變量分析前進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),符合正態(tài)分布的資料用(±s)表示,兩組間資料比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),多組間資料采用F檢驗(yàn)。對于非正態(tài)分布的資料,使用中位數(shù)(下四分位數(shù),上四分位數(shù))即M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用Kruskal-Wallis檢驗(yàn)。計數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用Pearson相關(guān)分析評估THR、MHR和NHR與冠狀動脈狹窄程度之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。使用二元Logistic逐步回歸分析CHD患者PCI的獨(dú)立危險因素,對單因素分析中P≤0.05的變量納入多因素Logistic回歸模型進(jìn)行分析。通過受試者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線評估THR、MHR和NHR單一指標(biāo)和聯(lián)合指標(biāo)對冠心病患者行PCI治療的預(yù)測價值。Plt;0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 兩組間臨床資料的比較
將患者按照是否接受PCI治療分為PCI組(1 695例)和Non-PCI組(4 586例),兩組間比較,PCI組年齡更大,男性占比、糖尿病病史占比、THR、MHR、NHR、Gensini評分高于Non-PCI組,既往支架植入比例少于Non-PCI組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。而吸煙史、飲酒史、高血壓病史、血紅蛋白、BMI、收縮壓、白蛋白、ALT、AST、肌酐、是否住院期間死亡的差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(表1)。
2.2 THR、MHR和NHR與冠狀動脈狹窄程度的相關(guān)性分析
Pearson相關(guān)分析結(jié)果顯示,THR(r=0.351,P<0.001)、MHR(r=0.192,P<0.001)和NHR(r=0.236,P<0.001)水平與冠狀動脈狹窄程度的Gensini評分均存在顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。
2.3 CHD患者行PCI的單、多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
將基線資料的指標(biāo)納入單因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示年齡、男性、患糖尿病、既往支架植入史、THR、MHR、NHR指標(biāo)具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。將上述具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的指標(biāo)作為自變量納入多因素Logistic回歸模型,結(jié)果顯示年齡、男性、患糖尿病、THR、MHR、NHR是CHD患者行PCI獨(dú)立危險因素,既往支架植入史是CHD患者行PCI保護(hù)因素(表2)。
2.4 THR、MHR和NHR對CHD患者PCI的診斷效能
為進(jìn)一步評價單一及聯(lián)合指標(biāo)對于CHD患者PCI的診斷能力,使用THR、MHR和NHR共同繪制ROC曲線,結(jié)果顯示,THR、MHR和NHR三者聯(lián)合AUC最大(AUC=0.809,95% CI:0.798~0.820),THR、MHR和NHR單用則分別為(AUC=0.793,95% CI:0.782~0.805)、(AUC=0.687,95% CI:0.673~0.701)、(AUC=0.725,95% CI:0.712~0.739)。THR、MHR和NHR三者聯(lián)合反映CHD患者PCI的效能最高(表3,圖1)。
3 討 論
Lancet(《柳葉刀》)雜志報道的全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)研究2021的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全球年齡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化死亡率TOP 1為缺血性心臟病[9]。CHD是全球公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域面臨的巨大挑戰(zhàn),深入探究和優(yōu)化CHD患者的治療決策和PCI的應(yīng)用為CHD防治工作指出了方向。炎癥是動脈粥樣硬化性血栓形成、斑塊破裂、狹窄或閉塞的重要病理生理機(jī)制,動脈粥樣硬化是對動脈壁脂質(zhì)積聚的反應(yīng)[10]。單核細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞在冠狀動脈粥樣硬化中發(fā)揮重要作用,單核細(xì)胞計數(shù)和中性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)升高是心血管死亡和冠狀動脈斑塊形成的危險因素[11]。其釋放促炎介質(zhì),誘導(dǎo)微血管的形成,參與斑塊形成、破裂和血栓形成過程[12],血膽固醇升高,可刺激循環(huán)中單核細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生[13]。高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)具有促進(jìn)細(xì)胞膽固醇從細(xì)胞中外排的能力,清除血管壁膽固醇,調(diào)節(jié)中性粒細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞的功能,抑制炎癥反應(yīng)及抗氧化等保護(hù)作用,其降低可能導(dǎo)致膽固醇逆向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)減少,促進(jìn)斑塊形成[14]。
THR可以反映體內(nèi)脂質(zhì)代謝的綜合水平,已被確定為心血管的危險因素[15-16]。CHE等[16]研究納入來自英國生物樣本庫的403 335名參與者,評估THR與心血管疾病發(fā)生率的相關(guān)性,中位隨訪8.1年,經(jīng)多變量校正后,THR比值升高與心血管疾病風(fēng)險升高相關(guān),主要和血脂異常、2型糖尿病和高血壓有關(guān)聯(lián)。THR反映的是血清總膽固醇與具有抗動脈粥樣硬化作用的HDL-C之間的平衡狀態(tài),較高的THR可能提示脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂和動脈粥樣硬化風(fēng)險增加。MHR和NHR則可能通過反映炎癥狀態(tài)和免疫反應(yīng)來影響冠狀動脈狹窄程度。MHR是腦動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生風(fēng)險的獨(dú)立因素。ZHU等[17]研究顯示,MHR的ROC曲線的AUC為0.82,最佳診斷值為0.486,表明MHR可作為顱內(nèi)和顱外動脈粥樣硬化性狹窄發(fā)生的良好預(yù)測指標(biāo)。亦有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NHR對 Gensini 評分評估的冠狀動脈狹窄程度具有潛在的預(yù)測價值,而MHR預(yù)測能力較弱[18],這與本研究結(jié)果類似。本研究聚焦于THR、MHR和NHR對冠狀動脈狹窄程度和行PCI治療需求的預(yù)測價值,結(jié)果顯示,THR、MHR和NHR與冠狀動脈狹窄程度均呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系;ROC曲線分析結(jié)果顯示,單獨(dú)的THR、MHR和NHR已顯示出一定的預(yù)測能力,而三者聯(lián)合使用時AUC達(dá)到最大,達(dá)到更強(qiáng)的預(yù)測效能。本研究行單、多因素Logistic回歸分析得出是CHD患者行PCI的獨(dú)立危險因素。重要的是,由于血流動力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定、拒絕手術(shù)、干預(yù)時間限制或醫(yī)院資源有限等因素,某些患者可能不適合PCI。在這些情況下,THR、MHR、NHR可以作為估計冠狀動脈狹窄程度的初步評估工具,有助于臨床醫(yī)師為無法立即接受 PCI 的患者確定適當(dāng)?shù)膶ΠY治療。不同參數(shù)的比值可以提供比傳統(tǒng)單一參數(shù)更全面的信息,有助于優(yōu)化治療決策。
本研究證實(shí)了年齡、男性、糖尿病等傳統(tǒng)心血管風(fēng)險因素是行PCI治療中的獨(dú)立危險因素,而既往支架植入史是保護(hù)因素,與既往研究結(jié)論一致[19-21]。隨著年齡增長,動脈硬化加速,冠狀動脈病變加重,且老年患者常伴有血管功能退化、內(nèi)皮損傷、炎癥加劇及脂質(zhì)異常等,促使冠脈狹窄與血栓形成[22]。男性CHD患者的發(fā)病率和病死率高于女性,可能與更高風(fēng)險暴露(如吸煙、高血壓、血脂異常)及性激素差異相關(guān)[23]。糖尿病患者由于胰島素抵抗、糖脂代謝紊亂、炎癥反應(yīng)及內(nèi)皮功能障礙等病理改變,導(dǎo)致冠脈病變廣泛且進(jìn)展快,使冠狀動脈病變的復(fù)雜性和難治性增加,而PCI成為更常見的治療選擇[24]。既往支架植入史提示患者已接受嚴(yán)重冠脈狹窄或閉塞的有效治療,病變血管血流通暢,病情趨于穩(wěn)定,除非出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重再狹窄或新病變,否則通常無需重復(fù)PCI。識別上述風(fēng)險因素有助于精準(zhǔn)鎖定冠心病患者中高危群體,為早期干預(yù)與精細(xì)化管理提供依據(jù)。
本研究存在不足之處,本文為單中心研究,未動態(tài)觀察THR、MHR和NHR變化,研究結(jié)果在一定程度上可能影響其外部驗(yàn)證效度,其結(jié)果的推廣需要多中心數(shù)據(jù)的驗(yàn)證。
總之,THR、MHR和NHR與冠狀動脈狹窄程度具有相關(guān)性,可作為反映冠狀動脈病變嚴(yán)重程度的有效生物標(biāo)志物,對評估冠心病行PCI治療有較強(qiáng)的臨床應(yīng)用價值。在臨床實(shí)踐中應(yīng)充分考慮這些參數(shù),以更全面地評估患者的風(fēng)險狀況,有望成為臨床實(shí)踐中優(yōu)化CHD患者治療決策的重要工具。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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