摘要:
目的" 觀察塞利尼索(selinexor,SEL)聯(lián)合伊馬替尼(imatinib,IM)對人慢性髓原白血病細胞耐伊馬替尼(K562/G01,KG)細胞株的增殖及凋亡的影響,探索其可能的作用機制。方法" 分別用IM、SEL單獨或聯(lián)合處理人慢性髓系白血?。↘562)細胞株及KG細胞株,采用MTT法檢測細胞活力,流式細胞術(shù)檢測細胞凋亡率,RT-PCR法檢測細胞的BCR-ABL mRNA表達,Western blotting法檢測細胞的XPO1蛋白表達。結(jié)果" IM、SEL均可抑制K562細胞和KG細胞的增殖,作用48 h的半數(shù)抑制濃度IC50分別為IM(0.16 μmol/L vs." 6.48 μmol/L),SEL(132.0 nmol/L vs." 275.9 nmol/L);SEL聯(lián)合IM作用于KG細胞,與單用相比,可明顯抑制KG細胞的增殖(Plt;0.05),促進KG細胞的凋亡(Plt;0.05),降低KG細胞BCR-ABL mRNA(Plt;0.05),抑制KG細胞XPO1的表達(Plt;0.05)。結(jié)論" SEL聯(lián)合IM可協(xié)同抑制KG細胞的增殖并誘導其凋亡,進而抑制BCR-ABL mRNA和XPO1蛋白的表達,發(fā)揮抗白血病作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:塞利尼索;慢性髓系白血病;K562/G01;伊馬替尼耐藥;細胞凋亡
中圖分類號:R733.72""" 文獻標志碼:A
DOI:10.7652/jdyxb202403009
收稿日期:2023-10-18" 修回日期:2024-01-28
基金項目:山西省回國留學人員科研資助項目(2017-126)
Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2017-126)
通信作者:馬梁明,教授,博士生導師. E-mail:maliangming620928@163.com
網(wǎng)絡出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1399.R.20240313.1244.002.html (2024-03-14)
Effect of selinexor combined with imatinib on proliferation and
apoptosis of K562/G01 cells
HAO Xiaojing1, MAO Liangming2
(1. Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University/Shanxi Bethune Hospital/Shanxi
Academy of Medical Sciences/Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032; 2. Department of
Hematology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University/Shanxi Bethune Hospital/
Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Taiyuan 030032, China)
ABSTRACT:
Objective" To observe the effect of Selinexor (SEL) combined with Imatinib (IM) on the proliferation and apoptosis of Imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia K562/G01(KG) cells and explore the possible mechanisms. Methods" K562 cells and KG cells were treated with SEL or IM respectively or in combination. Cells viability was examined by MTT assay. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. BCR-ABL mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. XPO1 was detected by Western blotting. Results" IM and SEL both inhibited the proliferation of K562 cells and KG cells; half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for 48 h was 0.16 μmol/L vs." 6.48 μmol/L for IM and 132.0 nmol/L vs." 275.9 nmol/L for SEL. Compared with SEL or IM alone, SEL combined with IM significantly inhibited the proliferation of KG cells (Plt;0.05), induced KG cells apoptosis (Plt;0.05), downregulated the levels of BCR-ABL mRNA (Plt;0.05), and inhibited the expressions of XPO1 in KG cells (Plt;0.05). Conclusion" SEL combined with IM can synergistically inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of KG cells, and then inhibit the expressions of BCR-ABL mRNA and XPO1 to exert an anti-leukemia effect.
KEY WORDS: Selinexor; chronic myelogenous leukemia; K562/G01; Imatinib-resistant; apoptosis
塞利尼索(selinexor,SEL)是一種新型的核輸出蛋白1(exportin1,XPO1)抑制劑,又稱染色體區(qū)域穩(wěn)定蛋白1(chromosomal region maintenance 1,CRM1)抑制劑。目前已有許多研究表明XPO1抑制劑可以克服多種藥物的耐藥性,其中SEL已被FDA批準用于治療多發(fā)性骨髓瘤和彌漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤[1],在其他血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤和實體腫瘤的臨床前試驗中也證明具有抗腫瘤活性,包括急性髓系白血病和急性淋巴細胞白血?。?]。但SEL對人慢性髓原白血病細胞耐伊馬替尼(imatinib,IM)細胞株(K562/G01,KG細胞株)的研究,國內(nèi)尚未見報道。本研究以人慢性髓系白血病細胞株(K562細胞株)及KG細胞株為研究對象,旨在探索SEL聯(lián)合IM對KG細胞的作用,為SEL可能的臨床應用提供實驗依據(jù)。
1" 材料與方法
1.1" 試劑
IM(MedChemExpress)、SEL(Selleck),分別溶于二甲基亞砜(DMSO)儲存液,-20 ℃保存待用;RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基(博士德),胎牛血清(四季青),噻唑藍(MTT)、DMSO(Sigma),Annexin V-FITC/PI試劑盒(大連美侖),TrizolRNA提取試劑(Takara),BCR/ABL引物(上海源奇),XPO1(Servicebio)。
1.2" 細胞株的培養(yǎng)
K562細胞株引自中國科學院干細胞庫(上海),KG細胞株引自中國醫(yī)學科學院血液學研究所。細胞培養(yǎng)于含100 mL/L胎牛血清、10 mol/L青霉素及鏈霉素的PRMI-1640培養(yǎng)基中,置于37 ℃、50 mL/L CO2、飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱中靜置培養(yǎng),每2~3 d傳代1次,取對數(shù)生長期細胞用于實驗。KG細胞培養(yǎng)于含10 μmol/L的IM的培養(yǎng)液中,實驗前無藥培養(yǎng)2周。
1.3" MTT法檢測細胞活力
取細胞以1.0×105/mL密度接種于96孔板,分組加藥培養(yǎng)48 h,每孔加入20 μL(5 mg/mL)MTT,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h后,離心,棄上清,每孔加入150 μL DMSO,測定波長490nm處的吸光度(A)。
細胞抑制率(%)=[(1-(實驗孔平均A值-調(diào)零孔A值)/(對照孔平均A值-調(diào)零孔A值)]×100%。
1.4" Annexin V-FITC/PI法檢測細胞凋亡
取細胞以1.0×105/mL密度接種于6孔板,分組加藥培養(yǎng)48 h,使用PBS洗滌2次,加入Binding Buffer緩沖液調(diào)節(jié)細胞密度為1×106/mL,分別加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC及5 μL PI染色,室溫避光孵育15 min,加入400 μL Binding Buffer緩沖液,靜置10 min,流式上機檢測。
1.5" RT-PCR法檢測細胞BCR/ABL mRNA
取細胞以1.0×105/mL密度接種于6孔板,分組加藥培養(yǎng)48 h,使用PBS洗滌2次。用Trizol試劑提取各組細胞內(nèi)的總RNA,按BCR/ABL試劑盒說明進行PCR擴增。計算各樣本測定基因BCR/ABL,結(jié)果為BCR-ABL210mRNA檢測濃度(A)/內(nèi)參RNA檢測濃度(B)。
1.6" Western blotting法檢測細胞XPO1的蛋白表達
取細胞以1.0×105/mL密度接種于6孔板,分組加藥培養(yǎng)48 h,收集細胞,提取蛋白質(zhì),測定蛋白濃度,采用SDS-PAGE電泳進行分離,轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜,在50 mL/L的牛奶中室溫封閉30 min,加入一抗,4 ℃孵育過夜;TBST洗膜3次,加入二抗,室溫下孵育30 min;TBST洗膜3次,加入ECL發(fā)光液發(fā)光,以指標灰度值/內(nèi)參灰度值作為各組實驗數(shù)據(jù)。
1.7" 聯(lián)合作用評價
采用金氏公式計算:Q=E(A+B)/(EA+EB-EA×EB)。EA、EB分別表示單獨用藥的效應;E(A+B)表示聯(lián)合用藥的效應,Qlt;0.85為拮抗作用,0.85≤Q≤1.15之間為相加作用,Qgt;1.15為協(xié)同作用。
1.8" 統(tǒng)計學分析
采用Graph Pad Prism 9.4.1軟件和SPSS 27.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行分析。結(jié)果以均數(shù)±標準差(±s)表示,兩組間均數(shù)的比較使用獨立樣本t檢驗;多組間均數(shù)的比較使用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗,所有實驗重復至少3次,Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2" 結(jié)" 果
2.1" 對細胞的增殖抑制作用
2.2" 對細胞凋亡的影響
2.3" 對細胞BCR-ABL mRNA表達的影響
2.4" 對細胞XPO1蛋白表達的影響
3" 討" 論
慢性髓性白血病(chronic myeloid leukemia,CML)是由于骨髓造血干細胞克隆性增殖而形成的惡性腫瘤,占成人白血病的15%[3],全球年發(fā)病率為1.6/10萬~2/10萬[4]。其特征是存在Ph染色體,由9、22號染色體易位形成,可產(chǎn)生融合基因BCR-ABL[5]。
CML的一線治療酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKIs)包括一代TKI(IM)和二代TKIs(尼洛替尼Nilotinib、達沙替尼Dasatinb、博蘇替尼Bosutinib、氟馬替尼Flumatinib)。但隨著長期使用,部分患者出現(xiàn)了耐藥,包括BCR-ABL依賴性耐藥(基因突變和基因擴增)和BCR-ABL不依賴性耐藥(包括激活信號替代通路,如PI3K/AKT,JAK/STAT,Ras/MAPK,and SRC)[6]。在CML慢性期,超過50%的患者在接受IM治療后最終出現(xiàn)耐藥或不耐受[7-8]。二代TKIs用于一線治療時,大約30%~40%的患者需要在5年內(nèi)改變治療方法[9-11]。
XPO1是一個主要的轉(zhuǎn)運載體,可將多種蛋白質(zhì)和mRNA從細胞核轉(zhuǎn)運到細胞質(zhì)[12-13],包括近220個含核輸出信號(nuclear export signals,NESs)蛋白的輸出[14]和rRNAs、snRNAs、mRNA、microRNAs、tRNAs[15]。XPO1不加選擇地輸出腫瘤抑制因子和癌基因,XPO1的過表達是許多人類癌癥類型的共同特征,包括多種實體腫瘤和血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤[16],XPO1突變在0.5%~2.9%的實體瘤和造血系統(tǒng)腫瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn),以淋巴瘤發(fā)生率最高[17]。XPO1抑制劑的主要作用機制是阻斷腫瘤抑制蛋白類的核輸出[18-19]。過去十幾年的研究結(jié)果表明,XPO1在抗癌藥耐藥的發(fā)展中起著關(guān)鍵作用,可逆轉(zhuǎn)多種藥物的耐藥性,包括硼替佐米(Bortezomib)、蒽環(huán)霉素(Anthracycline)、伊布替尼(Ibrutinib)、吉非替尼(Gefitinib)、樂伐替尼(Lenvatinib)、鉑(Platinum)、吉西他濱(Gemcitabine)等[2]。
國外文獻報道,早期使用TKI聯(lián)合來普霉素B(XPO1抑制劑,Leptomycin B)作用于慢性髓系白血病細胞的研究表明,XPO1可將BCR-ABL mRNA困在細胞核內(nèi),導致BCR-ABL基因克隆的完全不可逆性破壞[20],但因其具有嚴重的“脫靶”細胞毒性,臨床應用受到限制[21]。本實驗采用了新一代XPO1抑制劑SEL進行試驗,實驗中所用KG細胞是由IM長期逐級加量誘導K562細胞所建立的,與K562細胞相比,BCR-ABL基因表達升高[22]。MTT及流式結(jié)果顯示,SEL對K562細胞的增殖抑制作用略大于KG細胞;與IM相比,SEL聯(lián)合IM作用于KG細胞可更加明顯地抑制細胞的增殖,促進細胞的凋亡,表明SEL可加強IM對KG細胞的抑制增殖及誘導凋亡的作用。RT-PCR結(jié)果顯示,IM、SEL均可降低KG細胞BCR-ABL mRNA的水平,但作用均不明顯,兩藥聯(lián)合則作用顯著。WALKER等[23]也在相似實驗中得出同樣的結(jié)果,NIE等[24]的實驗結(jié)果雖與此相反,但觀察到SEL增加了細胞中BCR-ABL mRNA的核/質(zhì)比,這些都表明SEL與Leptomycin B一樣,具有抑制BCR-ABL mRNA核輸出的作用,證實了SEL可協(xié)同IM抑制BCR-ABL mRNA的表達。Western blotting結(jié)果顯示,IM單獨作用于KG細胞部分降低了XPO1的表達,將SEL與IM聯(lián)合應用,XPO1的降低更加顯著,這表明XPO1與BCR-ABL激酶相關(guān)。NIE等[24]同樣在實驗中觀察到此結(jié)果,WALKER等[23]的研究也證實XPO1以BCR-ABL激酶依賴和非依賴的方式上調(diào)。綜上,SEL可加強IM對KG細胞的抑制增殖及誘導凋亡作用,其機制可能與SEL協(xié)同IM降低了BCR-ABL mRNA的水平,加強了IM抑制XPO1的表達相關(guān)。
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