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        內(nèi)生菌協(xié)助水稻緩解重金屬脅迫和積累研究進(jìn)展

        2023-12-29 00:00:00付思遠(yuǎn)彭玉林黃水明郭達(dá)偉李忠金江麗芳江巍陳萍萍

        摘要: 稻田土壤重金屬污染是引起環(huán)境和食品安全問題的主要原因之一。土壤中重金屬的過量積累給水稻的生長發(fā)育、稻米產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)造成負(fù)面影響,并會(huì)導(dǎo)致重金屬進(jìn)入食物鏈。內(nèi)生菌與宿主具有穩(wěn)定的互利共生關(guān)系,一些有益內(nèi)生菌能夠提高水稻產(chǎn)量和重金屬抗性。本文總結(jié)了抗重金屬內(nèi)生菌改善水稻重金屬脅迫和減少植株重金屬積累的機(jī)制,最后針對內(nèi)生菌在農(nóng)業(yè)中的研究與應(yīng)用提出了幾點(diǎn)展望。

        關(guān)鍵詞: 內(nèi)生菌;水稻;重金屬;緩解脅迫

        中圖分類號: Q945.78 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼: A 文章編號: 1000-4440(2023)03-0859-14

        Research progress of endophytes in alleviating heavy metal stress and accumulation in rice

        FU Si-yuan, PENG Yu-lin, HUANG Shui-ming, GUO Da-wei, LI Zhong-jin, JIANG Li-fang, JIANG Wei, CHEN Ping-ping

        (Longyan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Longyan 364000, China)

        Abstract: Heavy metal pollution in paddy soils is one of main concerns causing some of the environmental and food safety problems. Excess accumulation of heavy metals in soil has a negative impact on the growth and development, yield and quality of rice, and will make heavy metals enter the food chain. Endophytes have a stable mutualism relationship with their hosts. It is well known that plant growth-promoting endophytes (PGPEs) enhance rice productivity and resistance to heavy metal stress. This paper summarized the mechanisms of heavy metal resistant-PGPEs in improving heavy metal stress and reducing the accumulation of these metals in rice. Finally, some prospects for research and application of endophytes in agriculture were put forward.

        Key words: endophytes;rice;heavy metals;stress alleviation

        重金屬(或類金屬)是具有高相對原子質(zhì)量、高密度特性的天然化學(xué)元素,其含量超過一定閾值時(shí)對細(xì)胞有毒害作用[1]。稻田土壤中的砷(As)、鎘(Cd)、鉛(Pb)、汞(Hg)、銅(Cu)等重金屬含量高于旱地土壤[2]。水稻是人類的主要糧食作物之一,稻田重金屬污染不僅會(huì)降低稻谷的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致重金屬被水稻吸收累積,威脅人類健康[3]。傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)通過加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)管理(如灌溉、施肥和輪作)或使用化學(xué)鈍化劑進(jìn)行重金屬污染防治[4-7]。這些方法在一定程度上可以鈍化重金屬,但所用材料昂貴且耗時(shí),可能帶來二次污染。所以,應(yīng)尋求更有效的方法緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累以保障糧食安全。

        有益內(nèi)生菌是指生活在植物組織內(nèi)部而不會(huì)引起疾病的一類原核或真核微生物,其占據(jù)宿主的根、莖、葉、種子等不同生態(tài)位[8]。研究結(jié)果[9-10]表明,某些抗重金屬有益內(nèi)生菌能夠改變重金屬的生物有效性減輕其對植物的毒害,重金屬的生物有效性與重金屬的存在形態(tài)直接相關(guān),重金屬的毒性取決于其在土壤中的生物有效性[11])。當(dāng)植物處于生物和非生物脅迫下,定殖于植物組織中的內(nèi)生菌不易受環(huán)境因子影響,與寄主植物的互利共生關(guān)系更加穩(wěn)固,對宿主產(chǎn)生的有利影響通常大于根際微生物[12-14]。有益內(nèi)生菌在修復(fù)土壤污染和保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品安全方面發(fā)揮效用,其通過提高重金屬生物有效性、增加植物的生物量、酸化根際環(huán)境、增加根系表面積等機(jī)制強(qiáng)化植物對土壤重金屬的吸收,輔助植物修復(fù)被重金屬污染的土壤[15-16],但此類內(nèi)生菌可能會(huì)增加作物可食用部位的重金屬含量。最近研究結(jié)果表明,一些內(nèi)生菌既能緩解水稻重金屬脅迫,又能降低水稻植株地上部和籽粒中的重金屬積累,使稻米生產(chǎn)更加安全[17-18]。

        長期以來,關(guān)于內(nèi)生菌輔助植物修復(fù)被重金屬污染的土壤的研究進(jìn)展已有許多全面的綜述[19-22]。然而,還沒有文章回顧內(nèi)生菌緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累的機(jī)制。本文對現(xiàn)有國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和歸納(表1、表2),闡述了內(nèi)生菌協(xié)助水稻緩解重金屬脅迫和積累的作用機(jī)制,并針對多抗型內(nèi)生菌菌種資源的發(fā)掘及合成菌群的研究應(yīng)用提出展望,以期為內(nèi)生菌進(jìn)一步的深入研究和實(shí)際應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)與參考。

        1 內(nèi)生菌緩解水稻重金屬脅迫的機(jī)制

        1.1 調(diào)節(jié)水稻激素平衡

        重金屬脅迫會(huì)打破植物內(nèi)源激素平衡[67]。在重金屬脅迫下脫落酸(Abscisic acid, ABA)和茉莉酸(Jasmonic acid, JA)的含量增加,導(dǎo)致氣孔導(dǎo)度降低、葉片衰老、葉綠素合成減緩、光合作用減弱,抑制植物生長[24,68-69]。赤霉素(Gibberellins,GAs)對種子萌發(fā)、生長發(fā)育具有重要作用,其通過增強(qiáng)抗氧化系統(tǒng)[70]、調(diào)節(jié)激素平衡[71]等機(jī)制緩解重金屬脅迫。Shahzad等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),銅脅迫下接種產(chǎn)GA的內(nèi)生芽孢桿菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1)有助于降低水稻內(nèi)源ABA和JA的含量,促進(jìn)水稻生長。接種產(chǎn)GA內(nèi)生真菌(Glomerella sp. JP4)明顯改善了鎘脅迫下水稻的抗氧化系統(tǒng)[45-46]。內(nèi)源水楊酸(Salicylic acid, SA)對于重金屬脅迫的應(yīng)答機(jī)制尚不明確,但水稻在鎘和鎳脅迫下ABA含量升高、SA含量降低,ABA對SA表現(xiàn)出拮抗作用;接種內(nèi)生腸桿菌(Enterobacter ludwigii SAK5)和微小桿菌(Exiguobacterium indicum SA22)后,水稻內(nèi)源ABA含量降低、SA含量升高,植株生長狀況明顯改善[17]。重金屬脅迫誘導(dǎo)乙烯(Ethylene, ET)過量產(chǎn)生,導(dǎo)致過氧化氫(H2O2)積累和細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制根的發(fā)育[72-73]。1-氨基環(huán)丙烷-1-羧酸(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid,ACC)脫氨酶可以將ET的前體ACC水解為氨和α-酮丁酸來促進(jìn)根系生長,降低ET含量[74]。接種產(chǎn)ACC脫氨酶內(nèi)生假單胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501)降低了鎘、銅、鋅、鎳等脅迫下水稻內(nèi)源ET含量,促進(jìn)了水稻生長;進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行基因組分析,結(jié)果表明,Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501攜帶1個(gè)編碼ACC脫氨酶的acdS基因, acdS基因突變后,突變體喪失了ACC脫氨酶活性,在重金屬脅迫下促進(jìn)水稻生長的能力喪失,表明產(chǎn)ACC脫氨酶是內(nèi)生菌緩解水稻重金屬脅迫的一種重要機(jī)制[72]。此外,產(chǎn)吲哚乙酸(Indole acetic acid, IAA)內(nèi)生菌通過以下兩方面緩解植物重金屬脅迫:一是刺激細(xì)胞伸長和分裂促進(jìn)根系生長,使植物獲得更強(qiáng)的養(yǎng)分吸收能力[19, 75]。如鎘脅迫下接種產(chǎn)IAA內(nèi)生沙雷氏菌(Serratia sp. AI001)和克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp. AI002),增加了水稻不定根和側(cè)根的數(shù)量[76]。二是誘導(dǎo)宿主生理變化來增強(qiáng)植物抗性和適應(yīng)性[77-78]。如IAA誘導(dǎo)抗氧化酶產(chǎn)生,從而增強(qiáng)抗氧化系統(tǒng)[73]。再如,根系分泌物通過螯合根際或質(zhì)外體中的金屬離子從而阻止金屬離子進(jìn)入細(xì)胞,這是植物應(yīng)對重金屬脅迫的重要策略。IAA能夠激活植物的細(xì)胞壁,刺激根系分泌物產(chǎn)生[79-80]。接種Liu等[81]分離的產(chǎn)IAA和ACC脫氨酶內(nèi)生腸桿菌(Enterobacter sp. SE-5)顯著提升了鎘脅迫下水稻的IAA含量和ACC脫氨酶活性,提高了水稻種子發(fā)芽率、幼苗成活率、株高、根長、葉綠素含量和鮮質(zhì)量。

        綜上所述,重金屬脅迫下,內(nèi)生菌通過分泌外源植物激素(如IAA、GA等)和調(diào)節(jié)水稻內(nèi)源激素(如IAA、ABA、JA、SA、ET等)平衡來降低應(yīng)激激素對水稻生長發(fā)育的不利影響,增強(qiáng)水稻抗氧化系統(tǒng)的作用,緩解重金屬脅迫,促進(jìn)植株生長發(fā)育。一些內(nèi)生菌還能分泌細(xì)胞分裂素(CK),但國內(nèi)外關(guān)于CK-內(nèi)生菌-水稻-重金屬脅迫之間相互作用的研究仍然較少。

        1.2 增強(qiáng)水稻光合作用

        重金屬脅迫會(huì)嚴(yán)重減弱水稻光合作用,接種內(nèi)生菌能夠增強(qiáng)水稻光合作用。Fv/Fm表示光系統(tǒng)Ⅱ(Photosystem II, PSII)的光能轉(zhuǎn)化效率,F(xiàn)v/Fo表示光系統(tǒng)Ⅱ的潛在活性[82]。鉛脅迫下水稻幼苗葉綠素a、葉綠素b含量降低,凈光合速率(Pn)降低,蒸騰速率(E)減弱,F(xiàn)v/Fm、Fv/Fo值分別低于0.8和4.0,表明光系統(tǒng)II的功能被抑制。接種內(nèi)生真菌Sordariomycetes sp. EF0801后,F(xiàn)v/Fm和Fv/Fo分別提高到0.8和4.0以上,增加了光合色素含量,提高了Pn和E,有效維持了PSII的正常生理功能,光合強(qiáng)度得到提升[83-84]。汞脅迫下水稻SPAD值(代表葉綠素含量)顯著降低,接種內(nèi)生真菌Curvularia geniculata P1和Aspergillus sp. A31提高了SPAD值、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo,光合效率增強(qiáng),水稻株高和干質(zhì)量顯著增加[85]。砷脅迫時(shí)水稻接種印度梨形孢(Piriformospora indica)使水稻葉綠素含量恢復(fù)到正常水平[42]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在砷酸鹽或亞砷酸鹽脅迫下,接種叢枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)異形根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198)提高了旱稻葉綠素含量、水分利用效率、碳同化率、氣孔導(dǎo)度和蒸騰速率,提升了PSII的最大量子產(chǎn)率與實(shí)際量子產(chǎn)率、電子傳輸速率,促進(jìn)了旱稻生長[86]。此外,植物體內(nèi)高含量糖有助于增強(qiáng)光合作用以抵抗銅脅迫,接種內(nèi)生菌RWL-1顯著提高了銅脅迫下水稻碳水化合物(葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖和棉子糖)的含量[24]。綜上所述,內(nèi)生菌通過增強(qiáng)光合作用促進(jìn)了水稻在重金屬脅迫下的生長發(fā)育。

        1.3 增加水稻氨基酸和蛋白質(zhì)的含量

        氨基酸是蛋白質(zhì)(包括各種酶、受體、某些激素)生物合成的基本單位,植物中的氨基酸調(diào)控有利于改善防御系統(tǒng)[26,87]。接種內(nèi)生菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1提高了正常環(huán)境和銅脅迫下水稻幼苗中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸等13種氨基酸的含量,其中大多數(shù)氨基酸是其他代謝物的前體或中間產(chǎn)物,有助于增強(qiáng)水稻對重金屬的耐受性[24,87]。Zhou等[23]的研究結(jié)果表明,接種內(nèi)生芽孢桿菌(Bacillus koreensis 181-22)顯著提高了鎘脅迫下旱稻的總蛋白質(zhì)含量。以上研究結(jié)果表明,內(nèi)生菌通過提升水稻氨基酸和蛋白質(zhì)的含量協(xié)助水稻抵御重金屬脅迫,但重金屬脅迫下內(nèi)生菌提高水稻氨基酸、蛋白質(zhì)含量的機(jī)制還有待研究。

        1.4 增強(qiáng)水稻抗氧化系統(tǒng)

        重金屬誘導(dǎo)脂質(zhì)過氧化,破壞細(xì)胞內(nèi)自由基產(chǎn)生和被清除之間的平衡,從而產(chǎn)生大量活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS),ROS會(huì)迅速與核酸、蛋白質(zhì)、脂質(zhì)和氨基酸等生物分子反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞功能障礙和細(xì)胞損傷[88-89]。內(nèi)生菌可以提高水稻抗氧化酶和非酶抗氧化劑水平,降低ROS和丙二醛(MDA)的含量[84, 90-91]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鎘脅迫下旱稻MDA含量升高,接種內(nèi)生菌Bacillus koreensis 181-22使MDA含量下降到正常水平[23]。Shahzad等[24]的研究結(jié)果表明,銅脅迫會(huì)損害水稻抗氧化系統(tǒng),接種內(nèi)生菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1顯著提升了過氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)等的活性和還原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量。鉛脅迫下水稻體內(nèi)POD和過氧化氫酶(CAT)的活性下降,接種內(nèi)生真菌Sordariomycetes sp. EF0801后超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、POD、CAT活性均增強(qiáng)[84]。砷脅迫下水稻幼苗根部還原型抗壞血酸(AsA)、還原型谷胱甘肽含量顯著下降,氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)、脫氫抗壞血酸(DHA)含量增加,AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG降低;印度梨形孢接種使參與AsA-GSH循環(huán)的谷胱甘肽還原酶(GR)、單脫氫抗壞血酸還原酶(MDAR)、脫氫抗壞血酸還原酶(DHAR)的活性升高,增加了GSH和AsA的含量,AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG升高,增強(qiáng)了水稻對氧化應(yīng)激的耐受性[42]。鎘脅迫下接種堿蓬內(nèi)生真菌Glomerella sp. JP4也提高了水稻AsA和GSH的含量,增強(qiáng)了SOD、POD、GR、CAT的活性,降低了H2O2和MDA的含量[45]。Li等[51]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鎘脅迫下接種AMF(Rhizophagus intraradices, Ri)降低了旱稻ROS水平,提升了GSH含量和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GPX)活性,促進(jìn)了旱稻生長。接種AMF(Glomus versiforme, Gv)還可以上調(diào)鎘脅迫下旱稻根系過氧化物酶基因的表達(dá),提高了旱稻的鎘脅迫抗性[56]。接種印度梨形孢顯著降低了鎘脅迫下水稻根部ROS的積累,減少了根部細(xì)胞死亡[44]。此外,重金屬脅迫會(huì)使細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生有毒化合物甲基乙二醛(Methylglyoxal, MG),其會(huì)對脂質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)、DNA、RNA造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p害,并誘導(dǎo)H2O2積累[92-93]。乙二醛酶(GLY)是MG的生理解毒酶系統(tǒng),能夠?qū)⒓?xì)胞內(nèi)具有糖基化毒性的MG轉(zhuǎn)化為無毒的乳酸鹽排到細(xì)胞外[94]。砷脅迫導(dǎo)致水稻MDA、MG含量以及GLY I、GLY II活性升高,接種印度梨形孢進(jìn)一步提高了GLY I和GLY II的活性,降低了MDA和MG的含量,減少了MG對細(xì)胞的毒害,增強(qiáng)了水稻對砷的耐受性[42]。綜上所述,重金屬脅迫下內(nèi)生菌可以提高水稻抗氧化酶活性,改善AsA-GSH循環(huán)的氧化還原狀態(tài),增強(qiáng)GLY循環(huán)系統(tǒng),減輕了水稻氧化應(yīng)激以促進(jìn)植株生長。

        1.5 促進(jìn)水稻對營養(yǎng)元素的吸收

        重金屬會(huì)干擾水稻根系對營養(yǎng)元素的吸收和分配,造成營養(yǎng)缺乏和養(yǎng)分失衡,導(dǎo)致水稻生長遲緩[95-96]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著鉛離子含量的增加,水稻根中鉀(K)、鈣(Ca)、鎂(Mg)、磷(P)、鐵(Fe)、鋅(Zn)和錳(Mn)等營養(yǎng)元素的含量降低,內(nèi)生真菌Sordariomycetes sp. EF0801的接種促進(jìn)了根部對營養(yǎng)元素的吸收和向地上部的運(yùn)輸,使幼苗葉片中上述離子含量顯著增加,有助于維持鉛脅迫下水稻的光合作用和酶促反應(yīng)[97]。同樣,鎘脅迫下接種內(nèi)生成團(tuán)泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans Tm02)促進(jìn)了Mn、Ca、Fe、Mg等離子向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),增加養(yǎng)分的同時(shí)減少了鎘向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[28]。產(chǎn)鐵載體內(nèi)生菌促進(jìn)水稻對鐵和其他微量元素的吸收利用[98]。接種產(chǎn)鐵載體內(nèi)生菌Pseudomonas sp.、Bacillus thuringiensis、B. pumilus使砷脅迫下水稻根部鐵含量升高[35]。砷脅迫下會(huì)增加水稻幼苗根中鐵含量,但減少了鐵向地上部的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),接種印度梨形孢上調(diào)了水稻鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)相關(guān)基因(OsIRO2、OsFRDL1、OsYSL1)的表達(dá),顯著增加了地上部的鐵含量,有利于葉綠素合成和光合作用[42]。有些內(nèi)生菌還可以通過生物固氮為重金屬脅迫下的水稻提供必需的氮素營養(yǎng)[28,30,99]。土壤中的有效磷含量較低,不能滿足植物需求[100]。具有溶磷功能的內(nèi)生菌能夠?qū)㈦y溶性磷轉(zhuǎn)化為可溶性磷供重金屬脅迫下的水稻吸收利用[28,30,37-39]。AMF在促進(jìn)水稻磷吸收方面具有重要作用。多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果表明,銅、鉛、鎘、砷等重金屬脅迫下,AMF接種能夠增加水稻植株的磷含量,有利于水稻營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)合成以抵抗重金屬脅迫[55-56,61,64,101]。綜上所述,內(nèi)生菌通過溶磷、固氮、產(chǎn)生鐵載體、上調(diào)營養(yǎng)元素吸收和營養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)等機(jī)制加強(qiáng)水稻對營養(yǎng)元素的吸收和運(yùn)輸,從而促進(jìn)水稻在重金屬脅迫下生長。

        2 內(nèi)生菌降低水稻地上部和籽粒重金屬積累的作用機(jī)制

        2.1 胞內(nèi)積累和胞外吸附固定重金屬

        內(nèi)生細(xì)菌通過主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸和區(qū)域化作用將重金屬吸收進(jìn)細(xì)胞內(nèi),也可由分泌的胞外聚合物在細(xì)胞外富集重金屬,降低其流動(dòng)性[77]。氫離子與金屬離子存在競爭吸附位點(diǎn),堿性環(huán)境能夠加強(qiáng)土壤和細(xì)胞表面對重金屬的吸附[102]。一些兼性內(nèi)生細(xì)菌可以提高環(huán)境pH值,如,兼性內(nèi)生沙雷氏菌(Serratia liquefaciens F2)通過提高發(fā)酵液pH值加強(qiáng)自身對砷的胞外富集和胞內(nèi)積累,砷脅迫下接種Serratia liquefaciens F2加強(qiáng)了根表面和土壤對砷的固定,減少了水稻對砷的吸收和砷向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)移,最終籽粒砷含量低于歐洲水稻籽粒中最大允許砷含量(0.2 mg/kg)[34]。內(nèi)生真菌利用細(xì)胞壁、中央大液泡、菌絲體、孢子等特殊結(jié)構(gòu)固定重金屬[103]。鎘脅迫下接種印度梨形孢使水稻根部的菌絲體和孢子中積累了大量鎘,阻止鎘離子向地上部轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[44]。深色有隔內(nèi)生真菌稻鐮狀瓶霉(Falciphora oryzae EU63669)是典型的鎘離子生物過濾器,接種水稻后大量的鎘以黑色沉積物和顆粒的形式在其液泡和厚壁孢子中被固定,阻止鎘轉(zhuǎn)移至地上部,降低了籽粒鎘含量[40]。植物細(xì)胞壁主要由多糖和蛋白質(zhì)組成,含有羧基、羥基、氨基和醛基等潛在配體,這些配體可以參與離子交換、吸附、絡(luò)合、沉淀和結(jié)晶等各項(xiàng)反應(yīng),有效結(jié)合重金屬陽離子并限制其在細(xì)胞膜上的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[104-106]。植物在根細(xì)胞壁中隔離重金屬是緩解原生質(zhì)體重金屬脅迫和抑制重金屬轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的機(jī)制之一[104,107]。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AMF可以影響水稻中的重金屬亞細(xì)胞分布。Gao等[48]的研究結(jié)果表明,AMF可以改變旱稻根細(xì)胞壁的化學(xué)性質(zhì),鎘脅迫下,接種Rhizophagus intraradices提高了根部細(xì)胞壁中果膠、半纖維素1和木質(zhì)素的含量,觀察到更多羥基和羧基,根細(xì)胞壁的果膠和半纖維素1中鎘含量增加,進(jìn)而顯著降低旱稻地上部的鎘含量。Zhang等[62]的研究結(jié)果表明,銅脅迫下接種AMF(Glomus mosseae, Gm)可使菌根中糖醛酸的含量增加,有利于增強(qiáng)菌根對銅的吸附,菌根細(xì)胞壁果膠和半纖維素1中的銅含量增加了約5倍,最終水稻地上部銅含量顯著降低。Li等[49]的研究結(jié)果表明,在低鎘脅迫(lt;0.05 mmol/L)下接種Rhizophagus intraradices和摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae, Fm)提高了旱稻根部細(xì)胞壁組分中鎘含量,高鎘脅迫(≥0.05 mmol/L)下提高了液泡中鎘含量,而細(xì)胞器組分鎘含量顯著降低,緩解了旱稻鎘脅迫,減少了地上部鎘積累。上述研究結(jié)果皆表明由內(nèi)生菌介導(dǎo)的胞外吸附和胞內(nèi)積累可以將重金屬固定,從而減弱重金屬向地上部的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),但AMF影響水稻根部重金屬亞細(xì)胞分布的機(jī)制還有待研究。

        2.2 降低重金屬的生物有效性

        堿性環(huán)境有利于重金屬沉淀的形成和穩(wěn)定[102]。鎘脅迫下接種兼性內(nèi)生細(xì)菌Pantoea agglomerans Tm02提高了土壤pH值并降低鎘的生物有效性,減少水稻對鎘的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),降低水稻籽粒、莖稈中的鎘含量[28]。內(nèi)生巨大芽孢桿菌(Bacillus megaterium H3)和華氏新根瘤菌(Neorhizobium huautlense T1-17)共接種可以提高水稻根系土壤的pH值,在低鎘脅迫下增加鐵錳氧化物結(jié)合態(tài)鎘含量,高鎘脅迫下增加有機(jī)物結(jié)合態(tài)鎘和硫化鎘的含量,減少水稻對鎘的吸收,所產(chǎn)精米符合大米鎘限量國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(0.2 mg/kg以下)[36]。多胺是氨基酸脫羧過程中產(chǎn)生的一類堿性化合物,能夠提高周圍環(huán)境的pH值,最常見的多胺包括腐胺、亞精胺和精胺[108-110]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用外源多胺降低了水稻對鎘的吸收[111]。某些細(xì)菌可以產(chǎn)生精氨酸脫羧酶(ADC)從而分泌多胺[109,112]。Cheng等[27]分離的產(chǎn)ADC內(nèi)生鞘氨醇單胞菌(Sphingomonas sp. C40)為兼性內(nèi)生菌,其發(fā)酵液的多胺含量和pH值在鎘脅迫下顯著提高,接種后誘導(dǎo)鎘脅迫下水稻幼苗多胺合成酶相關(guān)基因(OsSPDS、OsSPMS1和OsSAMDC1)表達(dá)顯著上調(diào),根際土壤和根內(nèi)的亞精胺、精胺含量增加,土壤中鐵錳氧化物結(jié)合態(tài)鎘含量增加,水稻地上部鎘積累量顯著降低。鎘脅迫下,產(chǎn)ADC兼性內(nèi)生根瘤菌(Rhizobium larrymoorei S28)發(fā)酵液的pH值和腐胺質(zhì)量濃度升高,接種后顯著提高了水稻分蘗期和成熟期土壤pH值和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量,降低了根際土壤有效態(tài)鎘含量和鎘轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)(TF,表示植物對重金屬的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)能力),增加了成熟期根際土壤中碳酸鹽和有機(jī)物結(jié)合態(tài)鎘的含量,使水稻根部、地上部、籽粒中鎘含量皆降低[33]。但產(chǎn)ADC內(nèi)生菌的研究目前僅限于水稻鎘脅迫,對其他重金屬脅迫的應(yīng)用研究較少。

        內(nèi)生菌分泌的鐵載體也可與Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、As3+、As5+等多種重金屬離子結(jié)合[113]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與鐵載體結(jié)合的Fe3+更容易進(jìn)入細(xì)胞,與鐵載體結(jié)合的有毒金屬離子不能有效地進(jìn)入細(xì)胞,從而降低重金屬的生物有效性[114]。有機(jī)酸通過與重金屬形成復(fù)合物、誘導(dǎo)植物產(chǎn)生根系分泌物、溶解磷酸鹽釋放磷元素并形成不溶性重金屬磷酸鹽等多種機(jī)制降低重金屬的生物有效性,內(nèi)生細(xì)菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1具有分泌檸檬酸、琥珀酸、丙酸和乙酸等多種有機(jī)酸的能力,接種后顯著降低了水稻根部和地上部的銅含量[25]。鉛脅迫下接種內(nèi)生真菌Sordariomycetes sp. EF0801誘導(dǎo)水稻根系產(chǎn)生蘋果酸、酒石酸、乳酸和草酸等有機(jī)酸,緩解了水稻鉛脅迫[97]。金屬硫蛋白(Metallothioneins, MTs)是一類低分子量、半胱氨酸含量異常豐富的短肽,其巰基(-SH)能夠螯合重金屬[115]。鎘脅迫下接種變形球囊霉上調(diào)了旱稻菌根中MTs合成相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),降低了旱稻地上部鎘含量[56]。無機(jī)硫化物也可與重金屬反應(yīng)生成不溶性金屬硫化物[32]。內(nèi)生臺灣貪銅菌(Cupriavidus taiwanensis KKU2500-3)能夠分泌MTs和無機(jī)硫化物,鎘脅迫下其發(fā)酵液中硫化鎘含量升高,降低了發(fā)酵液中有效鎘的含量,接種后顯著降低了水稻籽粒鎘含量[32]。AMF通過改變重金屬的生物有效性降低鎘在菌根中的遷移率和毒性,如高鎘脅迫(≥0.05 mmol/L)下,接種AMF的旱稻菌根中有效態(tài)鎘(無機(jī)鎘和水溶性鎘)的含量顯著低于未接種AMF的旱稻,無效態(tài)鎘(果膠酸鹽結(jié)合態(tài)鎘、蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合態(tài)鎘、不溶性和殘留鎘)占比高[49]。Luo等[50]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AMF接種提高了旱稻在開花期、成熟期根際土壤中無效態(tài)鎘的比例,與籽粒中鎘含量呈負(fù)相關(guān),這表明旱稻開花期和成熟期是AMF限制籽粒積累鎘的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。植物在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中將重金屬與植物螯合素(Phytochelatins, PCs)螯合以降低其生物有效性,并將螯合物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至液泡,這是緩解重金屬脅迫與積累的一種重要機(jī)制。OsPCS1和OsPCS2是水稻合成PCs的2個(gè)主要基因,有助于提高水稻對砷和鎘的耐受性[116]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),砷脅迫上調(diào)了水稻根中OsPCS1和OsPCS2的表達(dá);接種印度梨形孢進(jìn)一步顯著上調(diào)了OsPCS1和OsPCS2的表達(dá),增加了PCs的合成,砷被PCs螯合后轉(zhuǎn)移至根部液泡區(qū)隔化,從而減少了砷向地上部的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[42]。

        綜上所述,內(nèi)生菌通過降低重金屬的生物有效性減少水稻對重金屬的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),緩解了水稻重金屬脅迫,減少了植株地上部和籽粒重金屬積累。

        2.3 調(diào)控水稻對重金屬的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)基因的表達(dá)

        根是植物吸收土壤重金屬的第一個(gè)部位,許多重要的重金屬吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)基因在根部表達(dá)。水稻根系可以通過硅酸鹽和磷酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白質(zhì)吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)As3+、As5+[117]。水稻硅酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)基因OsLsi1參與砷的吸收,OsLsi6在將砷/硅轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)出木質(zhì)部并向地上部再分配過程中起關(guān)鍵作用,OsLsi2參與砷向中柱的運(yùn)輸且將其轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到地上部,磷酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)基因OsPT4參與砷的吸收[35,42,118-119]。砷脅迫下,水稻幼苗根部OsLsi1、OsLsi2、OsLsi6基因表達(dá)上調(diào);接種印度梨形孢后,顯著下調(diào)了OsLsi2基因的表達(dá),減少了砷向地上部的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),地上部砷含量顯著降低[42]。砷脅迫下水稻接種AMF(Glomus intraradices BGC AH01)顯著下調(diào)了OsLsi1、OsLsi2基因的表達(dá),菌根對砷的吸收效率下降,大部分亞砷酸鹽在根部被固定從而阻止其轉(zhuǎn)移到地上部[66]。Rujira等[35]的研究結(jié)果表明,水稻OsLsi1、OsLsi2、OsPT4基因在砷脅迫下表達(dá)上調(diào),根、枝、葉、穗枝、殼和籽粒中的砷積累顯著增加;單接種內(nèi)生細(xì)菌假單胞菌、蘇云金芽孢桿菌、短小芽孢桿菌及配施風(fēng)化褐煤皆能顯著下調(diào)OsLsi1、OsLsi2、OsPT4基因表達(dá),籽粒砷含量低于大米砷限量國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(0.2 mg/kg)。植物重金屬三磷酸腺苷酶(Heavy metal ATPases, HMAs)家族在金屬轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)方面發(fā)揮重要作用[120],其中OsHMA2負(fù)責(zé)將鎘/鋅從根部轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到地上部,OsHMA3負(fù)責(zé)將鎘運(yùn)輸?shù)礁看笠号葜袇^(qū)隔化[121-122]。OsHMA3基因的過表達(dá)可以增加水稻根部鎘積累,減少地上部的鎘積累[123]。鎘脅迫下水稻接種內(nèi)生菌C40顯著下調(diào)了OsHMA2基因表達(dá),上調(diào)了OsHMA3基因表達(dá),根部鎘積累增加,但重金屬轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)降低,減少了水稻地上部鎘積累[27]。

        據(jù)報(bào)道,天然抗性相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞蛋白(Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein, NRAMP)家族參與金屬的吸收轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[124]。其中OsNRAMP1轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)鐵、鎘、砷,敲除OsNRAMP1基因減少了水稻根系對鎘的吸收,鎘在籽粒中的積累顯著降低[125]。OsNRAMP5負(fù)責(zé)鎘、錳、鐵的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),敲除OsNRAMP5基因顯著降低水稻根部對鎘的吸收,但促進(jìn)了鎘向地上部的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn);進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在低濃度和中等濃度鎘脅迫下,敲除OsNRAMP5同時(shí)降低了根部和地上部鎘積累,抑制鎘吸收效應(yīng)明顯大于促進(jìn)鎘轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效應(yīng),在高濃度鎘脅迫下,OsNRAMP5基因敲除雖然降低了根部鎘積累,但增加了地上部鎘積累,促進(jìn)鎘轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效應(yīng)大于抑制鎘吸收效應(yīng)[126]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鎘脅迫下接種內(nèi)生菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R5-5使水稻根中OsNRAMP5和OsHMA2的表達(dá)顯著下調(diào),根和地上部鎘含量顯著降低[30]。砷脅迫下接種印度梨形孢下調(diào)了OsNRAMP1和OsNRAMP5的表達(dá),減少了水稻地上部的砷積累[42]。鎘脅迫下接種Glomus versiforme或Rhizophagus intraradices下調(diào)了旱稻OsNRAMP5基因的表達(dá),降低了旱稻地上部鎘積累[47, 56]。Yang等[54]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),旱稻間作龍葵(鎘高積累植物)配合Funneliformis mosseae接種下調(diào)了旱稻根部OsNRAMP5基因的表達(dá),上調(diào)了OsHMA3基因的表達(dá),促進(jìn)了龍葵的生長和鎘積累,減少了旱稻籽粒鎘積累,所產(chǎn)糙米鎘含量(0.38 mg/kg)符合國際食品法典委員會(huì)(CAC)對糙米中鎘的限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(≤0.40 mg/kg,CXS 193-1995)和中國飼料衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(≤0.50 mg/kg,GB 13078-2017)。

        綜上所述,內(nèi)生菌通過調(diào)控水稻重金屬吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)減少水稻對重金屬的吸收與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),降低了地上部和籽粒的重金屬含量。

        2.4 調(diào)控根系和根內(nèi)微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)

        植物能夠招募特定功能的內(nèi)生菌群,幫助自身抵御重金屬脅迫[127-129]。外源內(nèi)生菌接種可以達(dá)到調(diào)控水稻根系和內(nèi)生微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的目的。Zheng等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),外源接種內(nèi)生菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R5-5改變了水稻內(nèi)生細(xì)菌群落網(wǎng)絡(luò)的拓?fù)涮卣?,根部和地上部?nèi)生細(xì)菌群落表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的復(fù)雜性和相互作用,內(nèi)生菌與水稻之間構(gòu)建了更有效的協(xié)同作用,從而共同抑制鎘的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。隨著內(nèi)生細(xì)菌群落網(wǎng)絡(luò)復(fù)雜性和連通性的增加,水稻中鎘含量呈下降趨勢,表明復(fù)雜的微生物網(wǎng)絡(luò)具有適應(yīng)性和抗逆性,比簡單的微生物網(wǎng)絡(luò)更有利于緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累。地桿菌屬(Geobacter)是土壤中的鐵還原細(xì)菌,能夠降低鎘和砷的生物有效性[130-131]。接種內(nèi)生菌Rhizobium larrymoorei S28顯著增加了根際和根內(nèi)地桿菌屬菌株的豐度,降低了水稻根際鎘的生物有效性和根內(nèi)鎘積累[33]。據(jù)報(bào)道,放線菌可以吸收鎘并降低植物對鎘的攝取[132]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鎘脅迫下接種Rhizophagus intraradices使旱稻根內(nèi)節(jié)桿菌屬放線菌的豐度顯著提高,植株根部、地上部鎘含量降低,這表明Rhizophagus intraradices的接種促進(jìn)了節(jié)桿菌的豐度和其對鎘的固定,因此減少了旱稻對鎘的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[47]。以上研究結(jié)果表明,外源接種內(nèi)生菌可以改變水稻根際和根內(nèi)細(xì)菌群落結(jié)構(gòu),有利于降低重金屬積累,但外源接種內(nèi)生菌對水稻根系和內(nèi)生真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)、功能的影響及其與緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累之間的關(guān)系還有待進(jìn)一步闡明。

        3 結(jié)論

        內(nèi)生菌通過一種或多種促生特性(溶磷、固氮以及產(chǎn)生鐵載體、ACC脫氨酶、IAA、GA、有機(jī)酸)促進(jìn)水稻氨基酸、蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物合成,并調(diào)節(jié)水稻激素平衡、增強(qiáng)水稻光合作用和抗氧化能力,進(jìn)而緩解重金屬脅迫,促進(jìn)水稻生長(圖1)。內(nèi)生菌通過以下途徑緩解重金屬脅迫、降低重金屬積累(圖1):(1)加強(qiáng)自身細(xì)胞和水稻根部細(xì)胞對重金屬的胞外吸附和胞內(nèi)積累固定重金屬;(2)誘導(dǎo)水稻生成植物螯合素、金屬硫蛋白、多胺等生物鈍化劑或自身產(chǎn)生鐵載體、有機(jī)酸、金屬硫蛋白、無機(jī)硫化物、多胺等生物鈍化劑來降低重金屬的生物有效性;(3)調(diào)控水稻重金屬吸收、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),阻礙水稻對重金屬的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn);(4)調(diào)控根部微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu),減少水稻對重金屬的吸收。需要進(jìn)一步說明的是,內(nèi)生菌緩解水稻重金屬脅迫機(jī)制與降低重金屬積累機(jī)制之間并不是互相獨(dú)立的,而是降低積累能夠緩解脅迫、緩解脅迫有利于降低積累的相互促進(jìn)關(guān)系,如:有的內(nèi)生菌接種后并未顯著改變水稻地上部重金屬含量,但通過提高水稻生物量而產(chǎn)生“生長稀釋效應(yīng)”降低了植株重金屬含量[47];又如:有的內(nèi)生菌接種后并沒有顯著提高水稻生物量,不存在“生長稀釋效應(yīng)”,但減少了植株對重金屬的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[52];或者,有的內(nèi)生菌既降低了水稻對重金屬的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),又促進(jìn)了植株生長,以上3種情況皆能緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累[55]。

        內(nèi)生菌在緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累方面具有巨大的應(yīng)用潛力,基于迄今為止的相關(guān)研究,本文提出3點(diǎn)未來有待加強(qiáng)研究的方向:

        (1)目前,具有單一重金屬抗性特別是鎘和砷抗性的內(nèi)生菌菌種資源發(fā)掘和保存較多,但具有多種重金屬抗性且能降低水稻重金屬積累的內(nèi)生菌菌種資源發(fā)掘較少。建議今后可使用高通量分離培養(yǎng)技術(shù)規(guī)?;Y選抗重金屬內(nèi)生菌,加快新型抗重金屬功能篩選培養(yǎng)基的開發(fā)以加強(qiáng)多抗型內(nèi)生菌菌種資源的分離、鑒定和保存,為微生物肥料的制備提供優(yōu)良內(nèi)生菌。

        (2)復(fù)合菌劑比單一菌劑在緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累上更加有效,但合成菌群緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累的應(yīng)用研究較少。建議今后深層次揭示外源接種合成菌群在緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累方面的微生物組學(xué)機(jī)制,進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)合成菌群田間應(yīng)用的穩(wěn)定性研究,結(jié)合多年多點(diǎn)大田試驗(yàn)評估合成菌群的綜合功效;還要繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)水稻與重金屬超積累植物間作、套作、輪作配合內(nèi)生菌群接種的研究,形成能夠穩(wěn)定應(yīng)用于大田水稻生產(chǎn)的復(fù)合型技術(shù)。

        (3)現(xiàn)有研究大多單向集中于內(nèi)生細(xì)菌或內(nèi)生真菌,但二者在緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累方面是否具有協(xié)同作用或拮抗作用及其機(jī)制還有待闡明,建議使用平板共接種培養(yǎng)法結(jié)合代謝組學(xué)、基因組學(xué)、蛋白組學(xué)分析探究內(nèi)生真菌與內(nèi)生細(xì)菌在緩解水稻重金屬脅迫和積累方面的相互作用,為合成菌群的構(gòu)建增加理論基礎(chǔ)。

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        (責(zé)任編輯:陳海霞)

        收稿日期:2022-06-15

        基金項(xiàng)目:福建省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2020N0075、2022N0050)

        作者簡介:付思遠(yuǎn)(1993-),男,吉林榆樹人,碩士,研究實(shí)習(xí)員,主要研究方向?yàn)檗r(nóng)業(yè)微生物資源開發(fā)與利用。(E-mail)fusiyuan19940821@163.com

        通訊作者:陳萍萍,(E-mail)pingpingchen1982@163.com; 彭玉林,(E-mail)pyl2010@163.com

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