郭繼芳,溫以杰,吳道健,李作武
參芪益心方對ISO誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞凋亡及內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激的影響
郭繼芳1,溫以杰2,吳道健3,李作武4
1.牡丹江醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬紅旗醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)二科,黑龍江牡丹江 157011;2.牡丹江醫(yī)學(xué)院生理學(xué)教研室,黑龍江牡丹江 157011;3.浙江省人民醫(yī)院畢節(jié)醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,貴州畢節(jié) 551700;4.牡丹江醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬紅旗醫(yī)院感染二科,黑龍江牡丹江 157011
探討參芪益心方對異丙腎上腺素(isoprenaline,ISO)誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞凋亡及內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)的干預(yù)效果。40只SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為5組,即對照組(Con組)、模型組(ISO組)、曲美他嗪治療組(QM組)、參芪益心方低劑量治療組(SL組)、參芪益心方高劑量治療組(SH組),每組各8只。除Con組外,其余各組大鼠皮下注射ISO誘導(dǎo)心肌損傷,Con組大鼠給予等量生理鹽水,共4周;第3周開始QM組給予曲美他嗪混懸液5mg/(kg·d),SL組給予參芪益心方水煎劑10g/(kg·d),SH組給予參芪益心方水煎劑20g/(kg·d),Con組和ISO組給予等量生理鹽水灌胃。實驗4周末比較各組大鼠的心電圖、超聲心動圖指標(biāo),心肌組織病理切片,肌醇需求酶1(inositol-requiring enzyme 1,IRE1)、X盒結(jié)合蛋白1(X-box binding protein 1,XBP1)、cleaved caspase-3、p53正向凋亡調(diào)控因子(p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis,PUMA)水平。與Con組比較,ISO組大鼠心電圖出現(xiàn)異常Q波,ST段抬高,心率增快(<0.05),左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、左心室短軸縮短率明顯降低,心功能下降(<0.05);SL組和SH組較ISO組心功能改善(<0.05)。ISO組心肌結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,纖維化程度明顯增強,可見纖維斷裂與空泡樣變性;SL組和SH組較ISO組纖維化程度降低,心肌纖維斷裂和空泡減少。ISO組大鼠心肌組織的IRE1、XBP1、cleaved caspase-3、PUMA蛋白水平均顯著高于Con組(<0.001);SH組和SL組大鼠心肌組織的IRE1、XBP1、cleaved caspase-3、PUMA蛋白水平均顯著低于ISO組(<0.05),且SH組降低較SL組更顯著。ERS參與ISO誘導(dǎo)的心肌損傷,參芪益心方可降低IRE1、XBP1、cleaved caspase-3、PUMA水平,改善心肌損傷,且高劑量效果更顯著。
參芪益心方;心肌損傷;內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)是細(xì)胞在機(jī)體受到外界刺激時引起的一種應(yīng)激響應(yīng)機(jī)制,強烈或持續(xù)的刺激激活凋亡信號通路,引起細(xì)胞凋亡[1-2]。抑制ERS可有效保護(hù)心肌,是防治心血管疾病的靶點之一[3]。本研究應(yīng)用異丙腎上腺素(isoprenaline,ISO)誘導(dǎo)SD大鼠心肌損傷,給予參芪益心方治療,檢測內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)信號分子的變化情況,觀測參芪益心方對心肌損傷的保護(hù)與抑制ERS的相關(guān)性。
SD大鼠40只,雄性,6~8周齡,SPF級,購于哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)實驗動物學(xué)部[許可證號:SCXK(黑)2019-001,批次NO.230729211100021921],體質(zhì)量(200±20)g。飼養(yǎng)于牡丹江醫(yī)學(xué)院醫(yī)藥研究中心動物飼養(yǎng)室(室溫22℃,濕度60%)。動物實驗設(shè)施使用許可號:SYXK(黑)2019-003。本實驗經(jīng)牡丹江醫(yī)學(xué)院實驗動物福利與倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)(倫理審批號:20210901-10)。
參芪益心方(人參20g,黃芪20g,仙鶴草30g,淫羊藿20g,茯苓20g,白術(shù)15g,丹參15g,桂枝10g,葶藶子15g,益母草15g,甘草10g,安徽藥知源中藥飲片有限公司,濃煎至含生藥5g/ml),鹽酸異丙腎上腺素(上海源葉生物科技有限公司),鹽酸曲美他嗪片[施維雅(天津)制藥有限公司],蘇木素(北京索萊寶生物科技有限公司),伊紅(安徽雷根生物技術(shù)有限公司),RIPA裂解液,SDS-PAGE蛋白上樣緩沖液,SDS-PAGE凝膠配制Kit,QuickBlock? Western溶液套裝,ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光顯色底物試劑盒(碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司),Page Ruler Prestain Protein Ladder彩色預(yù)染蛋白質(zhì)分子量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Thermo Scientific公司),β-Actin Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody、IRE1 Antibody、XBP1 Antibody、Cleaved- Caspase 3 Antibody(Affinity Biosciences),PUMA Polycional Antibody(武漢三鷹生物技術(shù)有限公司),辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG(H+L)(碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司)。
脫水機(jī)、包埋機(jī)、切片機(jī)(德國萊卡公司),RM6240多通道生理記錄儀(成都儀器廠),電泳儀、轉(zhuǎn)膜儀(BIO-RAD公司),佳能東芝Aplio i700超聲儀(日本佳能),恒溫水浴鍋(上海藍(lán)伊科學(xué)儀器廠),低溫高速離心機(jī)(Eppeadorf公司),超微量核酸蛋白測定儀(型號:NanoDrop one,Thermo Fisher Scientific公司),化學(xué)發(fā)光成像系統(tǒng)(GE公司)。
1.4.1 模型建立 SD大鼠適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)1周,隨機(jī)取8只為對照組(Con組),其余(32只)為實驗組,給予頸背部皮下注射ISO建模,誘導(dǎo)心肌損傷,劑量2mg/(kg·d),Con組皮下注射等量生理鹽水,連續(xù)2周。
1.4.2 分組與給藥 實驗2周后對大鼠進(jìn)行心電圖及超聲心動圖檢查,確定造模成功。曲美他嗪能夠優(yōu)化心肌氧代謝,具有較好的抗心絞痛和心肌保護(hù)作用,故本研究選用曲美他嗪作為對照。將實驗組隨機(jī)分為四組:模型組(ISO組)、曲美他嗪治療組(QM組)、參芪益心方低劑量治療組(SL組)、參芪益心方高劑量治療組(SH組),每組各8只;早上繼續(xù)皮下注射ISO,Con組給予等量生理鹽水;每晚各組分別給予灌胃一次:QM組給予曲美他嗪混懸液5mg/(kg·d),SL組給予參芪益心方水煎劑10g/(kg·d),SH組給予參芪益心方水煎劑20g/(kg·d),Con組和ISO組給予等量生理鹽水,連續(xù)2周。
1.4.3 心電圖檢查 SD大鼠實驗2周末和4周末,應(yīng)用RM6240多道生理信號采集處理系統(tǒng)描記心電圖。
1.4.4 超聲心動圖檢測 SD大鼠于實驗2周末和4周末行超聲心動圖檢查。大鼠吸入麻醉后,取仰臥位,胸前心前區(qū)至劍突備皮,采用佳能東芝Aplio i700超聲儀,探頭頻率14MHz,與胸骨成20°~30°夾角,顯示沿二尖瓣瓣口至心尖方向的心臟左室長軸切面,測定左室前壁舒張末厚度(Dist A)、舒張末心室內(nèi)徑(Dist B)、左室后壁舒張末厚度(Dist C)、收縮期心室內(nèi)徑(Dist D),應(yīng)用Teichholtz公式計算左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左心室短軸縮短率(left ventricular fractional shortening,LVFS)。
1.4.5 心肌組織病理學(xué)檢查 選取大鼠心尖部組織置于4%多聚甲醛中固定48h,制備病理切片,蘇木精–伊紅染色(hematoxylin and eosin staining,HE染色)和Masson染色光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察;應(yīng)用圖像分析軟件Image J計算膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù),即膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)(%)=膠原面積/組織面積。
1.4.6 蛋白質(zhì)印跡法 檢測心肌組織肌醇需求酶1(inositol-requiring enzyme 1,IRE1)、X盒結(jié)合蛋白1(X-box binding protein1,XBP1)、cleaved caspase-3、p53正向凋亡調(diào)控因子(p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis,PUMA)水平。取–80℃凍存心尖部組織20mg提取總蛋白,超微量核酸蛋白測定儀測濃度,SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜,QuickBlock? Western封閉振蕩1h,加入一抗(1∶1000稀釋),4℃冰箱搖床孵育過夜,洗膜3次,加入二抗(1∶1000稀釋),震蕩孵育1h,洗膜3次,ECL發(fā)光試劑顯影,曝光,軟件Image J對蛋白條帶行灰度值半定量分析,結(jié)果用目的蛋白/β-actin比值表示。
實驗2周末大鼠心電圖顯示,與Con組比較,實驗組記錄Q波,ST段輕度抬高,心率明顯增快[(426.33±22.27)次/min(332.26±17.35)次/min,<0.05],見圖1。實驗4周末,與Con組比較,ISO組出現(xiàn)異常Q波,ST段抬高,心率增快(<0.05);QM組記錄Q波,室性早搏,SL組ST段上斜型抬高;與ISO組比較,SH組心率明顯降低,ST段輕度上移,見圖2。
圖1 實驗2周末大鼠心電圖
圖2 實驗4周末大鼠心電圖
實驗2周末,與Con組比較,實驗組大鼠心室前后壁心肌肥厚,心室腔內(nèi)徑縮小,心功能降低,造模成功,見圖3,表1。實驗4周末,與Con組比較,ISO組大鼠Dist A、Dist C減小,Dist B、Dist D增加,LVEF、LVFS明顯減低(<0.05)。與ISO組比較,QM組、SL組、SH組大鼠在藥物干預(yù)后各項指標(biāo)均有改善,且SH組優(yōu)于SL組,見圖4,表2。
圖3 實驗2周末大鼠超聲心動圖
表1 實驗2周末大鼠超聲心動圖指標(biāo)變化()
圖4 實驗4周末大鼠超聲心動圖
表2 實驗4周末各組大鼠超聲心動圖指標(biāo)變化()
注:與Con組比較,*<0.05;與ISO組比較,#<0.05
HE染色顯示,Con組大鼠心肌細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,染色均勻,細(xì)胞間質(zhì)無充血水腫,心肌纖維呈束狀規(guī)則排列。而ISO組大鼠細(xì)胞肥大、結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,胞核不規(guī)則,可見核聚集,細(xì)胞間質(zhì)血管充血擴(kuò)張,炎細(xì)胞浸潤,成纖維細(xì)胞明顯增生,心肌纖維疏松腫脹,排列紊亂,可見肌纖維斷裂與空泡樣變性壞死。與ISO組相比,QM組大鼠心肌細(xì)胞間質(zhì)充血擴(kuò)張,少量炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤,心肌纖維輕度腫脹;參芪益心方治療組大鼠心肌纖維排列相對規(guī)則,斷裂與空泡變性減少,且SH組優(yōu)于SL組,見圖5。
Masson染色結(jié)果顯示,與Con組相比,ISO組大鼠心肌組織藍(lán)色膠原纖維明顯增多,纖維化程度增強,膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)明顯增高(<0.001)。SL組、SH組大鼠心肌組織的藍(lán)色膠原纖維明顯減少,心肌纖維化程度減輕,SH組較SL組明顯(<0.05),見圖6、圖7。
圖5 各組大鼠心肌組織HE染色(×200)
圖6 各組大鼠心肌組織Masson染色(×200)
圖7 各組大鼠的膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)比較
注:與Con組比較,*<0.001;與ISO組比較,#<0.05
ISO組大鼠心肌組織的IRE1、XBP1、cleaved caspase-3、PUMA蛋白水平顯著高于Con組(<0.001);SH組和SL組大鼠心肌組織的IRE1、XBP1、cleaved caspase-3、PUMA蛋白水平顯著低于ISO組(<0.05),且SH組降低較SL組更顯著,見圖8。
ERS是細(xì)胞在受到應(yīng)激刺激后,引起未折疊或錯誤折疊蛋白質(zhì)不能被有效清除,導(dǎo)致這些蛋白質(zhì)在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)腔異常蓄積。ERS發(fā)生后,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)上調(diào)分子伴侶表達(dá)水平,啟動未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)(unfolded protein response,UPR),促進(jìn)錯誤折疊及未折疊蛋白質(zhì)的降解,從而緩解ERS[4]。強烈或持續(xù)的刺激最終引起細(xì)胞凋亡。
IRE1是ERS的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,在UPR和細(xì)胞凋亡中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[5]。當(dāng)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)受到應(yīng)激,激活I(lǐng)RE1上的核糖核酸酶域,通過內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)降解減少未折疊或錯誤折疊蛋白在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)內(nèi)的蓄積[6-7]。凋亡蛋白酶(caspases)是促細(xì)胞凋亡的蛋白酶,處于細(xì)胞凋亡的核心地位[8-10]。XBP1能夠與X盒順式作用元件相結(jié)合,是調(diào)控ERS反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵信號因子。caspase-3通過級聯(lián)反應(yīng)誘發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡,caspase-3可水解細(xì)胞核骨架,使DNA降解、核固縮、細(xì)胞凋亡[11-12]。caspase-3是最關(guān)鍵的細(xì)胞凋亡執(zhí)行者,其活化形式cleaved caspase-3更有效評估凋亡程度。PUMA是Bcl-2家族中BH3-only亞家族成員,是p53促凋亡途徑的必需因子。安琪等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)丹參能降低GRP94、IRE1、p-JNK、caspase-12、cleaved caspase-3水平,改善ISO誘導(dǎo)的心肌損傷。本研究中ISO組的IRE1、XBP1、cleaved caspase-3、PUMA表達(dá)水平增加,表明ERS參與心肌損傷。
圖8 各組大鼠IRE1、XBP1、cleaved caspase-3、PUMA蛋白水平比較
A.IRE1、XBP1、cleaved caspase-3、PUMA蛋白條帶圖;B.IRE1蛋白水平比較;C.XBP1蛋白水平比較;D.cleaved caspase-3蛋白水平比較;E.PUMA蛋白水平比較
注:與Con組比較,*<0.001;與ISO組比較,#<0.05
中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為心力衰竭的基本病機(jī)為心氣(陽)虛、瘀血水飲停阻,氣虛無以行血,血不利則為水,氣不足則陽氣衰,陽衰則水無以為輸。參芪益心方中人參、黃芪補益心氣,為君藥;桂枝、淫羊藿溫陽納氣,為臣藥;丹參、益母草活血化瘀,茯苓、葶藶子、白術(shù)、仙鶴草利水滲濕,共為佐藥;甘草補益中氣,調(diào)和諸藥,為使藥,全方共奏益氣溫陽、活血利水之療效。本課題組前期發(fā)現(xiàn)參芪益心方可影響心肌能量代謝[14-17],改善心功能[18-19],減少細(xì)胞炎癥因子滲出,減輕炎癥反應(yīng)[20]。本實驗亦表明參芪益心方對ISO誘導(dǎo)的心肌損傷具有保護(hù)作用。
綜上,ERS參與ISO誘導(dǎo)的心肌損傷,參芪益心方可抑制IRE1、XBP1、cleaved caspase-3、PUMA表達(dá),高劑量組的心肌保護(hù)作用更明顯。
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Effects of Shenqi Yixin formula on isoprenaline induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress
GUO Jifang, WEN Yijie, WU Daojian, LI Zuowu
1.Department of Cardiovascular Internal MedicineⅡ, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang, China; 2.Department of Pathophysiology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang, China; 3.Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Bijie Hospital, Bijie 551700, Guizhou, China; 4.Department of Infection Medicine Ⅱ, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang, China
To explore the effect of Shenqi Yixin formula on the isoproterenol (ISO) induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS).40 SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group (Con group), model group (ISO group), trimetazidine group (QM group), low-dose treatment group of Shenqi Yixin formula (SL group) and high-dose treatment group of Shenqi Yixin formula (SH group), each group had 8 rats. Myocardial injury was induced by subcutaneous ISO injection in all groups except Con group, and the rats in Con group were given the same amount of normal saline for a total of 4 weeks. Starting from the third week, trimetazidine suspension was given 5mg/(kg·d) in QM group, Shenqi Yixin formula was given 10g/(kg·d) in SL group, Shenqi Yixin formula was given 20g/(kg·d) in SH group, Con group and ISO group were given the same amount of normal saline by intragastric administration. At the end of experiment 4 weeks, electrocardiograph and echocardiogram indexes, myocardial histological sections, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), cleaved caspase-3, and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) levels were compared among the groups.Compared with Con group, the rats in ISO group showed abnormal Q wave, ST segment elevation and increased heart rate (<0.05), left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening significantly decreased, and cardiac function decreased (<0.05). The cardiac function of the SL group and SH group were better than those of ISO group (<0.05). In ISO group, the myocardial structure was disordered, the degree of fibrosis was significantly enhanced, and fiber breakage and vacuole-like degeneration could be seen. The degree of fibrosis in SL group and SH group were lower than those in ISO group, myocardial fiber breakage and vacuolation decreased. The protein levels of IRE1, XBP1, cleaved caspase-3 and PUMA in myocardial tissue of rats in ISO group were significantly higher than those in Con group (<0.001). The protein levels of IRE1, XBP1, cleaved caspase-3 and PUMA in SH and SL groups were significantly lower than those in ISO group (<0.05), and the reduction in SH group was more significant than that in SL group.ERS was involved in ISO-induced myocardial injury. Shenqi Yixin formula reduced IRE1, XBP1, cleaved caspase-3, PUMA levels, and improved myocardial injury, and the effect was more significant at high doses.
Shenqi Yixin formula; Myocardial injury; Endoplasmic reticulum stress
R541
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.25.022
黑龍江省省屬高等學(xué)?;究蒲许椖浚?021-KYYWF-0512)
李作武,電子信箱:13946361218@126.com
(2022–09–28)
(2023–08–26)