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        泛連接蛋白1參與炎癥調(diào)控及細胞焦亡的研究進展*

        2023-09-12 11:03:49馬源段倩雯董旭鵬劉澈馬玉清
        中國病理生理雜志 2023年7期
        關(guān)鍵詞:焦亡酪氨酸細胞膜

        馬源, 段倩雯, 董旭鵬, 劉澈, 馬玉清

        泛連接蛋白1參與炎癥調(diào)控及細胞焦亡的研究進展*

        馬源1, 段倩雯1, 董旭鵬1, 劉澈1, 馬玉清2△

        (1蘭州大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州 730000;2蘭州大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院麻醉科,甘肅 蘭州 730000)

        泛連接蛋白1;炎癥;細胞焦亡;胱天蛋白酶;白細胞介素1β

        1 泛連接蛋白1(pannexin 1, Panx1)通道及其調(diào)控

        1.1Panx1概況Panx1作為泛連接蛋白家族成員之一,激活后可在細胞膜上形成通道,釋放10 kD以內(nèi)的物質(zhì)于細胞外,如腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)、尿苷三磷酸(uridine triphosphate, UTP)、K+和Ca2+等。細胞內(nèi)物質(zhì)作為炎癥介質(zhì),經(jīng)Panx1釋放到細胞外,誘導(dǎo)失控性炎癥反應(yīng)發(fā)生[1]。

        Panx1是同源七聚體,其亞基由三部分構(gòu)成:細胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域、跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域和細胞內(nèi)C端結(jié)構(gòu)域,C端結(jié)構(gòu)域存在酶切位點。Panx1通道隨C端結(jié)構(gòu)域剪切后打開,釋放ATP、離子及其他炎癥介質(zhì)到細胞外,激活相應(yīng)的炎癥反應(yīng)。生理狀態(tài)下,C端結(jié)構(gòu)域阻礙Panx1通道開放,僅允許小離子在Panx1縫隙流動。泛連蛋白有三種亞型,Panx1、Panx2和Panx3,三者拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)相似,但分布不同。Panx1廣泛存在于哺乳動物組織,Panx2在神經(jīng)元和膠質(zhì)細胞中豐富表達,Panx3參與皮膚發(fā)育和骨骼形成[2]。Panx1和細胞間縫隙連接蛋白(connexin)作為連接細胞內(nèi)外環(huán)境的通道,釋放炎癥介質(zhì)和ATP,啟動細胞炎癥。與connexin不同,Panx1通道的開啟更直接,Panx1的N端結(jié)構(gòu)域可以被細胞膜外糖蛋白糖基化,這是Panx1無需形成細胞-細胞間通道即可激活的主要原因,因此,Panx1有利于誘導(dǎo)失控性炎癥反應(yīng)[3]。

        1.2Panx1通道的激活Panx1缺乏特異性激活劑,但Panx1通道可通過多種途徑被激活。

        1.2.1高濃度離子激活Panx1細胞外高濃度K+激活Panx1通道。Santiago等[4]將海馬切片置于含有高濃度K+的人工腦脊液,Western blot檢測,Panx1蛋白豐富表達。Dahl等[5]染色細胞膜,掃描電鏡觀察到細胞外高濃度K+可使Panx1通道直徑擴大10倍。Silverman等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞外K+濃度達100 mmol/L可以激活、打開Panx1通道。

        細胞內(nèi)高濃度Ca2+激活Panx1通道。López等[6]拉伸HeLa細胞膜,膜片鉗技術(shù)檢測Panx1通道電流變化,電鏡觀察Panx1通道對熒光染料DAPI的攝取情況,提出Panx1激活的可能機制:細胞內(nèi)Ca2+濃度驟升,激活鈣調(diào)蛋白和鈣/鈣調(diào)素蛋白依賴的蛋白激酶II(Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, CaMKII),CaMKII磷酸化Panx1,Panx1通道選擇性釋放細胞內(nèi)物質(zhì),加重HeLa細胞炎癥反應(yīng)。

        1.2.2胱天蛋白酶(caspase)切割激活Panx1caspase作為保守的蛋白酶分子,是細胞焦亡的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)因子。caspase-3、-7和-11可剪切Panx1的C端結(jié)構(gòu)域。Chekeni等[7]通過caspase-Panx1免疫共沉淀發(fā)現(xiàn),caspase-3和caspase-7裂解Panx1的能力最強。Ruan等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),caspase-7可以剪切Panx1孔道尾部C端,解除Panx1 C端對Panx1通道的阻塞,Panx1抑制劑可逆轉(zhuǎn)該過程。Yang等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)caspase-11可直接切割并激活Panx1通道,細胞內(nèi)的細菌內(nèi)毒素脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)激活caspase-11,caspase-11裂解Panx1的C端結(jié)構(gòu)域,Panx1通道打開,釋放ATP到細胞外。敲除-基因可以抑制細胞焦亡,降低膿毒癥大鼠的死亡率。

        1.2.3酪氨酸磷酸化激活Panx1酪氨酸磷酸化可以增強Panx1活性。Weilinger等[10-11]發(fā)現(xiàn),海馬錐體神經(jīng)元Panx1的電流活動與-甲基-D-天冬氨酸-酪氨酸激酶相關(guān),抑制酪氨酸激酶,細胞膜表面Panx1電流活動減弱;免疫共沉淀檢測到大量磷酸化酪氨酸-Panx1復(fù)合體,二者呈正相關(guān),因此,酪氨酸磷酸化提升Panx1通道活性。酪氨酸磷酸化激活Panx1具有靜脈選擇性,Ruan等[4]磷酸化血管內(nèi)皮酪氨酸位點,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),Panx1在腸系膜靜脈內(nèi)皮豐富表達,但胸背動脈內(nèi)皮Panx1無明顯表達[12]。López等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),瞬時Ca2+內(nèi)流激活鈣調(diào)蛋白磷酸酶,CaMKII位點磷酸化,CaMKII磷酸化位點可能是Panx1的酪氨酸殘基394。Metz等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),免疫受體酪氨酸活化基序(immunorecepter tyrosine-based activation motif, ITAM)和G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體(G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR)可以磷酸化血小板Panx1的酪氨酸殘基198和酪氨酸殘基308,因此ITAM和GPCR可能是酪氨酸磷酸化激活Panx1的重要條件。

        1.2.4機械拉伸激活Panx1Panx1可經(jīng)細胞膜機械拉伸激活。韋中亞等[14]下調(diào)培養(yǎng)液濃度,支氣管上皮細胞不斷吸水膨脹,細胞膜逐漸拉伸,Panx1通道大量開放。Oishi等[15]拉伸小鼠心肌細胞膜,Panx1激活,釋放ATP到心肌間質(zhì),心肌炎癥反應(yīng)進行性加重。敲除基因,或使用Panx1抑制劑和模擬抑制肽后再次拉伸小鼠心肌細胞,Panx1通道開放及其釋放ATP的數(shù)量明顯下降,心肌細胞得到保護[16]。

        1.3Panx1通道的抑制Panx1的抑制可通過Panx1抑制劑和基因敲除技術(shù)實現(xiàn)。Panx1抑制劑主要有生胃酮(carbenoxolone, CBX)、丙磺舒和Panx1模擬抑制肽(10Panx1)。CBX是connexin抑制劑,臨床用于胃黏膜保護。Panx1通道和connexin通道具有相似性,Lohman等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),CBX可部分抑制Panx1活性,因此,CBX對于Panx1通道的封閉不具有特異性。丙磺舒可以調(diào)控腎小管對尿酸的重吸收,間接治療痛風(fēng)[17]。小鼠海馬體豐富表達Panx1,Zhang等[18]腹腔注射丙磺舒,海馬體Panx1通道的開放和ATP釋放的含量均減少,神經(jīng)元炎癥反應(yīng)減弱,膿毒癥小鼠腦病相關(guān)行為和認知功能好轉(zhuǎn)。人工合成的Panx1特異性抑制肽10Panx1可以封閉Panx1孔道的空間位置[19]。Grimmer等[20]應(yīng)用10Panx1到急性缺氧的肺動脈平滑肌細胞培養(yǎng)基,Panx1活性抑制,平滑肌細胞收縮反應(yīng)改善,但10Panx1對慢性缺氧的肺動脈平滑肌細胞的收縮無效,因此,10Panx1對于Panx1通道的封閉具有特異性。除上述藥物,抗瘧藥甲氟喹、氯離子通道抑制劑、甘草提取物甘草次酸和非甾體抗炎藥中間體氟芬那酸都可以減弱Panx1通道產(chǎn)生的電流,盡管效果不佳[21-22]。除藥物抑制Panx1通道活性,基因敲除也可以緩解Panx1引起的炎癥反應(yīng)。Su等[23]敲除腎臟近曲小管細胞的基因,細胞中鐵死亡相關(guān)蛋白表達量減少;沉默缺血再灌注小鼠基因,血漿肌酐和腎組織丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量降低,腎組織病理性損傷減輕。

        Grimmer等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),丙磺舒抑制Panx1的方式與其它藥物不同。丙磺舒通過脂質(zhì)疏水門控[24]途徑,誘導(dǎo)Panx1構(gòu)象改變,丙磺舒使Panx1亞基N端發(fā)生螺旋,定向到細胞質(zhì),脂質(zhì)遷移至Panx1亞基之間,封閉Panx1通道。因此,Panx1拮抗劑具有不同的作用模式。

        目前,Panx1抑制劑特異性較低,需要開發(fā)特異性較高的藥物,可以針對基因表達或Panx1上下游轉(zhuǎn)運途徑,設(shè)計理想的藥物,減弱Panx1相關(guān)的炎癥反應(yīng)。

        2 Panx1與炎癥反應(yīng)和細胞焦亡

        Panx1在嗜中性粒細胞、樹突狀細胞、單核巨噬細胞和T細胞等免疫細胞中表達[3]。Panx1通道以自分泌或旁分泌方式,釋放炎癥介質(zhì)和ATP,刺激中性粒細胞和巨噬細胞趨化[25]以及單核巨噬細胞焦亡[26]啟動,細胞焦亡再次釋放大量炎癥介質(zhì),形成失控性炎癥反應(yīng)。

        2.1Panx1參與炎癥反應(yīng)

        2.1.1Panx1釋放ATPATP作為維持機體生長代謝的重要能量來源,生理狀態(tài)下,僅少量通過胞吐轉(zhuǎn)運到細胞外。ATP作為炎癥“find-me”與“eat-me”信號分子[27],誘導(dǎo)單核巨噬細胞分化,巨噬細胞分泌白細胞介素1(interleukin-1, IL-1)、IL-6和腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)等炎癥因子,吞噬凋亡壞死的細胞、細胞碎片、細菌和其它有害物質(zhì),提高機體抗感染能力。但細胞外高濃度ATP引發(fā)失控性炎癥反應(yīng),甚至炎癥風(fēng)暴[28]。在高濃度K+、Ca2+等激活條件下,Panx1通道廣泛打開,大量ATP被釋放到細胞外,破壞細胞內(nèi)環(huán)境,細胞發(fā)生水腫,細胞膜通透性增加以及ATP滲出,形成ATP-細胞破壞的惡性循環(huán)[6]。炎癥介質(zhì)激活caspase-8,caspase-8相繼激活caspase-1/-3/-7[29]。Panx1通道經(jīng)caspase-3[7]、caspase-7[8, 30]和caspase-11[9]剪切修飾后激活、打開。因此,caspase激活Panx1通道,釋放ATP到細胞外是失控性炎癥反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵通路之一。

        2.1.2Panx1激活NLRP3炎癥小體嘌呤能P2X7受體(purinergic P2X7 receptor, P2X7R)具有抗炎、抗氧化、介導(dǎo)細胞凋亡等功能[31]。核苷酸結(jié)合寡聚化結(jié)構(gòu)域樣受體蛋白3(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3)炎癥小體是介導(dǎo)細胞焦亡的關(guān)鍵蛋白[32]。目前關(guān)于Panx1/P2X7R與NLRP3炎癥小體、細胞焦亡的研究不斷增加。

        P2X7R是ATP門控離子通道,ATP作為配體與P2X7R特異性結(jié)合,P2X7離子通道開啟,釋放K+到細胞外是核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)和NLRP3炎癥小體激活的必要條件[32]。體外實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),細胞培養(yǎng)基ATP濃度≥1.0 mmol/L,P2X7R特異性激活[33-35]。Yue等[36]觀察大鼠抑郁癥模型,大鼠海馬體的小膠質(zhì)細胞數(shù)量和炎癥因子表達明顯增加,ATP、P2X7R、NLRP3炎癥小體、caspase-1及其前體均豐富表達;敲除大鼠基因,抑郁和焦慮的癥狀明顯好轉(zhuǎn),NLRP3炎癥小體、caspase-1和IL-1炎癥因子明顯減少。Panx1是ATP釋放到細胞外的主要通道。李娜等[37]在膿毒癥大鼠急性肺損傷模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),Panx1和P2X7R在肺泡上皮細胞豐富表達,肺泡灌洗液存在大量ATP,抑制Panx1[37]或P2X7R[38],灌洗液ATP和細胞焦亡關(guān)鍵蛋白NLRP3、caspase-1和gasdermin D (GSDMD)表達量都減少,肺組織病理評分和IL-1相關(guān)炎癥因子(IL-1β和IL-18)含量恢復(fù)正常。Panx1通過P2X7R影響NLRP3炎癥小體合成,NLRP3炎癥小體效應(yīng)蛋白caspase-1促使IL-1β和IL-18成熟;IL-1β是一種有效的促炎細胞因子,誘導(dǎo)炎癥信號級聯(lián),炎癥介質(zhì)大量釋放,誘導(dǎo)失控性炎癥反應(yīng)[39]。因此,Panx1作為P2X7R/NLRP3上游的關(guān)鍵信號蛋白,激活NLRP3炎癥小體,加重炎癥反應(yīng)。

        2.2Panx1與細胞焦亡細胞死亡是限制感染的有效策略,如凋亡、鐵死亡和焦亡等。細胞焦亡是caspase-1和鼠源caspase-11(人源caspase-4、-5)驅(qū)動的溶解性、炎癥的細胞死亡[40]。細胞焦亡是GSDMD蛋白介導(dǎo)的細胞程序性死亡,形態(tài)上表現(xiàn)為細胞持續(xù)腫脹,細胞膜破裂,細胞內(nèi)容物釋放到細胞外,誘發(fā)炎癥因子風(fēng)暴[41]。Panx1通道及其下游與細胞焦亡密切相關(guān)。

        2.2.1Panx1與經(jīng)典細胞焦亡caspase-1介導(dǎo)的細胞焦亡屬于經(jīng)典型細胞焦亡[40]。Panx1激活P2X7R/NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1信號通路。Qu等[42]使用基因敲除技術(shù)沉默原代巨噬細胞的和表達,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),Panx1對于細胞內(nèi)ATP釋放、P2X7R和caspase-1激活不可或缺。在應(yīng)激大鼠的腎小管上皮細胞中,楊昊天[43]發(fā)現(xiàn),P2X7R與NLRP3炎癥小體豐富表達,敲除或抑制,NLRP3炎癥小體蛋白表達量減少。因此,Panx1和P2X7R是經(jīng)典型細胞焦亡的關(guān)鍵信號蛋白。

        Panx1作為ATP激活P2X7R的上游通路蛋白,與P2X7R共同允許胞內(nèi)鉀離子外流,鉀離子外流是NF-κB激活的核心條件[44]。NF-κB參與NLRP3炎癥小體的轉(zhuǎn)錄,NLRP3炎癥小體由感受器蛋白NLRP3、銜接蛋白ASC (apoptosis-associated speckle-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain)和效應(yīng)蛋白caspase-1組裝而成[45-46]。Panx1及其下游產(chǎn)物活化caspase-1,caspase-1裂解GSDMD蛋白,經(jīng)典細胞焦亡發(fā)生。生理狀態(tài)下,GSDMD的C端蛋白限制其活性,caspase-1剪切GSDMD的C端和N端,GSDMD-N端相互聚合,插入細胞膜,形成細胞膜非選擇性孔道,細胞內(nèi)物質(zhì)如IL-1β和IL-18經(jīng)該孔道大量釋放,激活強烈的炎癥反應(yīng),細胞內(nèi)外滲透壓失衡,細胞膜腫脹破裂,細胞核固縮[47]。楊佳樂[48]與王重陽等[49]發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制NLRP3與caspase-1可以有效緩解大鼠肺毛細血管內(nèi)皮細胞焦亡和炎癥損傷。Seo等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制Panx1可以減弱創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷引起的神經(jīng)炎癥,Panx1抑制劑可降低小膠質(zhì)細胞和單核細胞浸潤,經(jīng)典細胞焦亡關(guān)鍵蛋白NLRP3、caspase-1和GSDMD表達下降,神經(jīng)元焦亡受到抑制。Zhang等[51]敲除髓系白血病細胞單核細胞THP-1的基因,再次用LPS和ATP刺激THP-1,NLRP3炎癥小體的表達及IL-1β和IL-18的分泌顯著下降,THP-1細胞的經(jīng)典焦亡得到有效控制。

        2.2.2Panx1與非經(jīng)典細胞焦亡Kayagaki等[52]發(fā)現(xiàn),除caspase-1裂解GSDMD,還存在caspase-11直接裂解GSDMD誘導(dǎo)細胞焦亡發(fā)生,并將caspase-11介導(dǎo)的細胞焦亡定義為非經(jīng)典焦亡途徑。caspase-11經(jīng)LPS[53]和caspase-11[29]激活,LPS可通過細菌分泌的液泡、宿主細胞膜孔道和宿主巨噬細胞胞吞等途徑進入細胞質(zhì)[54]。caspase-11介導(dǎo)的非經(jīng)典焦亡途徑獨立于caspase-1,caspase-11激活后裂解GSDMD,細胞膜非選擇性孔道形成[29]。劉木子櫻[55]發(fā)現(xiàn),GSDMD-N端含量與LPS處理后的caspase-11表達量正相關(guān),Western blot檢測到GSDMD-N端蛋白含量隨caspase-11表達減少而下降。

        caspase-11剪切Panx1激活細胞焦亡。Yang等[9]證實Panx1是caspase-11介導(dǎo)非經(jīng)典細胞焦亡的關(guān)鍵信號蛋白,體內(nèi)實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制或基因敲除、和,膿毒癥小鼠早期存活率提升。體外實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),Panx1通道的開放和caspase-11的表達高度一致。Yin等[56]發(fā)現(xiàn),caspase-11和caspase-3/-7都有切割Panx1 C端結(jié)構(gòu)域的功能。反之,敲除小鼠-基因,Panx1通道和NLRP3炎癥小體表達下降,caspase-1、GSDMD和IL-1相關(guān)炎癥因子的表達以及細胞外ATP含量都減少。

        綜上所述,Panx1參與caspase-1介導(dǎo)的經(jīng)典和caspase-11介導(dǎo)的非經(jīng)典細胞焦亡。靶向調(diào)控Panx1可有效抑制細胞焦亡,減少炎癥因子的產(chǎn)生與釋放,減輕炎癥反應(yīng)對細胞、組織和器官的損害。因此,Panx1作為炎癥新靶點,具有潛在的治療價值。

        3 小結(jié)與展望

        Panx1在哺乳動物細胞中廣泛存在,與各類炎癥性疾病密切相關(guān)[3]。Panx1作為炎性疾病治療的有效靶點,調(diào)控Panx1或許可以預(yù)防、減緩或逆轉(zhuǎn)膿毒癥、缺血性器官和其它炎癥性疾病中Panx1過表達導(dǎo)致的損害。關(guān)于Panx1的研究已有20余年,但其作用機制尚未完全明確:Panx1在復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)中如何雙向調(diào)控炎癥[57-58];與connexin相比,Panx1對生物屏障作用的研究少見;缺乏Panx1特異激活劑;10Panx1能夠特異性地抑制Panx1,但未見其對人體毒副作用的相關(guān)報道;Panx1抑制劑CBX和丙磺舒在動物模型中具有一定效果,臨床中除保護胃黏膜和治療痛風(fēng),如何轉(zhuǎn)換治療其它炎癥性疾病尚不可知。因此,Panx1相關(guān)機制、特異性激活劑和抑制劑的開發(fā)仍需進一步探索。

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        Progress in pannexin 1 involved in inflammation regulation and pyroptosis

        MA Yuan1, DUAN Qianwen1, DONG Xupeng1, LIU Che1, MA Yuqing2△

        (1,730000,;2,,730000,)

        Pannexin 1 (Panx1), a member of the ubiquitin family, is widely expressed in mammalian tissues. When the body is in an inflammatory state, Panx1 channel is activated and opened by high concentration of ion stimulation, caspase shearing, tyrosine phosphorylation and mechanical stretching pathway, which allows intracellular ATP to be released outside the cell and aggravates inflammatory response. Panx1 is also involved in the occurrence of pyroptosis in inflammatory response, and activates and releases a large number of interleukin-1-related inflammatory factors. Inflammatory response is the body's defense response to infection, but overexpression of Panx1 leads to uncontrolled inflammatory response. Therefore, Panx1, as a new intervention target of inflammation, has certain research value and application prospect.

        pannexin 1; inflammation; pyroptosis; caspase; interleukin-1β

        1000-4718(2023)07-1318-06

        2022-10-08

        2023-04-03

        13369456727; E-mail: myq2392466@163.com

        R363; R329.2+8

        A

        10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2023.07.020

        [基金項目]甘肅省自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(No. 21JRIRA077)

        (責(zé)任編輯:宋延君,羅森)

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