李宏建 王宏 于年文 宋哲 里程輝 張秀美 韓麗紅
摘 ? ?要:【目的】了解以平邑甜茶為砧木、采用高位嫁接方式的麗嘎拉蘋(píng)果幼樹(shù)至結(jié)果樹(shù)的樹(shù)體結(jié)構(gòu)和果實(shí)產(chǎn)量的形成規(guī)律,為遼寧寒地蘋(píng)果密植園中該種栽培模式的推廣應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳喳惛吕?平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗組合蘋(píng)果樹(shù)為試材,調(diào)查2011—2019年樹(shù)體結(jié)構(gòu)、枝類(lèi)組成、果實(shí)產(chǎn)量的年生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)變化,評(píng)價(jià)2種砧木果實(shí)產(chǎn)量的冠層空間分布特點(diǎn)和品質(zhì)差異?!窘Y(jié)果】2011—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)高、主枝長(zhǎng)和覆蓋率等樹(shù)體結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)冠覆蓋率分別為74.70%和62.30%,兩者間差異顯著。2011—2019年麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶品種/砧木干徑比值為0.90~0.83,樹(shù)體表現(xiàn)為“大腳”現(xiàn)象;2011—2014年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶品種/砧木干徑比值為0.87~0.77,樹(shù)體表現(xiàn)為“大腳”現(xiàn)象,而2015—2019年為1.03~1.21,樹(shù)體表現(xiàn)為“小腳”現(xiàn)象。2011—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶樹(shù)體總枝量高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶樹(shù)體總枝量在2015—2017年快速增長(zhǎng),由37.39×104條·hm-2增加至96.70×104條·hm-2,2017—2019年趨于穩(wěn)定,3年分別為96.70×104條·hm-2、95.10×104條·hm-2、93.05×104條·hm-2。2011—2014年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)長(zhǎng)枝比例高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,2015—2019年短枝比例高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2013—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶果實(shí)產(chǎn)量高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,7年累計(jì)產(chǎn)量分別為216 686.25 kg·hm-2和158 802.99 kg·hm-2。果實(shí)產(chǎn)量在冠層內(nèi)的分布存在明顯的差異性,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶果實(shí)產(chǎn)量主要分布在冠層高度≥2.01 m的空間區(qū)域,占總產(chǎn)量的70.86%;而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶為1.01~3.00 m,占總產(chǎn)量的76.11%。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、果形指數(shù)、硬度、果面光亮度和紅色程度高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,而可溶性固形物含量和固酸比低于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。【結(jié)論】與麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗組合相比,以平邑甜茶為砧木,采用高位嫁接方式的麗嘎拉蘋(píng)果樹(shù)具有樹(shù)高生長(zhǎng)量大、主枝長(zhǎng)、覆蓋率高,總枝量多、短枝比例高、果實(shí)外觀品質(zhì)好、產(chǎn)量高等優(yōu)勢(shì)。
關(guān)鍵詞:蘋(píng)果;砧穗組合;高位嫁接;枝類(lèi)組成;產(chǎn)量;品質(zhì)
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S661.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2023)07-1363-11
Formation characteristics of tree structure and fruit quality in Regal Gala apple on Malus hupehensis Rehd. with top grafting
LI Hongjian, WANG Hong*, YU Nianwen, SONG Zhe, LI Chenghui, ZHANG Xiumei, HAN Lihong
(Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue 115009, Liaoning, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Apple stion combination of Regal Gala on Malus hupehensis Rehd. by top-grafting was used as the test material, and the formation patterns of tree structure and fruit yield from young stage to fruiting stage was investigated, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application and popularization of this cultivation mode in high-density planting orchards in cold regions of Liaoning province. 【Methods】 The Regal Gala on M. hupehensis Rehd., and Regal Gala with the interstock of GM256 and understock of M. hupehensis Rehd. were used as the test materials, and the annual growth dynamics of tree, composition proportion of branches and fruit yield were investigated from 2011 to 2019. In 2019, the test trees were divided into 4 levels according to the canopy heights, and the differences in fruit yield at different canopy heights were compared. The differences in fruit quality between the test materials were compared. Measurement indicators included fruit mass, fruit shape index, firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, TSS/TA ratio, color difference value, etc. 【Results】 The tree growth of Regal Gala could be affected by the rootstock. The growth rate of tree height, coverage rate, scaffold limb length and trunk diameter of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. were higher than those of Regal Gala /GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. from 2011 to 2019. The rapid growth of tree height and coverage rate was conducive to increasing a number of branches, which provided guarantee for the formation of fruit yield at the fruit bearing period. The coverage rate in Regal Gala /M. hupehensis Rehd. and Regal Gala /GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. were 74.70% and 62.30%, respectively in 2019. By comparing the trunk diameter ratio of variety/rootstock, we found the Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. showed an overgrowth phenomenon “big foot” and the ratios of variety/rootstock were 0.90 to 0.83 from 2011 to 2019. Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. showed a “big foot” phenomenon from 2011 to 2014 and a “small foot” phenomenon from 2015 to 2019, and the ratios of variety/rootstock were 0.87 to 0.77 and 1.01 to 1.21, respectively. There was strong ground fixation of the rootstock of M. hupehensis Rehd., and the inclination and lodging phenomenon of tree has not been found in the cultivation and management. The growth rate of total branch number of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. was significantly higher than that of Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. from 2011 to 2019. A number of branches of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. increased rapidly and the numbers were 37.39 × 104 per hm2 to 96.70 × 104 per hm2 from 2015 to 2017, a number of branches tended to be stable and the numbers were 96.70 × 104 per hm2, 95.10 × 104 per hm2 and 93.05 × 104 per hm2 from 2017 to 2019. Compared to the composition of tree branches, the proportion of long shoots of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. was higher than that of Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. from 2011 to 2014, while the proportion of spurs of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. was higher than Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. from 2015 to 2019. From 2014 to 2016, the fruit yield showed a trend of rapid increase year by year, and the fruit yield tended to be stable from 2017 to 2019. The growth rate of fruit yield of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. was higher than that of Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. The cumulative yields of Regal Gala /M. hupehensis Rehd. and Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. were 216 686.25 kg·hm-2 and 158 802.99 kg·hm-2, respectively from 2013 to 2019, and there was a significant difference between them. By investigating the distribution proportion of fruit yield at different canopy heights, it was found there was significant difference in the distribution of fruit yield in different canopy between Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. and Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. The fruit yield of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. was mainly concentrated in the canopy area height greater than and equal to 2.00 m, while the fruit yield of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. and Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. was mainly concentrated in the heights from 1.00 to 3.00 m. They accounted for 70.86% and 76.11% of the total yield, respectively. The lowest proportion of fruit yield distribution in the canopy of Regal Gala /M. hupehensis Rehd. and Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. was at the canopy heights less than or equal to 1.00 m, greater than and equal to 3.00 m respectively. By comparing with the differences in fruit quality, it was found the fruit mass, fruit shape index, firmness, fruit surface brightness and red degree of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. were better than those of Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd., while the soluble solids content and TSS/TA ratio were lower than Regal Gala/GM256/M. hupehensis Rehd. Tree crown of Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. was higher, the fruit concentrated distribution area was the upper middle crown, the branches had a low degree of shelter to the fruit, the lighting conditions were much better and the fruit appearance quality was better. 【Conclusion】Taking M. hupehensis Rehd. as the rootstock and adopting the top grafting method, Regal Gala/M. hupehensis Rehd. showed that growth potential was stronger, coverage rate was larger, the number of total branches was larger, the proportion of spur was higher, exterior quality of fruit was superior and the yield was higher, which was suitable for popularization and application in high-density planting cultivation in cold regions of Liaoning province.
Key words: Apple; Rootstock-scion combination; Top grafting; Branch composition; Fruit yield; Fruit qualities
果園密植栽培是果樹(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)早期豐產(chǎn),獲得早期收益的有效方式。蘋(píng)果密植栽培是世界蘋(píng)果栽培發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)和方向,目前實(shí)現(xiàn)蘋(píng)果密植栽培的最主要途徑是利用矮化砧木,而中國(guó)蘋(píng)果密植栽培主要采取自根砧和中間砧的栽培方式[1-3]。遼寧蘋(píng)果密植栽培先后引進(jìn)、選育了大量的矮化砧木,如GM256、77-34、遼砧2號(hào)、M9、M26、MM106、T337、SH6等。遼寧因冬季寒冷,干旱少雨,M系、MM系等矮化自根砧木經(jīng)常發(fā)生凍害、死樹(shù)等現(xiàn)象,無(wú)法安全越冬。因此,蘋(píng)果矮化自根砧栽培在遼寧蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)區(qū)發(fā)展速度緩慢,應(yīng)用面積較少[4-6]。利用中間砧栽培是遼寧蘋(píng)果密植栽培的主要方式,其中,GM256作為中間砧被廣泛應(yīng)用。GM256砧木具有矮化性、早果性、豐產(chǎn)性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但干性差,易倒伏,新植園需利用架式栽培,實(shí)現(xiàn)果園的整齊性。遼寧省蘋(píng)果栽培區(qū)域多為丘陵、山地和緩坡,采用GM256中間砧栽培的蘋(píng)果樹(shù),盛果期經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)中心干長(zhǎng)勢(shì)偏弱、主枝光禿現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重、結(jié)果部位外移、樹(shù)勢(shì)衰弱明顯、主干日灼和腐爛病發(fā)生嚴(yán)重等問(wèn)題[7]。因此,篩選適宜遼寧寒地果園密植栽培的蘋(píng)果優(yōu)良砧木變得尤為重要。
平邑甜茶是湖北海棠中的一個(gè)優(yōu)良、大葉類(lèi)型,具有較強(qiáng)的無(wú)融合生殖能力。平邑甜茶根系發(fā)達(dá)、整齊度高、抗寒性好和抗病性強(qiáng),作為抗寒砧木在蘋(píng)果栽培生產(chǎn)中被廣泛應(yīng)用[8-9]。筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)利用平邑甜茶作為砧木,接穗采用高位嫁接方式,按照高紡錘形樹(shù)形培養(yǎng),采取適宜栽植密度,參照矮砧密植栽培模式管理,可以達(dá)到控制樹(shù)勢(shì),早期豐產(chǎn)的目的,實(shí)現(xiàn)果園無(wú)架式密植栽培[10-12]。麗嘎拉是遼寧省果樹(shù)科學(xué)研究所從新西蘭引進(jìn)的嘎拉芽變蘋(píng)果品種,因其色澤艷麗、豐產(chǎn)性好,作為中熟蘋(píng)果品種深受消費(fèi)者的喜愛(ài)[13]。筆者在本研究中以平邑甜茶為砧木,采用高位嫁接方式的麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶砧穗組合蘋(píng)果樹(shù)為試材,以生產(chǎn)中常用的GM256作為中間砧,以麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗組合為對(duì)照,系統(tǒng)性評(píng)價(jià)蘋(píng)果幼樹(shù)至結(jié)果樹(shù)的樹(shù)體結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)和果實(shí)產(chǎn)量的形成規(guī)律,為遼寧寒地密植果園建設(shè)中,利用平邑甜茶為砧木,采取高位嫁接栽培模式的應(yīng)用推廣提供理論參考依據(jù)。
1 材料和方法
試驗(yàn)在遼寧省果樹(shù)科學(xué)研究所蘋(píng)果試驗(yàn)區(qū)進(jìn)行,試驗(yàn)區(qū)地勢(shì)平坦,土壤為輕砂壤土,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量(w,后同)1.33%,全氮含量0.64%,速效磷含量70.3 mg·kg-1,速效鉀含量107 mg·kg-1。年降水量686 mm,無(wú)霜期178 d,年平均氣溫9.0 ℃,1月平均氣溫-9.2 ℃,極端最低氣溫-31.7 ℃。果園行間自然生草,灌溉采用微噴管灌系統(tǒng),666.7 m2施腐熟有機(jī)肥3000~3500 kg。
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料
供試蘋(píng)果品種為麗嘎拉,試驗(yàn)設(shè)2個(gè)處理,分別為麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2011年春,栽植麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗組合蘋(píng)果苗木,苗木要求基砧平邑甜茶干徑和長(zhǎng)度分別為1.5~1.6 cm和10~11 cm,中間砧GM256干徑和長(zhǎng)度分別為1.3~1.5 cm和30~31 cm,無(wú)分枝,高度為90~110 cm。2011年春,采取“兩頭忙”建園方式,栽植麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶砧穗組合蘋(píng)果半成品苗木。該組合苗木基砧為3年生平邑甜茶,基砧距離地面5 cm和40 cm處干徑分別為1.5~1.6 cm和1.3~1.5 cm。將麗嘎拉接穗利用舌接法,高位嫁接到平邑甜茶砧木距離地面60 cm處。2種砧穗組合苗木定植株行距為2.50 m×4.00 m,南北行栽植,按照高紡錘形樹(shù)形進(jìn)行整形修剪。
1.2 試驗(yàn)方法
試驗(yàn)于2011—2019年進(jìn)行,選擇生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)基本一致、無(wú)病害的試驗(yàn)樹(shù)30株,2011—2019年每年10月用游標(biāo)卡尺分別測(cè)量品種和砧木嫁接口上部和下部5 cm處的干徑。其中,麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶砧穗組合中砧木測(cè)量為GM256砧木的干徑。利用鋼卷尺分別測(cè)量樹(shù)高、主枝長(zhǎng)、冠徑(東西),計(jì)算覆蓋率(%)=冠徑(東西)/行距×100;調(diào)查樹(shù)體的主枝數(shù)、總枝量,統(tǒng)計(jì)短枝、中枝和長(zhǎng)枝的比例。2013—2019年每年9月調(diào)查單株產(chǎn)量,折合公頃產(chǎn)量,統(tǒng)計(jì)7年累計(jì)產(chǎn)量;2019年9月按照冠層分格的方法,將試驗(yàn)樹(shù)從地面到頂部分成4個(gè)冠層空間(<1.00 m、1.00~2.00 m、>2.00~3.00 m和>3.00 m),測(cè)定不同冠層內(nèi)的果實(shí)產(chǎn)量,計(jì)算產(chǎn)量分布比例[14]。
2019年果實(shí)成熟期分別在樹(shù)冠東南方向隨機(jī)采摘大小均勻、成熟度一致的果實(shí)100個(gè),用于測(cè)定果實(shí)相關(guān)指標(biāo)。果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量用百分之一天平測(cè)量;果實(shí)的縱徑和橫徑用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量,計(jì)算果形指數(shù);果實(shí)硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量分別用GY-1型硬度計(jì)、DR-103型電子糖量?jī)x和酸堿滴定法測(cè)定,果皮色差值采用色差計(jì)(Konica Minolta CR-400,USA)測(cè)定[12]。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析
數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)采用Excel軟件,數(shù)據(jù)差異顯著性分析采用SPSS 13.0分析軟件。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 樹(shù)體干粗直徑的生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)變化
由表1可見(jiàn),2011—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)品種和砧木干徑呈現(xiàn)逐年增加的變化趨勢(shì)。2011—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶品種干徑生長(zhǎng)速度高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶;2011—2016年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶砧木干徑高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,2017—2019年低于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。觀察品種/砧木干徑比值,發(fā)現(xiàn)麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)2011—2014年表現(xiàn)為“大腳”現(xiàn)象,2015—2019年表現(xiàn)為“小腳”現(xiàn)象;而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)2011—2019年表現(xiàn)為“大腳”現(xiàn)象。由此說(shuō)明,結(jié)果期麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)砧木干徑生長(zhǎng)速度低于品種,會(huì)表現(xiàn)出輕微的“小腳”現(xiàn)象。
2.2 樹(shù)高和樹(shù)冠覆蓋率的生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)變化
由圖1可見(jiàn),2011—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)高年生長(zhǎng)量逐年下降,2011—2016年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶樹(shù)高年生長(zhǎng)量高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶樹(shù)高分別為4.15 m和3.22 m,兩者間差異顯著(表2)。由此說(shuō)明,幼樹(shù)期麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)高年生長(zhǎng)量的快速增加是麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶樹(shù)高顯著高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶的主要原因。
由圖2可見(jiàn),2011—2016年和2018—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)冠覆蓋率年生長(zhǎng)量高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶樹(shù)冠覆蓋率分別為74.70%和62.30%,兩者間差異顯著(表2)。由此說(shuō)明,與麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶樹(shù)冠覆蓋率增長(zhǎng)速度快,可以為枝條生長(zhǎng)提供足夠的空間,有利于結(jié)果期樹(shù)體枝量的快速增加和產(chǎn)量的形成。
2.3 主枝長(zhǎng)和數(shù)量的生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)變化
由圖3可見(jiàn),2011—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)主枝長(zhǎng)年生長(zhǎng)量表現(xiàn)為“前期快速增長(zhǎng),后期增長(zhǎng)趨緩”的變化趨勢(shì)。由表2可見(jiàn),2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)主枝長(zhǎng)分別為1.43 m和1.15 m,兩者間差異顯著。
由圖4可見(jiàn),2011—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)主枝數(shù)呈現(xiàn)“升高-下降”的變化趨勢(shì)。2011—2015年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶主枝數(shù)高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,2016—2019年低于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。幼樹(shù)期麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶主枝數(shù)的快速增加,有利于蘋(píng)果樹(shù)高紡錘形樹(shù)形的培養(yǎng)和早期產(chǎn)量的形成。結(jié)果期采取適當(dāng)縮減主枝的方式,改善樹(shù)體光照條件和提高果實(shí)品質(zhì),因此2017—2019年樹(shù)體主枝數(shù)出現(xiàn)小幅減少的趨勢(shì)。
2.4 枝類(lèi)組成數(shù)量和比例的生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)變化
由表3可見(jiàn),2014—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)枝總量呈快速增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì),2011—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶枝總量高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。2011—2014年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶長(zhǎng)枝比例高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,2015—2019年低于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶;2013—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶短枝比例高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。與麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,幼樹(shù)期麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶高比例的長(zhǎng)枝數(shù)量有利于蘋(píng)果樹(shù)高紡錘形樹(shù)形的快速構(gòu)建,而結(jié)果期高比例的短枝數(shù)量能夠?yàn)榻Y(jié)果樹(shù)早期豐產(chǎn)和穩(wěn)產(chǎn)提供保障。
2.5 果實(shí)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化
由圖5可見(jiàn),2013—2016年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)果實(shí)產(chǎn)量呈現(xiàn)快速增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),2017—2019年果實(shí)產(chǎn)量趨于穩(wěn)定。2014—2019年麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶果實(shí)產(chǎn)量高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。統(tǒng)計(jì)2013—2019年蘋(píng)果樹(shù)累計(jì)產(chǎn)量(表4),筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶和麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)7年累計(jì)果實(shí)產(chǎn)量分別為216 686.25 kg·hm-2和158 802.99 kg·hm-2,兩者間差異顯著。由此可見(jiàn),麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)豐產(chǎn)性和穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性優(yōu)于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。
為了明確砧木對(duì)麗嘎拉蘋(píng)果樹(shù)果實(shí)產(chǎn)量空間分布的影響,將樹(shù)冠按照冠層高度分為4個(gè)區(qū)域,統(tǒng)計(jì)不同冠層高度內(nèi)果實(shí)產(chǎn)量分布比例。由表5可見(jiàn),麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶果實(shí)產(chǎn)量主要分布在冠層高度>2.00 m的空間區(qū)域,占全樹(shù)總產(chǎn)量的70.86%;而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶果實(shí)產(chǎn)量主要分布在冠層高度1.00~3.00 m的空間區(qū)域,占全樹(shù)總產(chǎn)量的76.11%。由此說(shuō)明,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶樹(shù)冠高大,樹(shù)冠中上部區(qū)域光照和養(yǎng)分積累好,結(jié)果枝和果實(shí)產(chǎn)量主要集中分布樹(shù)冠中上部區(qū)域;由于GM256中間砧對(duì)麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶樹(shù)高生長(zhǎng)的抑制作用,樹(shù)冠上部的新梢和枝條萌發(fā)數(shù)量少,果實(shí)產(chǎn)量主要分布在樹(shù)冠中下部區(qū)域。
由表6可見(jiàn),麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、果形指數(shù)、硬度、可滴定酸含量高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,而果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量和固酸比低于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。由此說(shuō)明麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)冠高大、枝葉繁茂,果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量、果形指數(shù)和硬度等果實(shí)品質(zhì)好;而GM256中間砧對(duì)麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)養(yǎng)分運(yùn)輸具有滯阻作用,葉片光合作用制造的養(yǎng)分對(duì)果實(shí)分配數(shù)量多,因此果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量和固酸比等品質(zhì)較好。
由表7可見(jiàn),麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果果實(shí)色差L值、a值均顯著高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,而果面色差b值低于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。由此說(shuō)明,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶果實(shí)果面光亮度、紅色程度優(yōu)于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶。由于麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶樹(shù)體高大,主枝和葉片對(duì)果實(shí)遮擋程度低,果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)能獲得充足的空間和較好的光照條件,因此果面色澤艷麗、外觀品質(zhì)好。
3 討 論
砧木能夠影響蘋(píng)果樹(shù)的生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)和抗逆性,蘋(píng)果品種利用砧木的抗寒、抗旱等特性增強(qiáng)其適應(yīng)性,適宜的砧穗組合是實(shí)現(xiàn)蘋(píng)果樹(shù)優(yōu)質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)[15-17]。在栽培管理中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)采用平邑甜茶為砧木,高位嫁接后的麗嘎拉蘋(píng)果樹(shù)干性強(qiáng)、固地性好,新栽植蘋(píng)果樹(shù)無(wú)須立架支撐,蘋(píng)果園可保持較高的整齊度;而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)干性弱,幼樹(shù)期無(wú)立架支撐的蘋(píng)果樹(shù)經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)樹(shù)體傾斜的現(xiàn)象,影響果園日常管理和機(jī)械化作業(yè)。孫長(zhǎng)乾[18]和宋哲等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)平邑甜茶高位嫁接富士蘋(píng)果樹(shù)存在“小腳”現(xiàn)象,筆者也發(fā)現(xiàn)麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)表現(xiàn)為輕微“小腳”現(xiàn)象。果樹(shù)“大小腳”現(xiàn)象是砧穗輕度不親和的一種表現(xiàn),栽培生產(chǎn)中果樹(shù)“小腳”現(xiàn)象的存在可能會(huì)造成樹(shù)勢(shì)衰弱,嫁接口部位容易斷裂,影響果園作業(yè)等問(wèn)題[17,19]。但在本研究中,未發(fā)現(xiàn)麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)出現(xiàn)此類(lèi)現(xiàn)象。與麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)表現(xiàn)為樹(shù)勢(shì)強(qiáng)、干性好、整齊度高,果園管理可采取無(wú)架式栽培模式,優(yōu)化果園建立措施,節(jié)省果園成本投入。
果樹(shù)嫁接砧木后,接穗和砧木會(huì)形成“砧穗共生體”,砧穗間組織結(jié)構(gòu)的變化能夠影響樹(shù)體的養(yǎng)分運(yùn)輸、枝類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)和生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[20-22]。筆者在本研究中以平邑甜茶為砧木,采用高位嫁接方式的麗嘎拉蘋(píng)果樹(shù)按照高紡錘形樹(shù)形培養(yǎng),參照矮砧密植栽培模式管理。與麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)表現(xiàn)為樹(shù)高和主枝(長(zhǎng)度和數(shù)量)增長(zhǎng)速度快、樹(shù)冠覆蓋率高,幼樹(shù)期長(zhǎng)枝數(shù)量多,結(jié)果期短枝比例高的特點(diǎn)。董建波[23]認(rèn)為優(yōu)質(zhì)、豐產(chǎn)的矮砧密植蘋(píng)果園枝芽量為9.0×105條·hm-2,高登濤等[24]等認(rèn)為高紡錘形蘋(píng)果樹(shù)總枝量為8.1×105條·hm-2時(shí),需要增加留枝量。在本研究中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶樹(shù)體總枝量高于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶樹(shù)體總枝量達(dá)到前人提出豐產(chǎn)園的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶樹(shù)體總枝量略低于前人的研究結(jié)果。與麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶相比,麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶幼樹(shù)期樹(shù)高的快速增長(zhǎng)和高比例的長(zhǎng)枝數(shù)更有利于高紡錘形樹(shù)形的快速構(gòu)建,而結(jié)果期高比例的短枝數(shù)能夠?yàn)楣麡?shù)早期豐產(chǎn)和穩(wěn)產(chǎn)提供保障。栽培生產(chǎn)中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)以平邑甜茶為砧木,采用傳統(tǒng)低位嫁接方式的麗嘎拉蘋(píng)果樹(shù),由于樹(shù)勢(shì)強(qiáng)、長(zhǎng)枝比例高、短枝數(shù)量少,高紡錘形樹(shù)形培養(yǎng)周期長(zhǎng),早果性和豐產(chǎn)性較差。
砧木影響果樹(shù)冠層結(jié)構(gòu)、樹(shù)體產(chǎn)量和果實(shí)品質(zhì)[14,25-26]。筆者在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶蘋(píng)果樹(shù)豐產(chǎn)性優(yōu)于麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶,7年累計(jì)產(chǎn)量分別為216 686.25 kg·hm-2和158 802.99 kg·hm-2。調(diào)查果實(shí)產(chǎn)量空間分布和果實(shí)品質(zhì),發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者間存在明顯的差異性。麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶樹(shù)冠高大(樹(shù)高4.15 m),樹(shù)冠中上部光照充足,結(jié)果枝和果實(shí)產(chǎn)量主要集中在冠層高度≥2.00 m的空間區(qū)域。由于葉片光合效率高,養(yǎng)分積累多,因此,果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量大和外觀品質(zhì)好。而矮化中間砧具有阻礙養(yǎng)分、激素、水分運(yùn)輸,限制嫁接品種生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的作用[27-31]。麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶樹(shù)高為3.22 m,樹(shù)冠上部區(qū)域枝條萌發(fā)數(shù)量少,新梢和枝條主要集中分布在樹(shù)冠中下部區(qū)域,因此,果實(shí)產(chǎn)量主要分布在冠層高度1.00~3.00 m的空間區(qū)域。GM256中間砧對(duì)養(yǎng)分運(yùn)輸?shù)臏枳饔茫瑢?dǎo)致同化物進(jìn)入矮化中間砧后不容易上下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)[21]。葉片光合作用制造的同化物主要用于地上部果實(shí)和枝條生長(zhǎng),而外運(yùn)根的系數(shù)量較少,因此,麗嘎拉/GM256/平邑甜茶果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量和固酸比等內(nèi)在品質(zhì)較好。
4 結(jié) 論
采用平邑甜茶砧木高位嫁接麗嘎拉的蘋(píng)果樹(shù)具有樹(shù)高生長(zhǎng)量大、主枝長(zhǎng)、覆蓋率高,總枝量多、短枝比例高,果實(shí)外觀品質(zhì)好、產(chǎn)量高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。而GM256/平邑甜茶砧木嫁接麗嘎拉具有果實(shí)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。綜合考慮果實(shí)產(chǎn)量、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和產(chǎn)業(yè)需求,認(rèn)為采用高位嫁接方式的麗嘎拉/平邑甜茶砧穗組合的喬砧密植栽培模式適宜在遼寧寒地蘋(píng)果密植園栽培中應(yīng)用推廣。
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