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        例談開展讀寫結(jié)合教學的幾個途徑

        2023-06-22 22:30:53傅陳燕
        關(guān)鍵詞:鋪墊文本文章

        傅陳燕

        葉圣陶先生說:“閱讀是吸收,寫作是傾吐,傾吐能否合乎于法度,顯然與吸收有密切的聯(lián)系?!笨梢婇喿x是理解吸收,寫作是理解表達,充分吸收有助于表達。如果沒有大量有效的閱讀活動,不把英語閱讀材料中的語言知識、篇章知識、文化知識等信息輸入自己的“資料庫”并不斷把其內(nèi)化的話,學生是不可能寫出內(nèi)容詳實感人、意義連貫、結(jié)構(gòu)完整的英語作文的。

        一、對讀寫結(jié)合教學概念的解讀

        讀寫結(jié)合教學就是教師在教學中抓住閱讀和寫作之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,構(gòu)建相應(yīng)的互動模式,以讀帶寫,以寫促讀,引導(dǎo)學生把學到的語言知識,悟得的謀篇布局方式、激發(fā)的情感自覺地應(yīng)用到寫作中去,達到學以致用的目的。

        二、優(yōu)化讀寫結(jié)合教學的策略

        筆者基于對人教版普通高中教科書英語必修第一冊Unit 4 Reading and thinking多層次、多維度的深層解讀,根據(jù)學生的認知水平和已有的英語知識與能力,從文本結(jié)構(gòu)、文本語言、文本思想三個角度來談?wù)劥笸靶‘悺钡淖x寫結(jié)合課。同——同一文本,同一導(dǎo)人,同一閱讀學案;異——從結(jié)構(gòu)、語言、思想三個不同角度來呈現(xiàn)讀寫結(jié)合的“寫”。文章將用三節(jié)課開展讀寫結(jié)合教學。

        【教學背景】

        Unit4 Reading and thinking描述了1976年河北唐山的一場地震,文章涉及震前征兆、震中破壞以及地震后救援與恢復(fù)。該文章框架結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,語言豐富,是一篇學生可借鑒的優(yōu)秀范文。

        讀寫結(jié)合實踐——同課“異”構(gòu)之“同”

        【課例片段】

        Step l:Warming up( about 3 minutes)

        T:Please read the news and get the informationfrom it.

        S:An earthquake happened in Japan and peoplesearched the survivors and helped them.

        T: Well done. And what do you think of the earth-quake?

        S:It is a kind of disaster which will destroy thebuildings,peoples'lives and all the things around.

        T: It is terrible and destructive. Now, let's watch avideo, from which we can learn that earthquake is a natu-ral disaster which has a lot of damage.

        導(dǎo)人部分,教師用與地震有關(guān)的新聞報道導(dǎo)人,引起學生共鳴的同時把學生的注意力引導(dǎo)到本課的主題“地震”。同時通過播放視頻短片,讓學生在視覺上切實感受了唐山地震的危害,產(chǎn)生了想進一步了解唐山地震的好奇心,為接下來的閱讀教學作好鋪墊。

        Step 2:Fast reading(about 4 minutes)

        T: Now let's read for the structures first. Read thepassage and finish the taskl on your learning sheets.3minutes later...

        S: The first part is paragraph l.It's about the signsbefore the earthquake.

        T: Good. what about the second part?

        S: Paragraph28c3 is part 2.It's about the damagecause

        y the earthquake.

        T:Perfect. what about the last part?

        S: The last part is paragraph 4&5. It's about the res-cue work and recovery after the earthquake.

        T: Well-done. Now let's read the passage again andget more details to fill in the tables.

        本文是按照事情發(fā)展順序來寫的,具有較清晰的文章脈絡(luò)。本文共四段,教師要求學生將文章分為三個部分,搞清楚每部分的主要內(nèi)容。這鍛煉了學生的對全文的理解能力和總結(jié)概括能力,也增強了學習興趣。同時,教師也是有意引導(dǎo)學生分析全文的框架結(jié)構(gòu),為后續(xù)輸出作一定的鋪墊。

        (二)讀寫結(jié)合實踐——同課“異”構(gòu)之“異”

        1.文本結(jié)構(gòu)

        文本結(jié)構(gòu)是行文思路的具體體現(xiàn),是文章的“骨架”。教師引導(dǎo)學生把握文本的結(jié)構(gòu),能幫助學生更好地理解文章。在教學過程中,教師可基于文本結(jié)構(gòu)開展具體的教學活動,并在最后的輸出環(huán)節(jié)教師結(jié)合上課內(nèi)容和文本結(jié)構(gòu),設(shè)計輸出活動。這里的寫作的過程,對學習者而言,就是從模仿到熟練,再到創(chuàng)新的過程。

        【課例片段】

        Step 3:Detail reading(about 15 minutes)

        T: Let's read these paragraphs again and try to findmore details about the earthquake and please finish Task1—3…

        T: OK, let's check your answers.

        S1-5:略

        T: Good, anything else? ~Vhat happened before theearthquake?

        S6: People saw bright lights.

        T: Yes9 bright lights could be seen in the sky. ~Vhatabout the damage of the earthquake during the earth-quake?(為Post-reading——Before the Typhoon鋪墊)

        T&S:…;Two-thirds of them died or…;the numberof people who were killed or seriously injured reachedmore than 400,000; 75070 0f its factories and buildingsand 90%) of its homes were gone....;lt seemed as if theword was coming to an end.(為Post- reading-Dur-ing the Typhoon鋪墊)

        T: Yes, you did a good job. So "The data show thedamage cause

        y the earthquake and how terrible theearthquake was. It seemed as if the world was at an end.”(Read it together) But all hope was not lost, why?

        S: Because the army sent soldiers to Tangshan tohelp the rescue workers. Besides, the army organizedteams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury thedead.(Write the Key rwords 071lthe blackboardfor fwriting)(為Post-reading-—一After the typhoon鋪墊)

        T:Well-done, and anything else?

        S:Miners ….Workers built shelters for survlvorswhose homes had been destroyed. Fresh water was takento the city by train, truck and plane. (為Post- read—ing—一After the typhoon鋪墊)

        T: Yes, with others' help, the city began to breatheagain.So‘the last part is about the rescue work and therecovery after the earthquake.”

        在教學過程中,教師以學案的形式呈現(xiàn)閱讀任務(wù),同時在閱讀的過程中,教師有意識地引導(dǎo)學生關(guān)注地震前的特殊跡象,地震中的一些具體數(shù)據(jù)表述,地震后的動作描寫,有側(cè)重、有選擇、有意識地突出部分詞匯和句式,為讀后寫作臺風前、臺風中和臺風后作語言表達上的準備。教師期待學生能將閱讀中積累的詞、詞塊、句子運用到后續(xù)的語言輸出活動中,使輸出任務(wù)在篇章結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)容完整的基礎(chǔ)上更有語言的高度。

        Step 4:Writing(about 18 minutes)

        T: Just like the earthquake in the passage, they arenatural disasters which are common in our daily life,such as typhoon and flood. Do you still remember the ty—phoon called“Nian Yu" that hit Zhejiang Province inSeptember?

        在這部分的教學活動中,教師將課文話題過渡到新的寫作主題。布置的寫作任務(wù)可以模仿閱讀文本的篇章結(jié)構(gòu),使結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了。寫作內(nèi)容“似曾相識”,在閱讀過程中和教師有意識引導(dǎo)、預(yù)熱、鋪墊下,學生對于這樣的寫作任務(wù)也是信手拈來,駕輕就熟。

        Step 5:Presentation and homework about 5 min—utes)

        T: Now let's present your writings. You can makecomments on the writing in the following ways.

        T: Check your passages again and hand them in af-ter you have improved it.

        此環(huán)節(jié)的目的在于讓學生能夠感悟如何評價語篇,在欣賞評價其他同學作文的同時,能取其長處為自己所用,也能更加清楚自己的作文存在什么問題。通過相互評價不僅多角度鞏固了文本詞匯與句型,更是在另一層面提高了學生的寫作能力,為讀寫結(jié)合課畫上一個圓滿的句號。課后寫作要求修改后上交作業(yè),既促使學生及時查漏與補足,又有助于教師及時了解學情,反思教學中存在的不足。 2.文本語言 文本是語言的載體,任何閱讀文本的內(nèi)容、思想都是通過語言表現(xiàn)出來的,只有把語言與內(nèi)容、思想進行有機的結(jié)合,我們才能充分理解它。根據(jù)認知發(fā)展規(guī)律,學生首先是感知語言,了解其應(yīng)用方法,然后才是模仿應(yīng)用。感知語言、了解其應(yīng)用方法是輸入,模仿與應(yīng)用是輸出。只有充分有效的輸人才能保證最后高質(zhì)量的輸出。所以,在閱讀教學的語言處理過程中,學生需要在信息的提取中感知語言,在文本的評價中欣賞語言,在思維的提升中運用語言。

        【課例片段】

        Step 3:Detail reading(about 15 minutes)

        T:Task 1—3…

        T: OK, now let's check your answers.

        SI-5:略

        T: Good.What about Task 27 Now please read thesentences for us, one student one sentence.

        S1: In 15 terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.

        S2: Two-thirds of them died or were injured duringthe earthquake。

        S3: Thousands of families were killed...

        S4: The number of people who were killed or serl-ously injured reached more than 400,000.

        S5:75% 0f its factories and buildings and 90% 0fits homes were gone.

        S6: Two dams fell and most of the bridges...

        S7: Tens of thousands of cows would never give milkagain.

        S8:Half a million pigs and millions of chickenswere ea

        T: Yes, you did a good job.So“the data show thedamage cause by the earthquake and how terrible theearthquake was. It seemed as if the world was at an end."(Read it together) Can you imagine people's feelings atthat time?

        S: Frightened and shocked.

        T: Yes,I think maybe they were very helpless andhopeless.

        T: Although the earthquake caused a lot of losses, itseemed as if the world was at an end,(Write it on theblaclcboard) but all hope was not lost, why?

        S: Because the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tang-shan to help the rescue workers.

        T: Yes, that is,soldiers are sent to help the rescueworkers. What about the army?

        S: The army organized teams to dig out those whowere trapped and to bury the dead.

        T: Mrell-done, what about the miners?

        S: Most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from thecoal mines there.

        T: Yes, good. What about the workers and fresh wa-ter?

        S: Workers built shelters for survivors. Fresh waterwas taken to the city by train, truck and plane.

        T: Yes, with others'help, the city became betterand it began to breathe again.So people were very hope-ful and grateful, do you think so?

        此教學環(huán)節(jié)讓學生細讀文本,填寫表格旨在讓學生關(guān)注文本語言特點的基礎(chǔ)上,幫助學生深度理解文本,實現(xiàn)對文章理解的升華。閱讀過程是讓學生理清文章細節(jié)的同時充分理解文本的內(nèi)容,品味語言的“色香味”,讓閱讀成為一種享受,使學生能更好地吸收文本的中“營養(yǎng)”,并真正內(nèi)化成自己的語言。

        Step 4:Post reading( about 3+5+15 minutes)

        T: Now, please look at Step 4 Post-rea ing Task l.Please read group Q)first.

        T: By reading you can feel that the use of numbercan make the language more convincing. What aboutgroup ② ?

        S: Attributive clause can make the sentence morebeautiful and complex.

        T: Very good.What about group②?The suitableverbs

        S: The suitable verbs can make the description vivid.

        T: Perfect. So when you are describing something,you'd better use suitable verbs and attributive clauses aswell as some numbers to make your writing better. Now,please retell the earthquake with the given information,volunteers?

        S:(/Retell the earthquake/)

        T:Well- done.We have learned some informationabout earthquake, now you can rewrite the text with someclues.a(chǎn)bout 100 words.

        寫乍任務(wù)是建立在學生對文章理解和對文本語言理解并內(nèi)化的基礎(chǔ)上的。先對佳句進行欣賞,突出文本語言的“色香味”,再結(jié)合上面文本閱讀的細節(jié)處理,讓學生在語言上為此處的讀后語言輸出作準備。這里的讀后輸出活動,旨在讓學生體會并內(nèi)化文本的遣詞造句方法,希望學生能靈活使用恰當?shù)脑~匯和句式來復(fù)述地震前的現(xiàn)象和地震后的慘象與救援。讀后活動先復(fù)述,再到課后改寫,降低寫作輸出難度,同時,由口頭轉(zhuǎn)筆頭,既鍛煉了口頭表達能力,又是幫助學生復(fù)現(xiàn)閱讀課中的“經(jīng)典臺詞”,更進一步內(nèi)化文本語言為自己的語言。

        Step 5:Self-assessment and homework

        T: Please assess your own composition in the follow—ing ways. Check your passages again and hand them in af-ter you have improved it.

        讀寫結(jié)合教學課堂節(jié)奏更快,能合理安排時間進行有效閱讀并高效輸出,但是有時未必有時間當堂點評學生的筆頭輸出,所以多形式的評價形式是讀寫結(jié)合教學必要的輔助手段。其在認可學生學習成果的同時,反饋學生的學情,更是讓學生學會反思學習過程和學習成果,激發(fā)學習興趣與動機。

        3.文本思想

        閱讀作為寫作的鋪墊和支架,應(yīng)該是多維度、多層面的。支架可以是語言,也可以是情景、信息或知識,甚至是涉及學習策略和情感等方面。所以,要完成寫作任務(wù),僅僅依靠掌握語言和結(jié)構(gòu)是不夠的,教師還要根據(jù)單元主題意義,關(guān)注讀寫結(jié)合過程中思維品質(zhì)的提升,幫助學生在會閱讀的基礎(chǔ)上提高寫作能力,得到心靈的滋養(yǎng)種情感的積淀。

        【課例片段】

        Step 3:Detail reading(about 12 minutes)

        T:同上Taskl-3…

        T: Now, let's check your answers. First, deal withthe strange things before the earthquake.

        Ss:(略)

        (這里的教學過程:教師根據(jù)課堂學案,引導(dǎo)學生閱讀文本,了解地震前的奇怪征兆、地震中的慘狀和地震后的救援與災(zāi)后重建)

        T:In short,with the joint efforts, the city started torevive itself and get back up on its feet. But how didTangshan revive itself? And what lessons can we learnfrom the city?

        Ss: With strong support from the government andthe tireless efforts of the city's people, the city started torevive. And Tangshan city has proved to China and therest of the world that in times of disaster, people mustunify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuildfor a brighter future。

        T: Yes, they proved to Chinese that“In unity thereis strengthl" That is,though the disaster caused severedamage to people's life, it couldn't destroy the love andcare among people.

        本文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)非常清楚,而且學生有地震方面的常識,對文本的掌握并不難,教師需要做的是在閱讀的同時,幫助學生提升思維品質(zhì),所以這里要重點突出的文本思想應(yīng)該是唐山精神,團結(jié)就是力量。

        Step 4:Post-reading( about 8+15 minutes)

        T: As we all know, the natural disasters can not beavoided.When we are facing such natural disasters, whatcan we do to protect ourselves better? Now, please thinkabout it and discuss with your partners. Please writedown your opinions.(Students discuss it in groups/)

        T: Now, please look at Task2 and complete the writ—ing according to your discussion and context.

        本 元的主題是了解地震的基本知識,并學會在災(zāi)難到來時如何白助與助人,所以本環(huán)節(jié)的設(shè)計是以閱讀文本為基礎(chǔ),設(shè)計活動讓學生通過討論了解在災(zāi)難中如何自救和他救。

        Step 5: Presentation and homework (about 3minutes)

        T: Now let's present your writings. You can makecomments on the writing in the following ways.

        T: Check your passages again and hand them in af-ter you have improved。

        最后的評價是讀寫結(jié)合教學必要的延續(xù)。它反饋學生的客觀學情,便于教師及時反思教學過程中的不足,促使讀寫結(jié)合更有成效;便于學生反思自己的課堂聽課效率,激發(fā)學習動力。

        三、課后總結(jié)與反思

        以上同課異構(gòu)的三堂課,從文本結(jié)構(gòu)、文本語言、文本思想把閱讀和寫作整合在一起。閱讀是語言的輸入,是意義的理解過程,而寫作是語言的輸出,是意義的創(chuàng)作輸出過程。這樣的讀寫結(jié)合課,改變以往讀寫分開或者重讀輕寫的傳統(tǒng)課型,其目的是探索一種新課型,拓寬高中英語課堂授課途徑,整合教材內(nèi)容與教學手段,引導(dǎo)教師研究課堂教學,處理好英語知識輸入與輸出的關(guān)系,利用手中的教學資源培養(yǎng)學生閱讀與寫作能力。

        如何把閱讀教學與寫作訓(xùn)練更好地結(jié)合起來,筆者認為英語教學過程中教師必須把握以下原則:

        1.“讀”——恰到好處

        讀寫結(jié)合,閱讀是為寫作作鋪墊的,教師一定要根據(jù)學生的具體學情,根據(jù)具體閱讀文本的特點確定寫作方向,逆向設(shè)計,精心備課,設(shè)計相應(yīng)的教學活動,合理安排教學時間與教學步驟,無論在語言方面、信息方面還是情感態(tài)度方面都為寫作輸出層層鋪墊,輸出只是深化主題內(nèi)容,鞏固所學語言,落實核心語言知識,才能真正做到語言輸入和輸出的一致性。

        2.“寫”——水到渠成

        讀寫結(jié)合,寫是“讀”的指揮棒,這里的寫需根據(jù)文本的特點有選擇、有目的地寫,這里的寫需寫得有依據(jù),寫得有意義,寫得有思想。通過教師有目的地“誘導(dǎo)”,學生豐富了詞匯句型,存儲了句法知識,學習了遣詞造句、謀篇布局的方法,培養(yǎng)了構(gòu)建語篇和模仿寫作的能力,可謂“厚積薄發(fā)”,水到渠成。

        3.“評”——人木三分

        讀寫結(jié)合的點睛之筆是作文的點評,無論是課堂內(nèi)還是課堂外,無論是典型作文共評還是小組互評,是學生評還是教師評,“評”還是不可缺少的。讓學生及時了解自己寫作中存在的不足,同時可以學習他人寫作中的長處,對別的文章進行“取其精華”的學習,從而激發(fā)學習興趣,培養(yǎng)他們的自我評價能力。

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