著：（美）戴維·坎普 譯：劉睿 校：陳崇賢

現(xiàn)在似乎是最好的時代，也是最壞的時代。我們的科技水平和應(yīng)對能力達到前所未有的高度，但是我們給地球環(huán)境和居民基本健康所帶來的威脅也是前所未有的。地球氣候環(huán)境變得愈加不穩(wěn)定，溫室氣體排放不斷增加，生物多樣性也在不斷降低。當(dāng)前，全球大部分發(fā)展最快的城市都處于生態(tài)敏感和不穩(wěn)定的景觀環(huán)境之中，缺乏能夠支持居民基本生存質(zhì)量的自然系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)在是時候重視共同協(xié)作和創(chuàng)造性的思維了（圖1）。

圖1 紐約洛克菲勒中心海峽花園Rockefeller Center Channel Gardens, New York, NY

1 恢復(fù)平衡

幾個世紀(jì)以來，科學(xué)技術(shù)改變了我們與自然的關(guān)系，人們一直渴望最大限度地減小自然對我們生活的影響。而今，風(fēng)景園林師、建筑師和規(guī)劃師，在強大的研究團隊和擁護者的支持下，正引領(lǐng)著人們與自然界建立更緊密的聯(lián)系[1]。城市歷史學(xué)家Sam Bass Warner稱之為：“恢復(fù)人類智慧。”①而社會生態(tài)學(xué)家Stephen Kellert稱其為我們與生俱來的權(quán)利[2-3]②。E.O.Wilson將其描述為生物本能，一種與其他生命形式相聯(lián)系的渴望[4]。這些觀點的核心是自然、人類、基本福祉之間的根本聯(lián)系。

在穩(wěn)定性和持續(xù)性受到威脅、脆弱性增加的危機時期，人類對親近自然的需求從未像現(xiàn)在這樣強烈。面對充滿戲劇性和變數(shù)的未來，我們必須真誠無間、時刻保持一致，努力去平衡科技進步和我們對自然的內(nèi)在需求。這要求我們審視療愈科學(xué)與療愈藝術(shù)的歷史文化基礎(chǔ)，制定具有敏銳性、適應(yīng)性、整體性的設(shè)計響應(yīng)措施，將設(shè)計實踐作為一種帶有協(xié)作和對話精神的社會藝術(shù)。將人類健康與環(huán)境健康作為一個共同體的設(shè)計理念，有助于將個體決策整合為集體決策，從而創(chuàng)建一個更具活力與公平的世界（圖2）。

圖2 創(chuàng)建改善健康和福祉的環(huán)境Creating settings that improve health and well-being

2 擴展健康和設(shè)計的概念

設(shè)計從業(yè)人員一直在倡導(dǎo)可持續(xù)和可再生的設(shè)計實踐。多年來，其背后關(guān)于平衡資源利用和環(huán)境保護的理念，已經(jīng)擴展到了更大的責(zé)任范圍：不僅僅要給后代保留生存空間，還要通過恢復(fù)和修復(fù)自然系統(tǒng)并防止生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的破壞，以改善后代的生活。健康本源學(xué)則補充了這些理念：激勵個體做出促進健康的決策。

健康本源學(xué)[5]是由社會學(xué)家Aaron Antonovsky提出的關(guān)于個人健康的理念。他的研究關(guān)注于壓力、健康和福祉之間的關(guān)系。他提議的健康本源模型，是一種能夠指導(dǎo)健康水平提升的理論。這個理論著眼于能夠促進健康的因素而不是導(dǎo)致疾病的因素[6]，其核心是心理一致感（sense of coherence）概念，這一概念闡述了壓力對人體機能的影響，以及堅持將心理一致感（即可理解、可管理和有意義）作為目標(biāo)的必要性。事實上，增強心理一致感——理解境遇、管理有效行動、找到意義，使我們能更好地應(yīng)對生活的挑戰(zhàn)。Antonovsky的假說強調(diào)了幫助個體認(rèn)知生活品質(zhì)，幫助他們理解品質(zhì)如何影響個體行為和決策，都是十分重要的（圖3）。

圖3 利用設(shè)計和自然定義生活品質(zhì)Using design and nature to help define a quality of life

正如我在其他地方提到過的，人們可能認(rèn)為所有的設(shè)計都是為了健康本源的[7]。即使沒有明確提出，我們也能意識到設(shè)計就是使環(huán)境變得可理解、可管理和有意義的藝術(shù)。設(shè)計是價值觀的表達，我們選擇建設(shè)的作品反映了我們的期望；我們的生活質(zhì)量受已設(shè)計的、建成環(huán)境與自然環(huán)境之間關(guān)系的質(zhì)量影響。然而要協(xié)調(diào)平衡無數(shù)的環(huán)境系統(tǒng)對設(shè)計師來說相當(dāng)困難，這些環(huán)境系統(tǒng)會有力影響我們管理自然、技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟和人力資源系統(tǒng)的能力。個體健康的未來將在很大程度上依賴于設(shè)計的平衡：我們對生命意義的追尋絕不能被環(huán)境所阻礙，否則我們將失去堅持不懈的力量。相信Antonovsky的假說是有價值的，設(shè)計師在作品中有必要強調(diào)心理一致感，從而加強個體體驗與社會環(huán)境需求之間的聯(lián)系。

3 典型案例研究

以下案例研究是應(yīng)用可持續(xù)、可再生和健康本源理論來解決復(fù)雜問題的代表項目，強調(diào)建成環(huán)境和自然界的關(guān)聯(lián)性。這些案例同時也強調(diào)了設(shè)計作為提供給有識之士、社區(qū)參與乃至全球性倡議活動的有效資源，其超越尺度的能力（圖4）。

圖4 藍色氣候行動：轉(zhuǎn)型機遇The Blue Climate Initiative: Transformational Opportunities

3.1 藍色氣候行動

藍色氣候行動（The Blue Climate Initiative）是一個為期多年的國際項目，旨在加快應(yīng)對氣候變化的海洋戰(zhàn)略。藍色氣候行動由特提亞羅島社會組織（Tetiaroa Society）發(fā)起，匯集了先鋒實踐者、研究人員和領(lǐng)袖，利用海洋的力量來解決這個時代所面臨的巨大挑戰(zhàn)，包括提供可再生的能源、可持續(xù)的食物供給、清潔的飲用水，進一步改善人類健康，豐富生物多樣性以及實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)的海洋經(jīng)濟③。

2021年初，作為聯(lián)合國海洋科學(xué)促進可持續(xù)發(fā)展十年計劃（United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development）的一部分[8]，藍色氣候行動向全球范圍的很多組織和社會團體頒發(fā)了創(chuàng)新氣候解決方案獎。該行動旨在創(chuàng)建一個全球資源網(wǎng)絡(luò)，利用世界沿海社區(qū)與國際研究和教育機構(gòu)、非營利組織和可持續(xù)商業(yè)的活力和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力，來創(chuàng)造和分享知識，推進新技術(shù)應(yīng)用，促進教育協(xié)作和互聯(lián)工作。目標(biāo)是建立一個平臺，以拓展和加強各個社區(qū)的工作成果，將創(chuàng)新的地域性對策轉(zhuǎn)化為可實現(xiàn)和可轉(zhuǎn)化的全球性戰(zhàn)略。

為籌備藍色氣候行動建立了很多工作組以探索變革的機遇。我應(yīng)邀加入了一個關(guān)注人類健康和福祉的工作組。我的合作者們來自世界各地，從美國馬薩諸塞州的法爾茅斯到英國康沃爾郡的法爾茅斯，從伍茲霍爾海洋研究所到世界銀行的氣候變化和健康行動計劃（World Bank’s Climate Change and Health Program）。我受邀分享了關(guān)于建成環(huán)境以及它與海岸環(huán)境關(guān)系的觀點，圍繞適應(yīng)性的海岸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施提出了應(yīng)對框架（圖5）④。

圖5 適應(yīng)性海岸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施：概念圖Adaptive coastal infrastructure: Concept image

研發(fā)適應(yīng)性的海岸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施目的是模糊建成環(huán)境和海洋環(huán)境在理論和實踐意義上的邊界。力求將實體環(huán)境（我們的社區(qū)及其支持網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如交通和公用事業(yè)）和經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)（如商業(yè)和食品生產(chǎn)）與更大的目標(biāo)相結(jié)合：在復(fù)雜且危機四伏的情況下，進行環(huán)境修復(fù)，為個體生存構(gòu)筑經(jīng)濟、社會以及自我的韌性。最終將多樣但相互關(guān)聯(lián)的領(lǐng)域聯(lián)系在一起，例如工程、生物和經(jīng)濟投資。

數(shù)百年來的沿海聚居導(dǎo)致在低洼和暴露地區(qū)增加了大量關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。這些龐大而老化的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)支撐著世界各地的沿海社區(qū)；許多這樣的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)都不是按照抵御當(dāng)今（或者未來）的環(huán)境風(fēng)險來設(shè)計的。氣候危機時代，在海平面上升以及風(fēng)暴強度和頻率不斷增加的雙重威脅下，老舊基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的各種弱點就暴露出來。

建造韌性基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施并不意味著要建造更大或者更強的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。韌性意味著靈活、快速響應(yīng)和適應(yīng)不確定未來的能力。在有限的資源日益緊張之際，設(shè)計師應(yīng)推動現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的創(chuàng)造性改造進程；也應(yīng)整合其他基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)、自然系統(tǒng)和棲息地、可持續(xù)商業(yè)以及各個社區(qū)的具體需求，努力去實現(xiàn)涌現(xiàn)（emergence）和協(xié)同。21世紀(jì)的海岸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施已經(jīng)不能再為線性的或索取能量這樣狹隘的目的服務(wù)——海岸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施必須擁抱復(fù)雜性，能夠可持續(xù)地運行，并且海岸將被視為一個持續(xù)的不斷遷移變化的區(qū)域，不再是一個固定的邊界。響應(yīng)性基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施要求設(shè)計師考慮社區(qū)的復(fù)雜性，確保規(guī)劃工作建立在接觸這些系統(tǒng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的個人態(tài)度基礎(chǔ)之上——無論是在確定關(guān)鍵問題方面，還是在展望可能的未來和預(yù)期的結(jié)果方面。構(gòu)筑健康和韌性始于授權(quán)（圖6）。

圖6 紐約牙買加灣野生動物保護區(qū)的西部湖區(qū)生命海岸線West Pond Living Shoreline, Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge,New York, NY

3.2 西部湖區(qū)生命海岸線

位于紐約皇后區(qū)牙買加灣野生動物保護區(qū)的西部湖區(qū)生命海岸線修復(fù)項目⑤，利用海灣的動力系統(tǒng)保護重要的棲息地和物種，同時讓周圍社區(qū)參與其修復(fù)。沿著脆弱的湖區(qū)邊緣，綜合了一系列設(shè)計策略以減弱波浪破壞影響、改善水質(zhì)，并促進泥灘和鹽沼的恢復(fù)。這種生命框架能夠幫助湖區(qū)邊緣修復(fù)，同時使這一脆弱的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)適應(yīng)氣候變化帶來的諸多挑戰(zhàn)。

在過去的一個世紀(jì)里，紐約市失去了90%以上的淡水濕地。牙買加灣是現(xiàn)存最重要的濕地之一。西部湖區(qū)是牙買加灣生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中一個極其重要的淡水潟湖，具有非同尋常的文化和生態(tài)資源價值。世世代代以來，西部湖區(qū)一直是深受周邊社區(qū)喜愛的自然資產(chǎn)，也是沿著大西洋遷徙候鳥的重要淡水資源。2012年，颶風(fēng)“桑迪”使一道狹窄的堤壩決口，導(dǎo)致湖區(qū)的淡水與海灣的咸水混合。我們受邀來設(shè)計一個應(yīng)對方案，該方案須兼顧多變的河口生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與國家公園管理局綱領(lǐng)性和可達性目標(biāo)之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)聯(lián)。我們的目標(biāo)是利用牙買加灣的自然動力系統(tǒng)來重建、保護和維持西部湖區(qū)的關(guān)鍵沼澤棲息地（圖7～9）。

圖7 西部湖區(qū)生命海岸線：概念圖West Pond Living Shoreline: Conceptual diagram

圖8 概念剖面設(shè)計——設(shè)計將為這條脆弱的海岸線提供新的野生動物棲息地和保護帶Conceptual section.The living design will provide new wildlife habitation and layers of protection along this vulnerable shoreline

圖9 沼澤植物群落——海岸線種植了超過20萬種本土的草本植物和灌木，減緩侵蝕的同時也為野生動物提供了棲息地Marsh planting communities.The shoreline was planted with over 200,000 native grasses and shrubs, limiting erosion, and providing wildlife habitat

為了盡早減輕損害，時間至關(guān)重要。在18個月內(nèi)，我們領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一個由海洋工程師、生態(tài)學(xué)家、社區(qū)擁護者和志愿者組成的團隊，設(shè)計并實施了一條732 m（2 400英尺）長的生命海岸線，創(chuàng)造了3.6 hm2（9英畝）左右的新棲息地，并恢復(fù)了5.7 hm2（14英畝）棲息地。我們沿著此前決口的位置，采取一系列的措施（包括增加防波堤結(jié)構(gòu)、增加沉積物、種植濕地植物、控制侵蝕）以減弱波浪的影響、改善水質(zhì)、促進泥灘和鹽沼的恢復(fù)。這一生命框架滿足了快速修復(fù)水域邊緣的迫切需求，使脆弱的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)適應(yīng)氣候變化的挑戰(zhàn)（圖10）。

圖10 為建造新的海岸線，從附近建筑工地引入清潔過的填料重新利用To create a new shoreline, repurposed cleaned fill was brought in from nearby construction sites

我們團隊研究了各種可能的方法，包括天然存在的強肋殼菜蛤群落和人工構(gòu)建的牡蠣礁結(jié)構(gòu)，而由于國家公園管理局禁止水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖，我們認(rèn)為牡蠣殼防波堤結(jié)構(gòu)將會是這一區(qū)域最有效的解決方案。此外，還需要靈活應(yīng)對疫情導(dǎo)致的供應(yīng)鏈中斷，緊密協(xié)作、靈活應(yīng)對和具備創(chuàng)造力是必需的。這都是由于椰殼纖維主要來自斯里蘭卡，而全球性的運輸和生產(chǎn)遲滯迫使我們尋找替代材料。為此，我們與十億牡蠣（Billion Oyster）項目⑥合作，從紐約市的餐館獲得了牡蠣殼。在陽光下暴曬了12個月后，牡蠣殼被打包放入由當(dāng)?shù)夭牧现谱鞯拇致椴即?。由于粗麻布在高鹽條件下分解很快，我們提出了一種創(chuàng)新的“卷餅型防波堤”（breakwater burrito），將粗麻布袋堆疊成金字塔狀，然后用椰殼纖維織物包裹住整個3.7 m（12英尺）長的結(jié)構(gòu)。這種防波堤結(jié)構(gòu)配合回收的圣誕樹集束，減弱了波浪破壞，增加了沉積物，并保護新建的海岸線（圖11、12）。

圖11 起穩(wěn)定作用的牡蠣殼通過十億牡蠣項目的貝殼收集計劃實現(xiàn)，并由志愿者將其放入可生物降解的袋子Oyster shells for our stabilization effort were collected through the Billion Oyster Project’s shell collation program and placed in biodegradable bags by volunteers

圖12 創(chuàng)新的“卷餅型防波堤”用粗麻布袋裝牡蠣，再堆疊成金字塔狀結(jié)構(gòu)，并用椰殼纖維織物包裹The innovative “breakwater burrito” was created by packing oysters in burlap, stacking them in a pyramidal structure, and wrapping the structure in coir fabric

基于健康本源的設(shè)計理念，社區(qū)參與對項目的成功至關(guān)重要。我們的任務(wù)包括協(xié)調(diào)當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境保護組織和非營利機構(gòu)的協(xié)同合作，并統(tǒng)籌數(shù)百名志愿者的工作。在施工期間要保護現(xiàn)有的棲息地和當(dāng)?shù)胤N群，包括對受保護的物種進行日常監(jiān)測。例如，為680只繁殖期的雌性水龜構(gòu)筑淤泥袋屏障，并培訓(xùn)施工人員檢查施工設(shè)備下的陰涼處是否有午睡的水龜。

為了配合項目緊迫的時間節(jié)點，我們快速確定了關(guān)鍵性的策略，例如植物選擇，因為本地的苗圃為我們準(zhǔn)備24萬株本土植物需要提前一年進行特定的扦插栽培。然后，將植物種植在鹽沼和潮間帶區(qū)域，以便在高潮位沼澤和淡水湖之間形成一個有韌性的交錯帶（圖13、14）。

圖13 在鹽沼和潮間帶種植植物，以支撐一個有韌性的海岸環(huán)境To support a resilient coastal condition, plantings were installed in salt marsh and intertidal zones

圖14 基于健康本源的設(shè)計理念，社區(qū)參與對項目的成功至關(guān)重要Building upon the principles of salutogenic design,community engagement was essential for the project’s success

客戶的目的是監(jiān)測項目的長期健康狀況，包括與牙買加灣科學(xué)與韌性研究所（Jamaica Bay Science and Resilience Institute）簽訂為期2年的合同。數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動的研究將支撐并啟發(fā)生命海岸線設(shè)計，同時跟蹤臨近海域森林、灌叢、泥灘和湖泊淡水草本濕地的健康狀況（圖15）。

圖15 數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動的研究將支撐并啟發(fā)生命海岸線設(shè)計，同時跟蹤臨近區(qū)域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康狀況Data-driven research will sustain and inform this living shoreline design while tracking the health of the neighboring ecosystems

保護和維護西部湖區(qū)對于蓋特威國家公園（Gateway National Park）生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的韌性至關(guān)重要，保護和維護社區(qū)管理的理念也同樣重要。這一多學(xué)科、以社區(qū)為基礎(chǔ)的行動為我們應(yīng)對氣候挑戰(zhàn)提供了有效且重要的策略（圖16）。

圖16 該項目成功地營建了3.6 hm2（9英畝）新的灘涂濕地，并恢復(fù)了超過5.7 hm2（14英畝）的野生動物棲息地The project successfully created nine new acres of tidal wetland and restored over fourteen acres of wildlife habitat

4 優(yōu)化策略

建設(shè)響應(yīng)性的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不僅僅是為了應(yīng)對氣候變化，也是為了完善公共衛(wèi)生以應(yīng)對未來不可預(yù)知的危機。新冠肺炎疫情也在提醒我們，改善每個人健康和福祉的工作還尚未完成。我們應(yīng)如何在社區(qū)內(nèi)建立有韌性和支撐性的健康結(jié)構(gòu)體系？健康本源學(xué)設(shè)計讓我們重新審視社區(qū)的規(guī)劃，以便使人們更好地利用資源來適應(yīng)變化，并做出明智的決策。設(shè)計師與經(jīng)濟、社會和環(huán)境科學(xué)等不同領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人士協(xié)同合作，能更好地理解這些選擇的決定因素，及其對我們的社區(qū)和公共環(huán)境的影響。綜合了健康本源學(xué)、自然系統(tǒng)和技術(shù)的整體設(shè)計理念，與適應(yīng)性的環(huán)境和社會基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施相結(jié)合，有助于創(chuàng)造一個充滿活力、有韌性和公平的未來。

注釋：

① 引用了Warner未發(fā)表的論文《恢復(fù)性花園：為現(xiàn)代設(shè)計恢復(fù)一些人類智慧》。

② 耶魯大學(xué)社會生態(tài)學(xué)教授Stephen R.Kellert出版了很多關(guān)于親生物性概念的書，包括參考文獻[2][3]。

③ 特提亞羅島社會組織（Tetiaroa Society）是一個非營利組織，致力于保護法屬波利尼西亞的環(huán)礁Tetiaro以及海洋的福祉。該組織由馬龍·白蘭度莊園（Marlon Brando Estate），該島及島上豪華度假酒店The Brando的所有者創(chuàng)立。詳見https://www.tetiaroasociety.org/。

④ 這一概念來自David Kamp 2018年未發(fā)表的論文《適應(yīng)性沿?；A(chǔ)設(shè)施》。

⑤ 牙買加灣野生動物保護區(qū)是1 093 hm2（27 000英畝）的蓋特威國家休閑區(qū)（Gateway National Recreation Area）的一部分

⑥ 十億牡蠣項目由一個總部位于紐約市的非營利組織發(fā)起。他們與當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)合作，計劃在2035年前為紐約港恢復(fù)十億只活牡蠣。牡蠣礁為數(shù)百種物種提供棲息地，能夠減弱巨浪的沖擊、減少洪水并防止海岸線的侵蝕，進而保護城市地區(qū)免受風(fēng)暴的破壞。

圖片來源：

圖1～3、16由Dirtworks景 觀 事 務(wù) 所 拍 攝；圖4由 特提亞羅島社會組織藍色氣候行動提供；圖5、7～9由Dirtworks景觀事務(wù)所提供；圖6、13、15由環(huán)保局Jean Schwarzwalder拍攝；圖10由Dan Mundy二世拍攝；圖11～12、14由Alex Zablocki拍攝。

（編輯/王一蘭）

著者簡介：

（美）戴維·坎普/男/ 美國風(fēng)景園林師協(xié)會會員/Dirtworks景觀事務(wù)所創(chuàng)始人/哈佛大學(xué)勒布學(xué)者/研究方向為健康環(huán)境設(shè)計

譯者簡介：

劉睿/女/碩士/綠化林業(yè)高級工程師/前上海植物園科研人員/低維護種植踐行者/研究方向為華東區(qū)系適生植物應(yīng)用與設(shè)計

校者簡介：

陳崇賢/男/博士/華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)林學(xué)與風(fēng)景園林學(xué)院副教授/本刊特約編輯/研究方向為風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃設(shè)計與理論

KAMP D.Building Health: The Role of Nature and Design[J].Landscape Architecture, 2023, 30(1): 20-29.DOI: 10.12409/ j.fjyl.202207260437.

Building Health: The Role of Nature and Design

Author:(USA) David Kamp Translator: LIU Rui Proofreader: CHEN Chongxian

Abstract:[Objective]This paper seeks to put individual health on a continuum with environmental health.It presents an approach to sustainable development that emphasizes the individual perspective in promoting health, a strategy that helps create conditions for individuals to better cope with life’s challenges,improve the quality of life and increase a sense of wellbeing and connectedness to nature.[Methods]Using case studies, the paper explores salutogenic design concepts that can help establish health-promoting resources for communities and address larger health inequalities.[Results]Salutogenic

concepts can be extrapolated to inform design choices, enhancing individual experiences and health-promoting outlooks within the framework of large-scale sustainable development initiatives.[Conclusion]A holistic design methodology incorporating salutogenesis, natural systems and technology with physical and social infrastructure can help create a healthy, vibrant, resilient, and equitable future.

Keywords: nature, design, and health; landscape design; salutogenic design;adaptive coastal infrastructure

It seems this is the best of times and the worst of times.Our capacity and potential and the technological and scientific resources we have at our disposal are unprecedented.Yet so are the threats to the basic health of the planet and its inhabitants.Biodiversity declines while greenhouse gas emissions increase as the Earth’s climate grows more erratic.Vast portions of the world’s fastest growing cities are built on ecologically sensitive,unstable landscapes that lack the natural support systems necessary to provide a basic quality of life for its inhabitants.It is time for collaborative and creative thinking (Fig.1).

1 Regaining Balance

For centuries technology and science transformed our relationship with nature, an aspiration reflecting an ever-increasing swing toward minimizing its influence in our lives.Now,landscape architects, architects, and planners,supported by a powerful group of researchers and advocates, are leading a shift back toward a more engaged relationship with the natural world[1].Urban historian Sam Bass Warner calls it “recovering some human wisdom”①while social ecologist Stephen Kellert says it is our birthright[2-3]②.E.O.Wilson described it as biophilia, the urge to affiliate with other forms of life[4].At its core is the fundamental link between nature, humans, and basic well-being.

The need for a connection to nature is never more poignant than in times of crisis, when stability and continuity are threatened, and our sense of vulnerability heightened.As we embrace a future of dramatic and complex change, we must maintain a concerted effort to balance our scientific and technological advancements with our intrinsic need for nature in a way that is genuine, intimate, and immediate.This effort demands we reflect on the historical and cultural underpinnings of the art and science of healing; crafting sensitive, adaptive, and holistic design responses; and practicing design as a social art, with dialog and collaboration.By putting human health on a continuum with environmental health, design can help individual choices coalesce into collective ones that lead to a more vibrant and equitable world (Fig.2).

2 Expanding Concepts of Health and Design

Design practitioners have long advocated for sustainable and regenerative design strategies.Over the years, the principles behind these methodologies, balancing resource use and environmental preservation, have expanded to encompass a larger responsibility: to not only accommodate but improve the life of future generations by restoring and repairing natural systems and preventing future ecosystem damage.Complementing these concepts is the idea of salutogenesis — motivating individuals to make choices that promote health.

Salutogenesis[5]is a perspective of personal health proposed by sociologist Aaron Antonovsky,whose research concerned the relationship between stress, health, and well-being.His proposal, the Salutogenic Model of Health, a theory to guide health promotion, looks at the factors that promote health rather than factors that cause disease[6].At its core is his “Sense of Coherence” construct, which describes the role of stress in human functioning and the need to maintain an orientation towards the world that is comprehensible, manageable,and meaningful.In essence, a fortified sense of coherence — comprehending a situation,managing effective actions, and finding meaning or purpose — better prepares us for life’s challenges.Antonovsky’s hypothesis emphasizes the importance of helping an individual determine a quality of life and understanding how that quality influences their behavior and choices (Fig.3).

圖1 Rockefeller Center Channel Gardens, New York, NY

圖2 Creating settings that improve health and well-being

圖3 Using design and nature to help define a quality of life

圖4 The Blue Climate Initiative: Transformational Opportunities

As I have written elsewhere, one can argue that all design aims to be salutogenic[7].If not explicit then by implication, design is the art of rendering the designed environment comprehensible, manageable,and meaningful.Design is an expression of values,reflecting our hopes and aspirations in what we choose to build; and our quality of life is influenced by the quality of the designed relationship between the built and natural environments.But it has become difficult for designers to balance the myriad physical systems that need to be accommodated with the forces that influence our ability to manage natural, technical, economic, and human resources.The future of personal health may well depend upon this balance: each of us must not be hampered by the environment in finding meaning in our lives or else we will not care enough to find the strength to persevere.Trusting that Antonovsky’s hypothesis has merit, it is essential for designers to emphasize a sense of coherence in the places we build, strengthening the threads that tie individual experiences to larger social and environmental needs.

3 Representative Case Studies

The following case studies represent projects that apply sustainable, regenerative, and salutogenic ideas to resolve complex problems, highlighting the interconnectedness of the built and natural worlds.They also emphasize design’s ability to transcend scale, serving as an effective resource for inspired individuals, engaged communities, and global initiatives (Fig.4).

3.1 The Blue Climate Initiative

The Blue Climate Initiative is a multiyear international program attempting to accelerate ocean-based strategies that combat climate change.Sponsored by the Tetiaroa Society, the initiative brings together pioneering practitioners,researchers, and leaders to leverage the power of our oceans to address some of the greatest challenges of our time: renewable energy,sustainable food supplies, clean drinking water,improved human health, flourishing biodiversity,and sustainable ocean economies③.

In early 2021, as part of an endorsed program of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development[8], the Blue Climate Initiative granted awards for innovative climate solutions to a variety of communities and organizations around the world.The initiative seeks to create a global web of resources, leveraging the dynamism and leadership of the world’s coastal communities with international research and educational institutions, nonprofit organizations,and sustainable businesses to generate and share knowledge, advance new technologies and promote collaborative education and outreach efforts.The goal is to create a platform for extending and amplifying the work of individual communities,turning innovative local responses into realistic and transferable global solutions.

In preparation for this initiative, working groups were established to explore transformational opportunities.I was invited to join a group looking at human health and well-being.My collaborators came from across the globe — from Falmouth,Massachusetts, to Falmouth, Cornwall, from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to the World Bank’s Climate Change and Health Program.Asked to contribute my perspective on the built environment and its relationship to coastal environments, I framed a response around the idea of adaptive coastal infrastructure (Fig.5)④.

圖5 Adaptive coastal infrastructure: Concept image

圖6 West Pond Living Shoreline, Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge,New York, NY

圖7 West Pond Living Shoreline: Conceptual diagram

Developing an adaptive approach to coastal infrastructure intends to blur the boundaries of the built and marine environment practically and philosophically.It seeks to meld the physical environment (our communities and support networks such as transportation and utilities) and economic systems (such as commerce and food production) with larger goals: environmental remediation and building economic, societal, and personal resiliency for individuals living in complex and often daunting circumstances.It ties together diverse but interrelated perspectives, such as engineering, biology, and economic investment.

Centuries of coastal settlement have resulted in a vast accretion of critical infrastructure in low lying and exposed areas.These expansive, aging networks undergird coastal communities around the world;many of these systems were not designed to withstand today’s (or tomorrow’s) environmental stresses.The age of climate crisis exposed myriad vulnerabilities of these networks to the twin threats of sea level rise and increasing storm severity and frequency.

Building resilient infrastructure does not mean building bigger or stronger.Resilience implies a nimbleness, responsiveness, a capacity to adapt to uncertain futures.At a time of increasing strain on limited resources, designers should promote a process that includes the creative retrofitting of existing infrastructure; one that strives towards emergence and synergy — with other infrastructure networks, natural systems and habitats, sustainable commerce, and the unique needs of individual communities.Coastal infrastructure of the 21st century can no longer serve narrow purposes with linear, extractive flows of energy — they must embrace complexity, operate sustainably, and reflect a conception of the coast not as a fixed boundary but a continuous and migrating zone.Responsive infrastructure requires designers to embrace the complexity of communities, ensuring planning efforts are informed by the individuals these systems and networks touch — both in terms of identifying key issues but also in visioning possible futures and desired outcomes.Building health and resilience begins with empowerment (Fig.6).

3.2 West Pond Living Shoreline

The West Pond Living Shoreline Restoration Project, in the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Queens, New York⑤, leverages the bay’s dynamic systems to protect critical habitat and species while engaging the surrounding community with its restoration.Along vulnerable pond edges,a constellation of design strategies coalesce to attenuate wave action, improve water quality, and support the reemergence of mudflats and saltmarsh.This living framework supports restoration of pond edges while adapting this vulnerable ecosystem to the many challenges presented by climate change.

Over the past century, New York City has lost over 90% of its freshwater wetlands.One of the most important remaining wetland areas is Jamaica Bay.West Pond, a critical freshwater lagoon within the larger Jamaica Bay ecosystem, is a resource of extraordinary cultural and ecological value.For generations, it has been a beloved community asset and vital freshwater source for migratory birds along the Atlantic Flyway.

In 2012, as the result of Hurricane Sandy, a narrow barrier was breached, mixing the pond’s fresh water with the bay’s saltwater.My firm, Dirtworks Landscape Architecture, PC was asked to develop a response, which considered the complex interplay of a shifting estuarine ecosystem alongside the National Park Service’s programmatic and accessibility goals.Our goal was to leverage Jamaica Bay’s dynamic natural systems to reestablish, protect and sustain West Pond’s critical marsh habitat (Fig.7-9).

圖8 Conceptual section.The living design will provide new wildlife habitation and layers of protection along this vulnerable shoreline

圖9 Marsh planting communities.The shoreline was planted with over 200,000 native grasses and shrubs, limiting erosion, and providing wildlife habitat

圖10 To create a new shoreline, repurposed cleaned fill was brought in from nearby construction sites

圖11 Oyster shells for our stabilization effort were collected through the Billion Oyster Project’s shell collation program and placed in biodegradable bags by volunteers

圖12 The innovative “breakwater burrito” was created by packing oysters in burlap, stacking them in a pyramidal structure, and wrapping the structure in coir fabric

To ameliorate the damage as quickly as possible, time was of the essence.Leading a team of marine engineers, ecologists, community advocates and volunteers, within eighteen months we designed and implemented a 2,400-foot living shoreline, creating over nine acres of new habitat, and restoring fourteen acres.Along the formerly breached dam edge, a constellation of strategies — breakwater structures, additional sediment, marsh plantings and erosion control —coalesce to attenuate wave action, improve water quality, and support the reemergence of mudflats and saltmarsh.This living framework supports the immediate need to restore the pond edge while adapting this vulnerable ecosystem to the challenges of climate change (Fig.10).

Our team studied a variety of possible approaches, including naturally occurring rib mussel communities and spat-on-shell oyster reef construction.Due to the National Park Services’mandate against aquaculture, we determined that an oyster shell breakwater structure would be the most effective solution here.Nimble responses to supply chain and pandemic-related disruptions required close collaboration, flexibility, and creativity.It all came down to coconut fiber.With most coconut fiber coming from Sri Lanka, a global slowdown in shipping and production forced us to consider alternative materials.Partnering with the Billion Oyster Project⑥, we sourced recycled oyster shells from New York City restaurants, cured them in the sun for twelve months, and then packed them in locally sourced burlap bags.Because burlap breaks down faster in high salt conditions, we developed an innovative “breakwater burrito” by packing the burlap bags, stacking them in a pyramidal structure, and then wrapping the entire twelve-footlong assembly with coir fabric.These breakwater structures, together with recycled Christmas tree fascines, attenuate wave action, accrete sediment, and protect the newly constructed shoreline (Fig.11-12).

Building upon the principles of salutogenic design, community engagement was essential for the project’s success.Our work included coordinating the collaborative efforts of local environmental advocacy groups and nonprofits and overseeing the work of hundreds of volunteers.Existing habitat and native populations needed protection during construction, which included establishing a program of daily monitoring for protected species.Silt sock barriers were installed for six hundred eighty breeding terrapin females and construction crews were trained to check for terrapins who might take a midday nap in the shade under construction equipment.

圖13 To support a resilient coastal condition, plantings were installed in salt marsh and intertidal zones

圖14 Building upon the principles of salutogenic design,community engagement was essential for the project’s success

圖15 Data-driven research will sustain and inform this living shoreline design while tracking the health of the neighboring ecosystems

圖16 The project successfully created nine new acres of tidal wetland and restored over fourteen acres of wildlife habitat

To accommodate the project’s concentrated timeframe key design strategies, such as plant selections, were quickly determined because local nurseries needed to begin growing the specified plugs for our 240,000 native plantings a year in advance.Plantings were installed in salt marsh and intertidal zones, creating a resilient ecotone between the high marsh and freshwater pond (Fig.13-14).

Our client’s goal to monitor the longterm health of the project included a twoyear contract with the Jamaica Bay Science and Resilience Institute.Data-driven research will sustain and inform this living shoreline design while also tracking the health of the neighboring maritime forest, shrubland, mudflat, and lacustrine freshwater herbaceous wetlands (Fig.15).

Protecting and sustaining West Pond is critical to the resiliency of the larger Gateway National Park ecosystem.Equally critical is protecting and sustaining the idea of community stewardship.This multi-discipline, community-based initiative establishes an effective and vital response to our changing climate (Fig.16).

4 Optimizing Strategies

Building responsive infrastructure deals not only with climate change but also with optimizing public health for future crises.The COVID-19 pandemic is a humbling reminder of the work that is yet to be done to improve the health and wellbeing of everyone.How do we create resilient and supportive health structures within our communities? Salutogenetic design allows us to reconsider the planning of our communities to better equip people with the resources to adapt and make informed choices.Working collaboratively with professionals in diverse fields, such as economics,social and environmental science, designers can better understand the factors shaping these choices and their influence on our communities and the environment we share.A holistic design methodology incorporating salutogenesis, natural systems and technology, in combination with adaptive physical and social infrastructure, can help create a vibrant, resilient, and equitable future.

Notes:

① The Warner quote is from his unpublished paper“Restorative Gardens: Recovering Some Human Wisdom for Modern Design.”

② Stephen R.Kellert, a professor of social ecology at Yale, published many books incorporating the concept of biophilia, including reference [2][3].

③ The Tetiaroa Society is a nonprofit focused on the conservation of Tetiaroa, an atoll in French Polynesia,and the well-being of the oceans.The organization was founded by the Marlon Brando Estate, owners of the island and its luxury resort hotel, The Brando.See https://www.tetiaroasociety.org/.

④ The concept is from David Kamp’s 2018 unpublished paper “Adaptive Coastal Infrastructure.”

⑤ The Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge is part of the 27,000-acre Gateway National Recreation Area.

⑥ The Billion Oyster Project is a New York City-based nonprofit organization working in collaboration with local communities to restore one billion live oysters to New York Harbor by 2035.Oyster reefs provide habitat for hundreds of species and can protect urban areas from storm damage by softening the blow of large waves, reducing flooding,and preventing erosion along the shorelines.

Sources of Figures:

Fig.1-3, 16 photo by Dirtworks, PC; Fig.4: courtesy of Tetiaroa Society, Blue Climate Initiative; Fig.5, 7-9:courtesy of Dirtworks, PC; Fig.6, 13, 15 photo by Jean Schwarzwalder/DEP; Fig.10 photo by Dan Mundy, Jr.;Fig.11-12, 14 photo by Alex Zablocki.

(Editor / WANG Yilan)

Author:

(USA) David Kamp, FASLA, is the founding principal of Dirtworks Landscape Architecture, PC., and a Harvard Loeb Fellow.His research focuses on promoting health through design and nature.

Translator:

LIU Rui, Master, is a senior engineer of landscape architecture, former scientific researcher of Shanghai Botanical Garden, low maintenance planting practitioner.Her research focuses on plant design of East China.

Proofreader:

CHEN Chongxian, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, and a contributing editor of this journal.His research focuses on landscape planning and design, and theory of landscape architecture.