在經(jīng)歷了持續(xù)3年的疫情，感受了干旱、山火、暴雨等越來越凸顯的氣候變化，目睹了COP26為全球各國減排、控制全球變暖不超過1.5 ℃的博弈談判，健康成為我們每個人關(guān)心的話題。人們都更加關(guān)注人類生存星球的健康、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康、城市的健康、社會的健康以及個體的健康。面對高密度的城市環(huán)境、快節(jié)奏的生活方式，人們更期待繁忙之余沉浸在自然中來獲得壓力緩解，這表明生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的高效能運轉(zhuǎn)與綠色生活方式的促進對于城市居住環(huán)境健康的維系至關(guān)重要。

人類社會在歷史發(fā)展過程中從未停止通過營造景觀為自身的健康生存服務(wù)，比如工業(yè)化過程中對公共衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)的持續(xù)改善、廣泛的城市公園運動等。盡管如此，當下突發(fā)的疫情給全球城市公共衛(wèi)生帶來了重大挑戰(zhàn)，極大影響了人們對綠色生活方式倡導(dǎo)與健康促進的關(guān)注，同時，日趨嚴峻的老齡化社會挑戰(zhàn)，急需健康適老環(huán)境的建設(shè)。對兒童或少年來說，現(xiàn)代科技的進步和社會生活的變化已經(jīng)重構(gòu)了新的生活經(jīng)歷，要為他們提供更多接觸自然的機會，促進他們身心健康發(fā)展，培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造力、冒險精神和社會互動等能力。當然，其他特殊群體也需要我們給予更多的關(guān)注，例如，我們需要為高壓人群在城市中提供能夠獲得身心恢復(fù)的場所，以便他們能更加健康地工作和生活。

毫無疑問，城市綠色空間塑造的景觀與人類的身心健康緊密關(guān)聯(lián)。同時，傳統(tǒng)生物醫(yī)學模式向“生物-心理-社會-環(huán)境”多維醫(yī)學模式的轉(zhuǎn)變，也進一步促進社會大眾對居住環(huán)境的重視。新的整體醫(yī)學觀更加注重綜合治療模式，尤其是針對大量慢性疾病患者，需要通過營造良好的居住環(huán)境和改變生活習慣等干預(yù)才能獲得更好的療愈效果。在過去的幾十年里，基于心理和生理之間聯(lián)系的研究逐漸深入，我們進一步了解到接觸自然景觀，會對人類的健康帶來積極影響。許多的研究證明了在自然環(huán)境中更有利于人的情緒平復(fù)和血壓降低，工作表現(xiàn)和解決問題的能力也更優(yōu)秀，居住在綠色自然環(huán)境周邊的居民，身體健康水平更好，幸福指數(shù)更高，等等。

這些研究凸顯了城市中自然系統(tǒng)的重要性，風景園林師更需要考慮如何從空間格局與綠地質(zhì)量上思考城市綠色環(huán)境與人們居住、生活、工作與休憩的關(guān)聯(lián)，讓更多的生活境域被綠色環(huán)境所浸潤，構(gòu)建健康景觀系統(tǒng)。然而，在高質(zhì)量發(fā)展要求下，城市綠地服務(wù)健康的功效也仍然存在一些亟待解決的問題，比如我們應(yīng)該如何規(guī)劃、設(shè)計和管理我們所處的居住環(huán)境，使其在滿足基本功能需求的同時發(fā)揮重要的健康促進作用？什么類型的景觀能夠最有效地促進健康？如何評估促進健康所需要的景觀閾值？哪些接觸途徑可以有效促進健康？雖然對健康景觀的評價以及效能評估仍處于探索階段，但是，正如醫(yī)學的發(fā)展進入“循證”階段，健康景觀的塑造與效能的發(fā)揮也需要加快推進循證的途徑。

目前倡導(dǎo)的“公園城市”為大眾創(chuàng)造幸福、健康和舒適的綠色環(huán)境提供了探索。許多城市已經(jīng)擁有了上千座公園，成為名副其實的公園之城。一些城市逐步拆除公園圍墻：北京朝陽區(qū)計劃對50多個城區(qū)公園陸續(xù)完成“拆欄”；上海宣布部分公園將24 h開放。打開大門的公園更好地與城市功能、市民生活融合在一起，對人們的休閑與健康促進提供了更多的便利。讓綠地融入城市的目的就是要讓生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)揮最高效能的生態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)功能，不僅是要好看，而且要好用，如調(diào)節(jié)城市的暴雨、徑流，降低城市的熱島效應(yīng)，形成健康的城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

未來，城市人口將繼續(xù)增長，對土地、住房、食物、交通和就業(yè)等方面的需求持續(xù)增加，這無疑將進一步加劇環(huán)境安全、精神壓力，甚至疾病等一系列影響健康的城市問題。在此背景下，風景園林師需要積極地從多種維度探討景觀和健康的關(guān)系，挖掘未來通過景觀促進健康的更多可能十分必要。

Landscape for Health

After experiencing the pandemic that has lasted for 3 years,feeling the increasingly prominent climate changes, such as droughts,mountain fires and heavy rains, and witnessing the gaming and negotiation in COP26 for global countries to reduce their emissions and control the global warming under 1.5℃, we see that health has become a topic of concern for all of us.People are paying more attention to the health of the human-living Planet, the health of ecosystems, the health of cities, the health of societies and the health of individuals.Facing high-density urban environments and fastpaced lifestyles, people are looking forward to immersing themselves in nature to relieve their stress after their busy schedules.This indicates that the efficient operation of ecological infrastructure and the promotion of green lifestyles are crucial to maintaining a healthy urban living environment.

Throughout history, human societies have never ceased to serve their own healthy survival by creating landscapes.For example,humans made the continuous improvement of public health systems and implemented widespread urban park movements during industrialization.Nevertheless, the current outbreak of the pandemic has imposed a critical challenge to the global urban public health, while greatly affecting people’s advocacy of green lifestyles and their attention to health promotion.In the meantime, the increasingly severe challenges of an aging society urgently require the construction of healthy and age-friendly environments.For children or adolescents, advances in modern technology and shifts in social life have reconstructed new life experiences; so it is necessary to provide them with more opportunities to contact the nature, so as to promote their healthy physical and mental growth and to foster their creativity, adventurousness and social interaction, among other competencies.Of course, other special groups also need more attention from us.For example, we need to provide places in cities for high-pressure people’s physical and mental recovery,so that they can work and live in a healthier manner.

Undoubtedly, the landscapes shaped with urban green space are closely associated with humans’ physical and mental health.Meanwhile,the traditional biomedical model is shifting to the “bio – psycho– social – environmental” multidimensional medical model, thus further driving the public to attach more importance to their living environment.The new holistic view of medicine focuses more on the integrated treatment model.Especially, a large number of patients with chronic diseases require such interventions as creating a good living environment and changing lifestyle habits to achieve better healing results.Over the past few decades, with gradually intensified research on the linkage between psychology and physiology, we have further understood that exposures to the natural landscape will deliver positive effects on human health.As demonstrated by many studies, a natural environment is conducive to calmer moods and lower blood pressures,as well as better work performance and problem-solving abilities.In addition, those who live around green natural environments have better physical health and higher levels of well-being.

These studies highlight the significance of natural systems in cities.Landscape architects are required to consider the association between urban green space and people’s dwelling, living, working and resting in terms of spatial patterns and green-space qualities, so that more living realms are infiltrated with green environments and more healthy landscape systems are constructed.Under the requirements of high-quality development, however, some pressing issues still exist with the health efficacy of urban green-space services.For instance,how to plan, design and manage our living environment, so that it can play an important health-promoting role while meeting the basic functional needs? What types of landscapes are most effective in promoting health? How to assess the landscape thresholds needed for promoting health? And what exposure pathways can effectively promote health? Although the evaluation of healthy landscapes and their effectiveness is still in an exploratory stage, the shaping of healthy landscapes and the play-out of their effectiveness entail acceleration of promoting evidence-based approaches, just as the development of medicine has entered the “evidence-based” stage.

“Park City” currently being advocated have made some explorations in creating a happy, healthy and comfortable green environment for the public.Many cities have already featured thousands of parks, making them a veritable city of parks.Some cities are gradually dismantling their park walls: Chaoyang District in Beijing plans to “remove the fences” of more than 50 urban parks; Shanghai has announced that some of its parks will be open 24 hours a day.Parks that have their gates opened would be better integrated with cities’functions and citizens’ lives, providing more convenience for promoting people’s leisure and health.The purpose of integrating green space into cities is to enable the ecological infrastructure to perform its ecological regulation function at the most effective level, so that such space would not only look beautiful, but also function well.For example, it can regulate rainstorms and runoffs across cities and diminish urban heatisland effects, so as to form a healthy urban ecosystem.

In the future, the urban population will keep growing,thus delivering more intense demands on land, housing, food,transportation and employment.This will undoubtedly further exacerbate a series of urban problems affecting health, such as environmental safety, mental stress and even disease.In this context,landscape architects are required to actively explore the relationship between landscape and health in multiple dimensions, and it becomes urgently necessary to seek for more possibilities of promoting health through landscape in the future.

Editor-in-Chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

January 7, 2023