An Analysis of “Missing Counties， Circuits， and Cities” in the Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo Slips “Statutes on Salaries” (Zhi Lv)

Ma Menglong

Abstract：One view current in scholarship on the Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo Slips “Statutes on Salaries” (Zhi Lv秩律) believes that it misses a number of bamboo slips purportedly recording the names of the 500-stone circuits (Dao 道)， the 300-stone counties (Xian 縣)， circuits， and cities (Yi 邑). Moreover， scholars believe that there are cases in which the “Statutes on Salaries” omits the names of administrative units at the rank of 300-stones of “other governors of counties， circuits， and cities， ” implying that the “Statutes on Salaries” is by no means a complete record of the administrative units under the direct jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty. This paper analyzes each of the above arguments and points out that there are no missing or omitted place names in the “Statutes on Salaries”. It is a complete record of the counties， circuits， and cities under the direct jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty in the early years of Empress Lv， and is of great academic value in the study of the geography of the Qin and Han dynasties.

Key words:Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo Slips “Statutes on Salaries”， arrangement of the “Statutes on Salaries” slips， political geography of Qin and Han dynasties， marquisate cities， circuits

Collation and Interpretation of the Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo Slips “Statutes on Salaries” (Zhi Lv) Slip No. 453: With a Discussion on the Administrative Divisions of Shang Commandery and Longxi Commandery during the Turn of Qin and Han Dynasties

Zhou Bo

Abstract:The contents of slip no. 453 of the Zhangjiashan HanStatutesandOrdinancesoftheSecondYear“Statutes on Salaries” are important， but some problems remain in the collation of the slip and the interpretation of the graphs. As a result， it has proven difficult to fully explore the historical and geographical information contained within. Based on a new collation of the slip and interpretation of the graphs， this paper analyses the counties governed by Shang Commandery and Longxi Commandery.

By analyzing the place names and the division of counties and circuits on the slip， we can further discuss the county governance of Shang and Longxi Commanderies from the Qin dynasty to the early Han Dynasty. This paper argues that after the establishment of Shang and Longxi Commanderies， they governed “Gaonu” and “Shangying” respectively， this division was later inherited by the early Han Dynasty. That “Fushi” and “Didao” were respectively governed by Shang and Longxi Commanderies may be directly related to the adjustment of two administrative zones， namely， the establishment of Xihe Commandery in the fourth year of the Yuanshuo era and the establishment of Tianshui Commandery in the third year of the Yuanding era of Emperor Wu.

Key words:Zhangjiashan Han Slips，StatutesandOrdinancesoftheSecondYear“Statutes on Salaries”， Shang Commandery; Longxi Commandery， Commandery governance， rearrangement of administrative zones

A Study of “Yiyang” in the Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo Slips “Statute on Salaries”

Dan Changwu

Abstract:According to the research of some scholars， in the Zhangjiashan Han bamboo slipsStatutesandOrdinancesoftheSecondYear“Statute on Salaries” there is reference to Yiyang County 沂陽縣 which was located in the west of Jiexiu County 介休縣， Shanxi Province， and belonged to Shangdang Commandery 上黨郡. However， the history of the establishment of Yiyang County by Xiahou Ying 夏侯嬰shows that this county was more likely located in Guanzhong 關(guān)中. The “Yiyang” in the “Statute on Salaries” was probably a miswrite for “Niyang” 泥陽. Niyang County originally belonged to Zhongxian Circuit中縣道 (i. e. the Capital Area 內(nèi)史) in the Qin Dynasty， but it was changed to belong to Beidi Commandery 北地郡 before the first year of the Han Dynasty， which was reflected in the “Statute on Salaries”. This change in the administrative division of Niyang County provides a summary perspective on the larger administrative reform of the Capital Area in the Qin Dynasty.

Key words:Yiyang， “Statute on Salaries”，YueluAcademyQinBambooSlips， Zhongxian Circuit， Niyang

Supplementary Explanations toLvin Oracle Bone Inscriptions

Yuan Lunqiang

Abstract:Some scholars disagree with the transcription of the graphlv履 in oracle bone inscriptions. This paper analyzes the graphic form and its usage in detail， and believes that transcribing aslvis correct. In addition， this paper also transcribes a number of its ideographic proto-forms in the oracle bone inscriptions.

Key words:oracle bone inscriptions，lv履， graphic form， usage

A New Interpretation of the Inscription on the Wu HuDing

Xie Mingwen

Abstract:The graph followinglv履 on Wu Huding吳虎鼎 should be transcribed asfeng豐 with a horizontal stroke at the bottom， instead offeng. The horizontal stroke indicates the ground， and this character is the original character offeng封， which represents planting trees on the ground in order to mark land boundaries. The name ofNeiSitu內(nèi)司徒 should beSifu寺僅 instead ofSitao寺， because there is no such name.Si寺 the name of a clan / state， andfu僅 is a personal name. The graph following the phrasebinneiSituSitao賓內(nèi)司徒寺should be transcribed as 徫， instead offu復(fù)orbi璧.徫 in this phrase is the same as the韋 in the phrase賓史韋兩 in the latter part of the inscription.Shi史 in that phrase refers to 史囟/西in the text preceding it， andSi寺in the phraseis賓內(nèi)司徒寺is 寺僅 in the earlier phrase伯導(dǎo)內(nèi)司徒寺僅. They both omit a personal name from previous inscription. In addition， this article also interpret some other words in the inscription， and transcribes the previously overlooked graphyong用 at the end of the inscription.

Key words:Wu HuDing吳虎鼎， bronze inscription，feng豐 ，韋

Revisiting the Periodization and Clan Surname of the Xiaxiangpu E State

Zeng Fentian

Abstract:The Xiaxiangpu E 夏餉鋪鄂 state has been viewed as a descending from the Ji 姞 clan from E 鄂 that rebelled during the late Western Zhou period. Based on the special phenomenon which saw bronze dowry wares being buried with their maker， this article first demonstrates that the Xiaxiangpu E state was a re-established vassal state ruled by regional lord of the Ji 姬 clan. Second， this article reviews the debate on the periodization of the Sanmenxia Guo 三門峽虢 state， and studies archeological materials excavated from tombs M5 and M6 at the Xiaxiangpu E state cemetery and some other contemporaneous tombs， to argue that the Xiaxiangpu E state was established in the early Springs and Autumns period and not in the late Western Zhou period. In a word， the Xiaxiangpu E state was a Ji 姬 vassal state established in the early Springs and Autumns period， and only existed for less than a century before it was annexed.

Key words:Xiaxiangpu E state， bronze dowry wares， early Springs and Autumns period， Sanmenxia Guo state

The Meaning ofYinYingJingshein the Zeng Gong QiuChimeInscription

Wang Baichuan

Key words:Zeng Gong QiuChime，yinYingjingshe，jindaoxixing

A New Interpretation of the Axle-cap Inscription from Marquis Yi of Zeng’s Tomb

Song Huaqiang

Abstract:The second character in the inscription on an axle-cap， unearthed from the northern chamber of Marquis Yi of Zeng’s tomb， should be interpretated as a compound character combiningzhi之 andqi軝， the second of which refers to axle-cap. The last character in the inscription is possibly comprised of significjin金， withguan毌 as phonetic， and could be read asjian鍵 “l(fā)inchpin”. The characterin the Baoshan bamboo tablet no. 1 and slip no. 276 should be read asqi軝， referring to axle-cap. Of the two occurrences ofdai釱(轪) found on slip no. 276， the first one refers to the axle-case and the second to the linchpin.

Key words:Marquis Yi of Zeng’s Tomb， axle-cap， linchpin，qi軝，jian鍵

The ConceptsXiangandShenin the TsinghuaWujiManuscript

Li Junming

Abstract:The phenomena related to the states of matter are generally calledxiang象 in the TsinghuaWuji五紀(jì) manuscript， they includeshusuan數(shù)算， i. e. referring to their numbered sequence from one to five and their inter-calculation; thewushi五時 or five phenomena associated with the seasons， composed of wind， rain， cold， heat anddayin大音， thewudu五度 or the five means of expressing measure， thewuzheng五正 or the five ways of adjusting interpersonal relations， and thewuzhang五章 or the five manifestations of colors. Everything that can be perceived through the senses， such as shape， sound， light， taste， temperature， weight， and even rituals of human activity， all full under the scope ofxiang. The notion corresponding toxiangisshen神， which has a wealth of meanings and can refer to the spirit， consciousness， but also to gods and immortals worshiped by people. There are 70 gods administering respective areas listed in theWuji， and their opposites， ghosts， which cause illness to human beings. Above heaven and earth， the gods and human beings， there is a concept oftiandao天道 in charge of everything， it is probably some sort of natural law.

Key words:Tsinghua bamboo manuscripts，Wuji五紀(jì)，xiang象，shen神， natural law

Combined Interpretation of the Tsinghua “Nai Ming” and “Si Gao” Bamboo Manuscripts， the Zhu Liang Bell Inscription and Other Texts

He Jiaxing

Key words:Tsinghua bamboo manuscripts，，yinnei淫內(nèi)，yinyi〈nei〉 淫泆〈內(nèi)〉， cultural identity

An Examination into the First Emperor of Qin’s Command to “Collect the Weapons of the Realm”： Based on the Collection and Restriction of Weapons among the Public Recorded in the Yuelu Qin Manuscripts

Shang Yuchang

Abstract:After the unification under the Qin the command to “Collect the weapons of the realm” was issued. It focuses on the collection and restriction of weapons among the public. Based on the “Law of Carrying Official Weapons In Secret” 私挾縣官兵令 from the Yuelu Qin Bamboo Slips， it was required to retrieve usable official weapons among the public. The policy was meant to supplement military supplies to support the unification war and other military movements afterwards. Laws such as the “Law Eleven” 令十一 and the “Law for Carrying Swords and Long-Handled Sabres by the New People” “新黔首挾劍兵長刀令” were more about imposing restrictions on the private holding weapons of new citizens， with a special focus on long weapons. These laws were intended to establish a state monopoly on heavy weaponry in the newly-occupied territories and to weaken the potential to revolt from people in Northeast China. With this in mind， we need to reinterpret what Jia Yi賈誼 referred to as “To collect the weapons from the realm” in order “to weaken the people of the realm”.

Key words:the First Emperor of Qin， to collect the weapons from the realm， Yuelu Qin manuscripts， New citizens

Tentative Explanation ofdajuin theXingdeSilk Manuscript

Liu Jianmin

Abstract:The characterju居 was added between two lines in theRiyuefengyuyunqizhan日月風(fēng)雨云氣占 text of theXingDeA silk manuscript from the Han Dynasty tomb in Mawangdui， Changsha. The scribe should have added the graph after the graphtu徒 in line 12， and not after the wordda大 in line 11. However， the scribe of theXingDeB manuscript copied the wordjuafter the worddaby mistake， resulting in the confusion over the meaning of the worddaju大居. In addition， there is a damaged and illegible graph before the phraseyuewuguang月毋(無)光 inXingDeB， the scribe likely erroneously wrotezhao朝 there， and after discovering his mistake， he circled it to indicate that it was to be disregarded.

Key words:silk manuscript，XingDe，daju

A Study on the HaihunYiZhanHan Manuscript

Yi Xiao

Abstract:TheYiZhan易占 manuscript was unearthed from the tomb of the Marquis of Haihun. It is an indirectly copied compilation of divination regulations and methods， closely related to Liuren六壬. The hexagram names used inYiZhanare closest to the current version of theChanges周易， in opposition to the idea from the Han dynasty onwards that the hexagram names could not be interpreted. The slips containing the hexagramWeiyou未酉mistakenly copied the contents fromGuimei歸妹 andWeiji未濟. TheTuan彖 andJiao餃 hexagrams are copied from two anticlockwise circular patterns， providing two new sequences for the 64 hexagrams. There are three ways to match Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches with the hexagrams inYiZhan： the “Eight Heavenly Stems matching the Four Corners” 八天干配四維， the “Najia” 納甲， and the “Liujiamatching hexagram” 六甲配卦 systems.The division of time and space into sixteen parts as seen in theYiZhanwas a popular theory in the Qin and Han dynasties， and is also reflected in the Liuren divination disk 六壬式地盤 and theHuainanzi淮南子. Its matching of hexagrams to time and space is very similar to thefenguazhiri分卦值日system recorded in theYiweijilantu易緯稽覽圖， which suggests they are very close in origin. There were at least three kinds of animal and insect systems in theYiZhan： the “Thirty-six animals and insects” 三十六禽 (and the “Twelve Zodiac Animals”)， the “Eight animals representing the Eight Diagrams” and the “Four Spirits” 四靈. These documents unearthed from the tomb of the Marquis of Haihun are of great significance to the study of Confucian classics， Yi-studies， divination and many other aspects of the Western Han Dynasty.

Key words:Marquis of Haihun，YiZhan易占， divination， study of Confucian classics， the Gua-qi theory 卦氣說

Interpretation on the Historical Pronunciation ofXu

Li Hao

Abstract:This paper is to interpret the historical phonological evolution of the character xu壻 from the Old Chinese to the modern Mandarin by means of historical phonology with paleographic materials (e.g. characters born on bamboo strips of Qin Dynasty and clerical scripts) as well as phonological counterpart (e.g. rhymes of the Middle Chinese， Fanqie， and dialects materials of Early Modern Chinese and Modern Chinese). What’s more， its classification of rhyme in Old Chinese is revised; and the error of the grapheme in theShuowenjiezi說文解字is corrected and interpreted.

Key words:xu壻 characters on bamboo strips of Qin Dynasty ， clerical scripts classification of rhyme in Old Chinese ， historical phonological evolution