王銀星
在英語(yǔ)句子中,為了避免出現(xiàn)重復(fù)、為了有效突出文中的新信息、為了使文章中的上下文做到緊密連接而省略掉句子中的某些重復(fù)的句子成分,這種現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)為省略。高考試題對(duì)省略的考查,主要是對(duì)不定式中省略的考查、對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句中省略的考查、對(duì)倒裝句中省略的考查。下面,筆者將結(jié)合實(shí)例談?wù)劇?/p>
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1:不定式中的省略
①make,have等使役動(dòng)詞與hear,see,watch,feel等感官動(dòng)詞的后面跟不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,to 被省略;但這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中時(shí),或者動(dòng)詞不定式在做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等時(shí),to不可以被省略。②to 在want,glad,hope,forget,intend, be afraid等后時(shí),省略相同的部分時(shí)to被保留,但是若不定式的后面是be動(dòng)詞或者是have done時(shí),be動(dòng)詞與have應(yīng)被保留。③在can’t help but, prefer to do, rather than,why not, do nothing but等結(jié)構(gòu)中to可被省略。
例1:Tom saw 10 fish swim happily in the small pond yesterday.
例2:10 fish was saw to swim happily in the small pond yesterday.
例3:Wang Hai’s parents encouraged Jerry to go to the forest alone, but Wang Hai was afraid to go.(改錯(cuò))
解析:刪除第二個(gè)go。but后面的句子補(bǔ)充完整是:but Wang Hai was afraid to go to the forest alone,畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分與考例中的部分相同,故可被省略。
例4:When a major natural disaster occurs, we do nothing but to accept it.(改錯(cuò))
解析:刪除but后面的to。句中有do nothing but do sth.結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)這個(gè)固定結(jié)構(gòu)的使用規(guī)則可知,應(yīng)刪除accept前面的to。
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2:狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
在till,if,when,though,while,as if,as soon as,as,unless等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)是be動(dòng)詞,而且從句的主語(yǔ)又與主句的主語(yǔ)相同時(shí),或者從句的主語(yǔ)是it的時(shí)候,從句中的it和be動(dòng)詞一同被省略。
例5:When (he was)in senior school, he often went to the lake in the east of the campus to recite English words.
例6:If (it is)necessary, Danny will tell you why he didn't go to school.
例7:Zhang Hong should stay where the leaders let him stay unless asking to come out.(改錯(cuò))
解析:asking改成asked。本句是省略句,補(bǔ)充完整為:Zhang Hong should stay where the leaders let him stay unless (Zhang Hong is)asked to go to other place.
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3:倒裝句中的省略
①as在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有:名詞(形容詞、動(dòng)詞原形、副詞、分詞)+as/though+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞。如果被提前的表語(yǔ)是名詞且名詞前有冠詞時(shí),則需要省略冠詞,只把名詞置于句首。②在if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,若if引導(dǎo)的從句中有should,had或者were時(shí),且這三個(gè)詞被置于句首時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞if被省略,構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
例8:Try as Jack might all the ways he could think of, he still failed.
例9:Cornered as we were by the enemy, we still kept resisting.
例10:Had I money last Sunday, I would have lent it to him.=If I had money last Sunday, I would have lent it to him.
例11:A girl as she is, her courage is admirable.(改錯(cuò))
解析:去掉A。在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,被提前的“a girl”做表語(yǔ),置于句首時(shí)應(yīng)去掉冠詞A。
總之,省略句中有各種各樣的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),在解答相關(guān)的試題時(shí),教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生認(rèn)真思考易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),避免落入命題人設(shè)置的陷阱中。
語(yǔ)數(shù)外學(xué)習(xí)·高中版中旬2022年4期