朱亦邈 田君 吳曉宇
摘要:目的 研究雷公藤內(nèi)酯醇(Triptolide,TL)對(duì)人結(jié)直腸腺癌細(xì)胞Caco-2緊密連接蛋白(Zonula Occludens 1,ZO-1)表達(dá)的影響。方法 在Caco-2細(xì)胞建立腸黏膜屏障體外模型的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)熒光定量PCR、Western Blot和免疫熒光分析緊密連接蛋白ZO-1的表達(dá)變化。結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組相比,TL不同濃度組Caco-2細(xì)胞內(nèi)ZO-1基因和蛋白表達(dá)水平無(wú)顯著變化;TNF-α組ZO-1表達(dá)顯著降低;在不同濃度TL預(yù)保護(hù)后加入TNF-α,ZO-1表達(dá)水平隨加入藥物濃度的增加逐漸增加。對(duì)照組和TL不同濃度組內(nèi)ZO-1的免疫熒光染色均表現(xiàn)為整齊、連續(xù)且分布規(guī)律;TNF-α組熒光強(qiáng)度則明顯減弱,單層細(xì)胞散架且缺損,位于細(xì)胞邊界的蛋白染色較模糊,蛋白定位出現(xiàn)彌散和不連續(xù),表達(dá)信號(hào)減弱;在不同濃度TL預(yù)保護(hù)后加入TNF-α,ZO-1表達(dá)隨藥物濃度增加逐漸恢復(fù),最高濃度下信號(hào)最強(qiáng)。結(jié)論 TNF-α破壞單細(xì)胞層,且抑制ZO-1表達(dá),TL通過(guò)ZO-1促進(jìn)腸黏膜屏障緊密連接恢復(fù)。提示TL可能對(duì)腸黏膜屏障有一定保護(hù)作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:雷公藤內(nèi)酯醇;Caco-2細(xì)胞;腸黏膜屏障;緊密連接蛋白
中圖分類號(hào):R285.5?? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A?? 文章編號(hào):1007-2349(2022)01-0067-06
Effect of Triptolide on the Expression of Zonula Occludens Protein ZO-1 in Caco-2 Cells
ZHU Yi-miao1, TIAN Jun1, WU Xiao-yu3
(1. The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; 2. Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215600, China; 3. The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Provincial Hospitalof Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China)
【Abstract】Objective: To study the effect of triptolide (TL) on the expression of Zonula Occludens protein (ZO-1) in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells Caco-2. Methods: Based on the establishment of an intestinal mucosal barrier in Caco-2 cells, the expression changes of Zonula Occludens protein ZO-1 were analyzed by fluorescence quantitative PCR, Western Blot and immunofluorescence. Results: Compared with that of the control group, the expression levels of ZO-1 gene and protein in Caco-2 cells of TL different concentrations did not change significantly, and the expression of ZO-1 in TNF-α group was significantly reduced, As TNF-α was added after pre-protection with TL different concentrations, the expression level of ZO-1 gradually increased with the increase of the concentration of the added drug. The immunofluorescence staining of ZO-1 in the control group and the TL different concentration groups showed neat, continuous and regular distribution. The fluorescence intensity of the TNF-α group was significantly weakened, and the monolayer cells were scattered and defective. The protein staining at the cell boundary was blurred and the protein localization was diffuse and discontinuous, and the expression signal was weakened. As TNF-α was added after pre-protection with TL different concentrations, the expression of ZO-1 gradually recovered with the increase of drug concentration, and the signal was strongest at the highest concentration. Conclusion: The TNF-α destroys the monolayer and inhibits the expression of ZO-1. The TL promotes the restoration of Zonula Occludens protein of the intestinal mucosal barrier through ZO-1. It suggests that the TL may have a protective effect on the intestinal mucosal barrier.
【Key words】Triptolide; Caco-2 Cells; Intestinal Mucosal Barrier; Zonula Occludens Protein
炎癥性腸病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一組累及胃腸道的慢性炎癥性疾病,且常伴有終生頻繁復(fù)發(fā)的傾向[1]。IBD的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制迄今還未明確,目前普遍認(rèn)為腸黏膜屏障功能的紊亂在IBD發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用[2]。
腸黏膜屏障主要包括腸上皮細(xì)胞及細(xì)胞間的連接。其中,腸上皮緊密連接是最為重要的連接方式,在維持腸粘膜結(jié)構(gòu)完整性和正常功能中發(fā)揮重要作用。緊密連接[3]主要由咬合蛋白(Occludin)、閉合蛋白(Claudins)和ZO-1(Zonula Occludens 1)三種主要蛋白構(gòu)成,而ZO-1專有的集中在緊密連接,且對(duì)緊密連接功能的發(fā)揮有著重要作用。
雷公藤內(nèi)酯醇(Triptolide,TL)是從中草藥中提取的有效活性成分,廣泛應(yīng)用于自身免疫病、移植排斥[4]。已有研究表明TL能夠促進(jìn)IBD大鼠模型的腸黏膜損傷的修復(fù)和屏障功能的恢復(fù)[5]。但是,TL對(duì)于受損腸屏障的保護(hù)機(jī)制尚未有研究報(bào)道。故而,本研究擬通過(guò)Caco-2腸上皮細(xì)胞模型,檢測(cè)相關(guān)緊密連接蛋白ZO-1的表達(dá)變化,初步探索其可能的機(jī)制,為腸粘膜屏障的損傷和修復(fù)機(jī)制進(jìn)一步提供理論依據(jù),為藥物的研發(fā)提供新的方向。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)胞 Caco-2人結(jié)直腸腺癌細(xì)胞(human colon carcinoma cell line,Caco-2)購(gòu)于中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海生科院細(xì)胞資源中心。
1.1.2 主要儀器及試劑 CO2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱,Thermo公司生產(chǎn);熒光倒置顯微鏡,Olympus公司生產(chǎn);倒置相差顯微鏡,Leica公司生產(chǎn);DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基、谷氨酰胺、非必須氨基酸、FBS和0.25%-EDTA胰蛋白酶消化液均購(gòu)自Gibco公司;Transwell 24孔System購(gòu)自Corning公司;Rabbit Polyclonal to ZO-1購(gòu)自Proteintech公司;Anti-Rabbit IgG,HRP-linked Antibody購(gòu)自Cell Signaling公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 Caco-2腸黏膜屏障模型的建立與評(píng)估 本課題組在前期實(shí)驗(yàn)中選用Caco-2細(xì)胞建立腸黏膜屏障體外模型,具體操作參考吳茂軍建立的方法及評(píng)估指標(biāo)[6],并已通過(guò)形態(tài)學(xué)觀察、旁路通透性檢測(cè)、單層細(xì)胞完整性及細(xì)胞極性四個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)全面評(píng)價(jià)了模型的可靠性和有效性,在此過(guò)程中,我們同時(shí)觀察了TL對(duì)Caco-2細(xì)胞沒(méi)有細(xì)胞毒性的影響。
1.2.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組 實(shí)驗(yàn)總共分為8組:A:對(duì)照組;B:TL低劑量5ng/mL(13.87nmol/L)組;C:TL中劑量10ng/mL(27.74nmol/L)組;D:TL高劑量20ng/mL(55.49nmol/L)組;E:對(duì)照+10ng/mL TNF-α(31.96nmol/L)組;F:10ng/mL TNF-α(31.96nmol/L)+TL低劑量5ng/mL(13.87nmol/L)組;G:10ng/mL TNF-α(31.96nmol/L)+TL中劑量10ng/mL(27.74nmol/L)組;H:10ng/mL TNF-α(31.96nmol/L)+TL高劑量20ng/mL(55.49nmol/L)組。
第0d時(shí)將Caco-2細(xì)胞接種至Transwell小室,正常培養(yǎng);7d時(shí),隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和TL組,對(duì)照組常規(guī)培養(yǎng),TL組培養(yǎng)液中添加不同劑量(5ng/mL,10ng/mL,20ng/mL)TL培養(yǎng)液;21d時(shí),E,F(xiàn),G,H組加入10ng/mL的TNF-α。
1.2.3 RT-PCR檢測(cè)zo-1基因的表達(dá) 收集各組細(xì)胞,采用TRIzol法提取RNA。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒RevertAidTM First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit(Thermo公司)進(jìn)行逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)。根據(jù)zo-1基因的mRNA序列設(shè)計(jì)RT-PCR反應(yīng)引物:GAPDH:Primer-F:5-AGAAGGCTGGGGCTCATTTG-3;Primer-R:5-AGGGGCCATCCACAGTCTTC-3.ZO-1:Primer-F:5-TATCCCGAGGAAATGATGAGGC-3;Primer-R:5-TCGTATCTGTATGTGGGCTGCT-3.RT-PCR反應(yīng)采用SYBR Green MiX試劑(Thermo公司),總反應(yīng)體系20 μL,體系如下:SYBR Green mix 10 μL、Primer-F(10 μmol)1 μL、Primer-R(10 μmol)1 μL、cDNA 1 μL、ddH2O 7 μL。RT-PCR反應(yīng)條件:94 ℃,10 min;40個(gè)循環(huán)(94 ℃,20 s;55 ℃,20 s;72 ℃,20 s),在延伸階段收集熒光;熔解曲線分析:94 ℃,20 s;60 ℃,1 min;95 ℃,15 s。各組細(xì)胞均以內(nèi)參基因gapdh校正目的基因,實(shí)驗(yàn)至少重復(fù)3批樣本,每個(gè)樣本均重復(fù)3次,使用2-ΔΔCT 法相對(duì)定量分析。
1.2.4 Western Blot檢測(cè)ZO-1蛋白的表達(dá) 提取各組細(xì)胞總蛋白;BCA蛋白定量試劑盒(BIOSHARP)測(cè)定蛋白濃度;GAPDH配制12%的分離膠,ZO-1配制6%的分離膠;常規(guī)程序電泳,直至目的蛋白充分跑開;電泳結(jié)束后,以350mA,60min轉(zhuǎn)膜;轉(zhuǎn)膜結(jié)束后,將膜置于封閉液中室溫封閉1 h;滴加一抗(1∶1000)4℃孵育過(guò)夜;用TBST洗滌3次;每次5 min,二抗(1:5000)室溫孵育1 h;再用TBST洗滌6次,每次5 min,取1 mL ECL顯色液顯色1 min。
1.2.5 免疫熒光檢測(cè)ZO-1蛋白的表達(dá) 在各組細(xì)胞的Transwell小室內(nèi)加PBS洗滌三次;4%多聚甲醛固定20 min;再用0.5% TritonX-100通透20 min;5%FBS溶液室溫封閉15 min;按照1∶100的比例配制ZO-1一抗溶液,4℃過(guò)夜;熒光二抗室溫1 h;Hoechst 室溫5 min;將小室的膜切下來(lái),封片,觀察、拍照。
1.2.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用STATA V 10.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件對(duì)樣本數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,應(yīng)用GraphPad Prism 5統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)作圖,數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果用(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行比較、分析,以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 ZO-1基因水平表達(dá)變化 收集各組細(xì)胞,提取RNA,進(jìn)行RT-PCR檢測(cè),實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示:相比A組對(duì)照組,B、C、D組細(xì)胞內(nèi)目的基因ZO-1表達(dá)水平無(wú)明顯變化,其中TL最高濃度(20 ng/mL)組中目標(biāo)基因ZO-1表達(dá)水平稍微有所增加(1.2±0.04 vs 1±0.04);E組TNF-α(10 ng/mL)組內(nèi)目標(biāo)基因ZO-1表達(dá)水平顯著降低(0.38±0.02 vs 1±0.04);在不同濃度的TL(5ng/mL,10 ng/mL,20 ng/mL)預(yù)保護(hù)基礎(chǔ)上加入TNF-α后,目標(biāo)基因表達(dá)水平隨著加入藥物濃度的增加逐漸增加,其中最高藥物劑量下,目標(biāo)基因表達(dá)水平相比TNF-α組增加最為顯著(0.82±0.03 vs 0.38±0.02)。見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 ZO-1蛋白水平表達(dá)變化 收集各組細(xì)胞,提取總蛋白,進(jìn)行Western Blot檢測(cè),實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示:相比A組對(duì)照組,B、C、D組細(xì)胞內(nèi)目的蛋白ZO-1表達(dá)水平無(wú)明顯變化,其中TL最高濃度(20 ng/mL)組中目的蛋白表達(dá)水平稍微有所增加;E組TNF-α(10 ng/mL)組內(nèi)目的蛋白ZO-1表達(dá)水平顯著降低(0.33±0.02 vs 1±0.05);在不同濃度的TL(5 ng/mL,10 ng/mL,20 ng/mL)預(yù)保護(hù)基礎(chǔ)上加入 TNF-α后,目的蛋白表達(dá)水平隨著加入藥物濃度的增加逐漸增加,其中最高藥物劑量下,目的蛋白表達(dá)水平相比TNF-α組增加最為顯著(0.92±0.02 vs 0.33±0.02)。見(jiàn)圖2。
2.3 ZO-1蛋白免疫熒光表達(dá)定位 對(duì)照組和TL 3個(gè)加藥濃度組(即A,B,C,D組)細(xì)胞ZO-1免疫熒光染色呈現(xiàn)為整齊、連續(xù)且分布規(guī)律;TNF-α(10 ng/mL)即E組免疫熒光區(qū)域顯示明顯減弱,整個(gè)單層細(xì)胞散架,缺損,在細(xì)胞邊界染色的蛋白變模糊,蛋白定位出現(xiàn)彌散和不連續(xù),表達(dá)顯著減弱;在不同濃度的TL(5 ng/mL,10 ng/mL,20 ng/mL)預(yù)保護(hù)基礎(chǔ)上加入TNF-α后,ZO-1表達(dá)隨著藥物濃度增加逐漸增加,最高濃度下效果最為顯著。見(jiàn)圖3。
3 討論
炎癥性腸?。↖BD)是一類由多種不明病因引發(fā)的、異常免疫介導(dǎo)的腸道慢性且復(fù)發(fā)性炎癥。IBD已成為一種全球性疾病[7],其發(fā)病率和患病率正呈現(xiàn)逐年上升的趨勢(shì)。雖然IBD的病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制至今尚未完全明確,但腸黏膜屏障功能的紊亂一直占據(jù)研究熱點(diǎn)首位[2]。
腸黏膜屏障是腸腔中將細(xì)菌、抗原等與腸黏膜固有層免疫細(xì)胞隔離開的結(jié)構(gòu),其中,腸上皮屏障是腸黏膜屏障中最為重要的組成部分,是機(jī)體內(nèi)外環(huán)境間的機(jī)械保護(hù)[8]。腸上皮屏障包括黏著連接、橋粒及緊密連接,緊密連接通過(guò)形成頂端閉鎖結(jié)構(gòu),從而發(fā)揮封閉相鄰細(xì)胞間隙、調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞旁通透性的作用,這對(duì)于腸黏膜屏障功能的穩(wěn)定有重要作用。ZO-1蛋白則專有的集中在緊密連接,且對(duì)緊密連接功能的發(fā)揮有著重要作用。
ZO-1蛋白是第一個(gè)被證實(shí)的緊密連接蛋白[9],相對(duì)分子量約為225kDa,含有多個(gè)功能結(jié)構(gòu)域,可以發(fā)揮多種功能。ZO-1在緊密連接復(fù)合體中具有重要的樞紐作用,不僅連接了跨膜蛋白還連接了細(xì)胞骨架蛋白,是緊密連接復(fù)合體的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。除了結(jié)構(gòu)上的功能,ZO-1還使得上皮細(xì)胞具有極性,還參與了細(xì)胞的增殖、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)等。Kim Y等[10]以葡聚糖硫酸鈉(DSS)誘導(dǎo)的IBD小鼠模型中,腸黏膜緊密連接被破壞,ZO-1表達(dá)水平顯著降低。Luo D等[11]破壞了血腦屏障緊密連接后,ZO-1表達(dá)下調(diào)。所以,ZO-1表達(dá)水平的下降亦或是活性的降低,都會(huì)破壞緊密連接的穩(wěn)定性,進(jìn)而影響細(xì)胞功能。
ZO-1的異常表達(dá)通常代表緊密連接的功能異常,進(jìn)而可以反映出腸黏膜屏障功能的異常,故而測(cè)定ZO-1的表達(dá)情況,可以直接觀察到屏障功能的變化。本研究中TNF-α組內(nèi)目的蛋白ZO-1表達(dá)水平顯著降低;免疫熒光區(qū)域顯示ZO-1熒光強(qiáng)度明顯減弱,單層細(xì)胞散架且缺損,位于細(xì)胞邊界的蛋白染色較模糊,蛋白定位出現(xiàn)彌散和不連續(xù),表達(dá)顯著減弱,此時(shí)Caco-2細(xì)胞間的緊密連接被破壞。
雷公藤內(nèi)酯醇(TL)是所有雷公藤二萜化合物之中免疫抑制作用最強(qiáng)的單體[12],具有顯著的抗炎效果。在不同濃度的TL(5 ng/mL,10 ng/mL,20 ng/mL)預(yù)保護(hù)基礎(chǔ)上加入TNF-α后,目的蛋白表達(dá)水平隨著加入藥物濃度的增加逐漸增加,其中最高藥物劑量下,目的蛋白表達(dá)水平逐漸恢復(fù)至正常水平。在TL的保護(hù)下,Caco-2細(xì)胞間的緊密連接逐漸恢復(fù)。從本研究結(jié)果可以推測(cè)TL對(duì)細(xì)胞單層的形成起促進(jìn)作用,且TL通過(guò)ZO-1促進(jìn)腸黏膜屏障緊密連接的恢復(fù)。但ZO-1具體是如何影響緊密連接,以及ZO-1作為藥物靶點(diǎn)的可能性還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2021-10-18)