王嵩

英語(yǔ)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，在學(xué)習(xí)與使用中，如果不注意就會(huì)出現(xiàn)誤用語(yǔ)態(tài)、誤用構(gòu)成、漏用詞、誤用詞或詞組等錯(cuò)誤。下面把這些情況分別作示例解析，供同學(xué)們參考。

一、誤用語(yǔ)態(tài)

練習(xí)：選擇正確的答案

1. —Have all the students known that our class will visit the factory this afternoon？

—Yes， every student _____ about it.

A. tells B. told C. was told D. has told

2. —Dad， please open the door， it _____.

—OK， dear. I’m coming.

A. locks B. locked C. is locked D. was locked

3. The story _____ hundreds _____ years ago.

A. was happened; of B. happened; of C. was happened; × D. happened; ×

4. Everyone says the novel is worth _____ because it’s very interesting.

A. to read B. read C. reading D. to be read

簡(jiǎn)析：

1.常會(huì)有“人作主語(yǔ)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”的思維定式，從而誤選主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

2.本句為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，而非被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。

3.用漢語(yǔ)思維選會(huì)選擇A項(xiàng)。happen為不及物動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

4.此處為主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。

答案：C、B、B、C。

主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作是主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作不是主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的、不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

二、誤用構(gòu)成

練習(xí)：用所給詞適當(dāng)?shù)男问教羁?/p>

1. It （say） that over 20 people died in the big fire.

2. This song is often （sing） by children.

3. This dictionary mustn’t （take） away from the library.

4. The new computers （give） to the village school as presets last month.

解析：1.“據(jù)說(shuō)”譯為“It’s said that”，故應(yīng)填is said。

2. sing的過(guò)去分詞應(yīng)為sung，故應(yīng)填sung。

3. 含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 過(guò)去分詞，應(yīng)填be taken。

4. 應(yīng)填一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)即were given。

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成不能缺“be”和“過(guò)去分詞”任何一個(gè)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)各種時(shí)態(tài)均取決于be的變化。

三、漏用詞

練習(xí)：把下列句子改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1. Someone bought him a present.

誤：A present was bought him.

析：him后加for。帶雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，要在間接賓語(yǔ)前加介詞“for”或“to”。如：

A present was given to everybody here. 這兒人人都給了一份禮物。

2. We often hear Ken apologize to his teacher.

誤：Ken is often heard apologize to his teacher.

析：heard后加to。在see/ hear / feel / let / make等動(dòng)詞后，作“賓補(bǔ)”的不定式在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)下不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后要還原to。如：

The man was made to pay for the lost book. 這個(gè)人要賠丟失的書(shū)。

3. We must take good care of the old man.

誤：The old man must be taken good care.

析：care后加of。構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是一個(gè)整體，不能省略動(dòng)詞后的介詞或副詞。如：

The letter was written to him. 這封信是寫(xiě)給他的。

四、誤用詞或短語(yǔ)

練習(xí)：翻譯句子

1. 我習(xí)慣于起早。

誤：I’m always used to get up early.

正：I’m always used to getting up early.

析：used to do sth.意為“過(guò)去常常做某事”，be used to doing意為“習(xí)慣于……”。如：

She used to drink a cup of tea before he had breakfast. 以前，她常在早餐前喝一杯茶。

2. 郵票是用來(lái)寄信的。

誤：Stamps are used by sending letters.

正：Stamps are used to send / for sending letters.

Be used to do / for doing sth.均有“被用于……”之義，be used by意為“被……所使用”。

3. 中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨是1921年7月1日誕生的。

誤：The Party was found on July 1st， 1921.

正：The Party was founded on July 1st， 1921.

析：found為find的過(guò)去分詞，意為“找到”;而founded為found的過(guò)去分詞，意為“建立”“成立”。