隋東菊
在英語(yǔ)教材中,我們經(jīng)常見(jiàn)到by這個(gè)詞,在不同的語(yǔ)句中,它有不同的含義,而且用法也比較靈活。現(xiàn)將其含義及具體用法講述如下,供同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)參考。
一、用作介詞
1. 表示靜態(tài)的位置,相當(dāng)于beside或near,意為“在……旁邊”“靠近……”。例如:
Our teacher is standing by the window. 我們的老師正站在窗戶(hù)旁邊。
His mobile phone is on the table by the bed. 他的手機(jī)在床邊的桌子上。
2. 表示動(dòng)態(tài)的位置,意為“從……旁邊經(jīng)過(guò)”“路過(guò)……”。例如:
She walked by me and didn’t say hello to me. 她從我旁邊走過(guò),沒(méi)有跟我打招呼。
We went by the post office when we went to his house. 我們?nèi)ニ視r(shí)路過(guò)郵局。
3. 表示方法、方式,意為“以……為手段”“靠……”“乘……”等。例如:
The teacher began his lesson by asking some questions. 老師以提問(wèn)的方式開(kāi)始了上課。
He lost his key to the door. He had to enter his office by the window.
他把鑰匙丟了。他不得不通過(guò)窗戶(hù)進(jìn)入辦公室。
They left Beijing for home by air on August 1st. 他們于8月1日乘飛機(jī)離開(kāi)北京回家了。
The hospital is far from here. Why not go there by taxi? 醫(yī)院離這里很遠(yuǎn)。為什么不坐出租車(chē)去呢?
4. 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作接觸某人身體某部位,大致相當(dāng)于by means of,意為“用”“依靠”,常和take,hold,catch等動(dòng)詞連用。例如:
We hold the elephant by his teeth. 我們握住了那頭大象的牙齒。
The policeman caught the thief by arm. 警察抓住了那個(gè)小偷的胳膊。
Don’t pull me by my arm. It hurts. 不要拉我的胳膊。它受傷了。
5. 表示標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或依據(jù),意為“根據(jù)”“按照”。例如:
What’s the time by your watch? 你的表現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了?
Sugar is sold by the pound. 糖是論磅出售的。
6. 表示時(shí)間關(guān)系,它相當(dāng)于no later than,意為“不遲于……”“到……為止”。例如:
Will you please finish the work by Wednesday? 請(qǐng)你在星期三之前完成這份工作好嗎?
We had learned all the important grammars by the end of last term.
到上學(xué)期期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)完了所有重要的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目。
7. 表示行為的主體,常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),意為“被……”“由……”。例如:
English is spoken by many people. 許多人講英語(yǔ)。
The novel was written by Lu Xun. 這部小說(shuō)是魯迅寫(xiě)的。
All the buildings were built by the builders. 所有這些大樓都是建筑者們建造的。
8. 表示“逐個(gè)”“逐批”的意思,常見(jiàn)于one by one(一個(gè)一個(gè)地),little by little(一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地),step by step(一步一步地),day by day(日復(fù)一日地)等短語(yǔ)中,且這些短語(yǔ)在句中常用作狀語(yǔ)。例如:
After meeting, the people went out of the meeting room one by one. 散會(huì)后,人們一個(gè)個(gè)地走出會(huì)議室。
That ship sank little by little. 那艘船逐漸下沉了。
When we learn to do something, we must do it step by step.
當(dāng)我們學(xué)做某件事時(shí),我們必須一步一步地來(lái)。
Our school is becoming larger day by day. 我們學(xué)校正一天天地變大。
二、用作副詞
1. 表示“從旁邊走過(guò),在附近”。例如:
He walked by without noticing me. 他從旁邊走過(guò),沒(méi)有注意到我。
There was nobody by at that time. 當(dāng)時(shí)旁邊沒(méi)有人。
2. 表示“時(shí)間的過(guò)去”。例如:
Time went by so slowly after she had gone away. 自從她離開(kāi)之后,時(shí)間過(guò)得好慢。
Now that the winter was by, there was no more danger of snow.
既然冬天過(guò)去了,再也沒(méi)有下雪的危險(xiǎn)了。
三、用于某些固定短語(yǔ)
1. by the way表示“順便說(shuō)一聲”“順便問(wèn)一下”,常作插入語(yǔ)。例如:
By the way, where is Li Lei, do you know? 順便問(wèn)一下,你知道李雷在哪里嗎?
2. (all) by oneself表示“獨(dú)自地……”“單獨(dú)地……”。例如:
Grandpa is ill. You can’t leave him by himself at home. 爺爺生病了。你不能把他獨(dú)自留在家里。
Yin Li cleaned the classroom after school all by herself. 放學(xué)后,尹麗一個(gè)人打掃了教室。
3. by far表示“……得多”“尤其、更、最”。常用于修飾形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),表示數(shù)量、程度。例如:
I think this book is by far the most interesting of all. 我覺(jué)得這本書(shū)是所有的書(shū)中最有趣的。
The taller girl is the more beautiful by far of the two. 這個(gè)高個(gè)子女孩是這兩個(gè)女孩中更漂亮的一個(gè)。
4. by chance/ accident表示“偶然地”。例如:
She found the truth by chance/ accident. 她偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了事情的真相。
5. by and by表示“不久以后”“不一會(huì)兒”。例如:
By and by, we knew each other and made friends each other. 不久以后,我們彼此認(rèn)識(shí)并且成了朋友。
初中生學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)·提升版2021年1期