中國近代啟蒙是在中西方交流的歷史背景下出現(xiàn)的。相比于明末清初時通過貿(mào)易形式進(jìn)行文化交流，晚清民初的中西文化交流無論是在內(nèi)容上還是方式上都要豐富得多。由中國學(xué)者創(chuàng)辦的英文期刊《天下》月刊涉及書法、美術(shù)、雕刻、建筑、園林等內(nèi)容，主動系統(tǒng)地向西方介紹了中國文化；由朱啟鈐興辦的中國營造學(xué)社延聘和資助了梁思成、劉敦楨等學(xué)兼中西的學(xué)者參與研究，通過古代建筑實例的調(diào)查測繪和中外文獻(xiàn)資料的搜集整理，為中國造園史研究做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。在此背景下，本土傳統(tǒng)園林研究的持續(xù)與部分外國園林觀念的引入構(gòu)成了中國園林發(fā)展的內(nèi)外2種動因。中國近代園林的發(fā)展因此跨越了創(chuàng)新變革的鴻溝，逐漸從傳統(tǒng)向現(xiàn)代過渡：皇家園林由于社會制度的變更而發(fā)生了性質(zhì)上的轉(zhuǎn)變，近代城市公園、租界園林、僑商園林等新的園林類型陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)，在園林中往往會見到西方文化的影子，甚至出現(xiàn)了一些所謂中西合璧的園林。

1842年第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后，中國進(jìn)入了開埠時代。最早從南部的廣州、福州等沿海城市開始，一路沿寧波、上海北上，后至天津等地；稍晚有南京、九江、漢口等長江沿線城市，直至重慶開埠，此時距沿海第一批城市開埠已近半個世紀(jì)。在此期間，西方列強(qiáng)開始在這些城市中設(shè)立租界并建設(shè)公園，1868年在上海公共租界中建造了中國首座公共花園外灘公園，后又陸續(xù)建造了虹口公園、法國公園（現(xiàn)為復(fù)興公園）、極司非而公園（又曾名兆豐公園，現(xiàn)為中山公園）。這些租界公園雖然限制國人使用，但是將西方已日益成熟的“公園”帶進(jìn)了中國，豐富了園林類型、引入了外來技藝，起到了一定積極作用。中國風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)泰斗孫筱祥先生的經(jīng)典之作花港觀魚公園在設(shè)計手法上也受到了部分租界公園的影響，在營造中國傳統(tǒng)園林中植物主題特色的同時，融入了英國自然風(fēng)景園中的疏林草地等元素。

2021年4月6日，正逢廈門大學(xué)建校100周年，陳嘉庚先生的長孫出席了校慶活動并為百年廈大獻(xiàn)上了誠摯的祝賀。其祖父陳嘉庚先生是中國近代著名的愛國華僑領(lǐng)袖，他一生熱心捐資興學(xué)，在回國后陸續(xù)創(chuàng)辦了集美大學(xué)、廈門大學(xué)等高校。陳先生雖然不是風(fēng)景園林師，但是他把新加坡的城市建設(shè)經(jīng)驗帶回中國，對中國風(fēng)景園林的發(fā)展做出了卓越貢獻(xiàn)。此外，他本人也參與到校園的規(guī)劃中，提出了集約用地、合理布局等建設(shè)性意見。中國近代史上有許多像陳先生這樣的有識之士，將其所學(xué)應(yīng)用于實踐，為中國風(fēng)景園林的建設(shè)與發(fā)展貢獻(xiàn)了力量。如19世紀(jì)末左宗棠于西北邊陲之地開展酒泉名勝的公園建設(shè)，20世紀(jì)初，林則徐主持疏浚福州西湖并修建公園，以及朱啟鈐改建皇家社稷壇為北京第一座公園。這些早期真正由中國人親自修建、具備現(xiàn)代公共服務(wù)性質(zhì)的公園推動了近代城市園林的發(fā)展，留下了寶貴財富。

半個多世紀(jì)以來，中國風(fēng)景園林的學(xué)科建設(shè)和理論完善同樣得益于中西方的文化交流。一批行業(yè)前輩學(xué)習(xí)西方的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗，回國后投身于中國風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)的發(fā)展，奠定了學(xué)科的理論基礎(chǔ)。如畢業(yè)于哈佛大學(xué)的余森、程世撫，他們將美國風(fēng)景園林的思想與理念帶回國內(nèi)；留學(xué)于東京的陳植、劉敦楨則通過出版著作介紹了日本的造園理念。

縱觀中西方園林交流的歷史，自15世紀(jì)地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)開始至20世紀(jì)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束，以歐洲“中國熱”和中國園林的近代轉(zhuǎn)型2次事件持續(xù)時間較長且影響顯著。19世紀(jì)之前，中國園林通過商業(yè)、宗教等途徑傳到了西方世界并掀起熱潮，中式園林不僅出現(xiàn)于海外的休閑娛樂空間中，還啟發(fā)了自然風(fēng)景園的產(chǎn)生，推動了西方園林藝術(shù)的發(fā)展。20世紀(jì)初，國內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)研究缺乏導(dǎo)致西方設(shè)計師和民眾對中國園林的認(rèn)識有限，阻礙了其在海外的進(jìn)一步傳播。在此背景下，近代中國園林研究先驅(qū)們對于傳統(tǒng)園林不遺余力的探尋、記載和推介，促成了中國園林的傳承與傳播。童寯先生的《中國園林—以江蘇、浙江兩省園林為主》是第一篇由中國學(xué)者撰寫、向海外詳盡介紹中國園林的英文文章，他將其放在世界園林體系的大環(huán)境中進(jìn)行比較研究，為當(dāng)時國際學(xué)者開展中國園林研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)。童寯先生的文章還影響到了瑞典學(xué)者喜龍仁（Osvald Sirén），喜龍仁的著作《中國園林》對中國園林的考察首開先河，被視為西方學(xué)界關(guān)于中國園林的第一部系統(tǒng)性著作。自此，越來越多的中外學(xué)者投身此列，他們致力于中國園林的研究并借此發(fā)聲，以期向世界展現(xiàn)中國園林的真實面貌。

回望近代中國，無數(shù)先輩砥礪山河、篤行不怠，準(zhǔn)確認(rèn)識和把握了歷史發(fā)展的重要轉(zhuǎn)折。從西學(xué)東漸到師夷長技，中國逐步與世界并軌，近代園林在2種異質(zhì)文化的碰撞中留下了獨特的歷史與藝術(shù)價值。此后，中西方交流未再有過徹底中斷，隨著世界格局變遷和中國文化的復(fù)興，中西方園林文化的對話形式也歷經(jīng)幾番更新，一部分古典園林名揚海外，一部分當(dāng)代園林兼容并蓄，前者在受眾層面拓寬，后者向創(chuàng)新層面縱深，二者并舉，協(xié)同發(fā)展，這樣的發(fā)展勢頭，可謂方興未艾。

Modern Landscape Architecture from the Perspective of Cultural Exchanges Between China and the West

The Modern Enlightenment of China appeared in the historical background of cultural exchanges between China and the West. Compared with cultural exchange in the form of trade in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the cultural exchange between China and the West in the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China is much diversified both in its content and means.T'ien Hsia Monthly, an English periodical founded by Chinese scholars, involves calligraphy, fine arts, sculpture, architecture and landscape architecture etc. to actively and systematically introduce Chinese culture to the West. The Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture,founded by Zhu Qiqian, hired and funded scholars who studied both Chinese and Western cultures, such as Liang Sicheng and Liu Dunzhen, to participate in the research. Through the investigation and mapping of typical ancient architectures and the collection and collation of Chinese and foreign literature, it has made great contribution to the study of Chinese gardening history. In this context, the continuous research of Chinese traditional garden and the introduction of foreign garden concepts constituted the internal and external motivation of the development of Chinese gardens. Consequently,the development of modern Chinese landscape architecture crossed the innovation and transformation gap and gradually transited from traditional to modern. Catering to the change of social systems, the nature of royal gardens changed, and new types of gardens, such as modern urban parks, concession gardens, and overseas Chinese merchants' gardens, emerged one after another.Western culture was often seen in gardens and there were even some so-called Chinese and Western combining gardens.

After the first Opium War in 1842, China entered the port opening era,starting from coastal cities in the south, such as Guangzhou and Fuzhou, all the way to the north along Ningbo and Shanghai, and then to Tianjin and other places. Later, some cities along the Yangtze River, including Nanjing, Jiujiang,and Hankou, started to open their ports, followed by Chongqing. At this time,it was nearly half a century since the first batch of coastal cities opened their ports. During this period, Western powers began to set up concessions and build parks in these cities. In 1868, the first public garden in China, the Bund Park (once called Public Park), was built in Shanghai public concession. Later,the Hongkou Park, French Park (now Fuxing Park) and Jessfield Park (later Zhaofeng Park, and now Zhongshan Park) were built successively. Although these concession parks banned Chinese people, they brought the increasingly mature western “parks” into China, enriched the types of gardens, introduced foreign gardening skills, and played a positive role in the construction of Chinese modern gardens. For instance, the masterpiece of Sun Xiaoxiang, the leader of China's landscape architecture industry, the Huagangguanyu Park, was also influenced by some concession parks in terms of design techniques. In addition to creating the plant theme features in traditional Chinese gardens, this park also integrated the sparse wood and grassland elements in English landscape gardens.

At the 100th anniversary of Xiamen University on April 6, 2021,the eldest grandson of Mr. Tan Kah Kee, attended the celebration and offered sincere congratulations to the centennial of Xiamen University. His grandfather, Mr. Tan Kah Kee, was a famous patriotic overseas Chinese leader in modern China, who devoted all his life to donating money and establishing schools. After returning China, he successively established Jimei University,Xiamen University and some other universities. Mr. Tan Kah Kee was not a landscape architect, but he brought Singapore's urban construction experience back to China and made outstanding contribution to the development of Chinese landscape architecture. In addition, he participated in the planning of campus himself and put forward constructive suggestions, such as the intensive landuse and reasonable layout of buildings. In the modern history of China, many other people with insight like Mr. Tan Kah Kee applied what they had learned to practice and contributed to the construction and development of Chinese landscape architecture. For example, in the late 19th century, Zuo Zongtang constructed Jiuquan Park in the northwest frontier; in the early 20th century, Lin Zexu took charge of the dredging project of Fuzhou West Lake and constructed a park there, and Zhu Qiqian reconstructed the Imperial Divine Temple into the first park in Beijing. It is just these parks which were built by Chinese in the early period and which had the nature of modern public services that has promoted the development of modern urban landscape architecture and left Chinese people precious wealth.

For more than half a century, Chinese landscape architecture benefited from the cultural exchanges between China and the West in the respects of discipline construction and theoretical perfection. A group of predecessors in this industry went abroad to learn the advanced experience of the West and devoted themselves to the development of China's landscape architecture industry after they returned homeland, which laid a theoretical foundation for the discipline. For example, Yu Sen and Cheng Shifu, graduates of Harvard University, brought the ideas and concepts of American landscape architecture back to China, and Chen Zhi and Liu Dunzhen, who studied in Tokyo, introduced Japanese gardening ideas through publishing works.

In retrospect to the history of landscape architecture exchange between China and the West, from the beginning of the great geographical discovery in the 15th century to the end of World War II in the 20th century, the European“China fever” and the modern transformation of Chinese landscape architecture lasted for a relatively long time and made a relatively significant impact. Before the 19th century, landscape architecture with Chinese style was spread through commercial, religious and other means to the western world and set off a boom there. Chinese-styled gardens appeared in overseas leisure and recreational places. Moreover, it inspired the emergence of natural landscape gardens and promoted the development of western garden arts. At the beginning of the 20th century, due to a lack of academic research at home and abroad, western designers and the public had only limited understanding of Chinese gardens, which hindered its further spread abroad. Against this background, the research pioneers of modern Chinese landscape architecture spared no efforts to explore, record and promote the traditional Chinese gardens, which helped to bring about the inheritance and spread of Chinese garden. Mr. Tung Chuin'sChinese Garden-On the Gardens of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provincesis the first English article written by Chinese scholars to introduce Chinese garden in detail overseas. Mr. Tung Chuin put Chinese garden into the world landscape architecture system and made a comparative study of them, which laid a solid foundation for international scholars to carry out Chinese garden researches at that time. Besides, Mr. Tung Chuin's article also influenced the Swedish scholar Osvald Sirén. HisGardens of Chinais the first to investigate Chinese gardens and is regarded as the first systematic work on Chinese gardens in western academic circles. Since then, more and more Chinese and foreign scholars have started to devote themselves to the study of Chinese gardens, hoping to unveil the true Chinese gardens to the world.

Looking back at modern China, countless forefathers have endeavored to recognize and grasp the important turning point of historical development.Learning from the West to practicing in the East, China has gradually integrated with the world. In the collision of the two heterogeneous cultures,modern landscape architecture in China has left its unique historical and artistic value. Since then, China and the West have never completely interrupted their cultural exchanges. With the change of the world pattern and the rejuvenation of Chinese culture, the form of dialogue between Chinese and western garden cultures has undergone several reforms. Some classical gardens become famous overseas, and some contemporary gardens start to be inclusive. The former broadened its audience, while the latter deepened its innovation. With classical gardens and contemporary gardens developing simultaneously in coordination,the modern landscape architecture of China is in the ascendant.

Deputy Editor-in-Chief: ZHAO Jing

May 10th, 2021