建筑設(shè)計：陳栗/山鼎設(shè)計

1 設(shè)計概況

西藏自然科學(xué)博物館是集自然科學(xué)、科學(xué)技術(shù)和文化藝術(shù)于一體的綜合型公共博物館。設(shè)計創(chuàng)作靈感來自于西藏自然意境和藏族文化，藏族日常生活和祭禮均來自于以星辰變遷設(shè)定的藏歷，故取案名為“星河”（Constellation）。潔白的建筑立面與遠(yuǎn)處覆蓋皚皚白雪的山頂遙相呼應(yīng)，猶如純潔的哈達(dá)飄飛在拉薩河畔。具有濃厚藏文化意蘊(yùn)的建筑表皮紋案通過屋頂和玻璃外墻，將藏區(qū)充沛的光照詩意地演繹在入口大廳和公共空間，實現(xiàn)遮陽和節(jié)能方面的平衡，并高度融入人文情懷和科技智慧。

2 設(shè)計過程

藏區(qū)山體高大雄偉，建筑多依山而建，白色簡潔，與自然景觀交融。項目主體設(shè)計呈現(xiàn)起伏不規(guī)則的天際線，沿東西長向延伸的建筑外形從山脊的形狀汲取靈感，仿佛自然形成第三條山脈，呼應(yīng)南北山脈和周邊自然環(huán)境。建筑總體形態(tài)呈現(xiàn)兩臂伸展熱情迎賓的姿態(tài)，宛如敬獻(xiàn)給遠(yuǎn)方貴賓圣潔的哈達(dá)，兩側(cè)白色方盒展陳建筑的抹灰工藝，進(jìn)一步展現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)地域建筑的文化氛圍。

覆蓋主體的裝飾紋案，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)可溯源至藏傳佛教的象征元素“曼荼羅”和藏民民俗文化“吉祥結(jié)”的結(jié)合與交融，表達(dá)“和諧”“緊密聯(lián)系”與“無極”的思想。通過對基本紋案的研究，衍變出了3 種代表性的紋案，并通過有效組織，使得整個建筑立面和屋面呈現(xiàn)由南到北有趣的疏密變化，通過對立面通透率的調(diào)節(jié)，有效控制室內(nèi)的光線與溫度，表達(dá)了建筑尊重自然科學(xué)、弘揚(yáng)文化傳承、探求科技知識的立意。

為了能呈現(xiàn)完美的視覺效果，建筑外立面的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)體系和裝飾構(gòu)件保持相同的圖形布置，并承擔(dān)支撐裝飾圖形構(gòu)件和自身重量，從地面到屋頂中空布置，不設(shè)任何其他支撐構(gòu)件，在高強(qiáng)度地震地區(qū)實現(xiàn)高大空間的設(shè)計施工突破。

3 價值和意義

拉薩是西藏自治區(qū)的首府，其大型公共建筑多以傳統(tǒng)藏式風(fēng)格呈現(xiàn)，本項目集自然、科技、文化三館于一體，重點普及科學(xué)知識、傳播科學(xué)思想、弘揚(yáng)文化傳承，是公眾了解西藏高原獨(dú)特豐富的自然資源、神奇多樣的生態(tài)環(huán)境的窗口。設(shè)計通過抽象的建筑語言，以多種突破性的當(dāng)代建筑美學(xué)設(shè)計手段，呼應(yīng)周邊自然環(huán)境，為地區(qū)和公眾呈現(xiàn)了尊重歷史文化、走向未來的民族精神，項目將成為西藏地區(qū)最重要的、實施科教興藏、普及科學(xué)文化知識的大型公益性設(shè)施之一。

項目設(shè)計注重可持續(xù)系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用，采用太陽能熱水作為供暖熱源、設(shè)立全空氣空調(diào)供暖和低溫?zé)崴?xì)管地板輻射供暖兩個獨(dú)立的兩管制閉式循環(huán)系統(tǒng)，提高了冬季及日常建筑使用的熱穩(wěn)定性和舒適性。夏季則采用自然通風(fēng)和機(jī)械通風(fēng)，滿足室內(nèi)使用溫度和新風(fēng)品質(zhì)。項目的整體能源設(shè)計，實現(xiàn)了被動與主動、熱與電系統(tǒng)供能模式的融合，充分利用當(dāng)?shù)貎?yōu)勢能源系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)零排放的突破，獲“英國綠色建筑評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”（BREEAM）認(rèn)證?！?/p>

項目信息/Credits and Data

業(yè)主/Client:西藏自治區(qū)政府/Government of Tibet Autonomous Region

地點/Location:中國西藏自治區(qū)拉薩市/Lhasa,Tibet,China

主持建筑師/Principal Architect:陳栗/Andrew Chen

設(shè)計團(tuán)隊/Design Team:劉駿翔，文學(xué)軍，易偉，袁自強(qiáng)，雷汲川，吳勇，曾建，何新程，蘭楠/David Liu,WEN Xuejun,YI Wei,John Yuan,LEI Jichuan,WU Yong,ZENG Jian,HE Xincheng,LAN Nan

設(shè)計顧問/Design Consultant:René-Henri Arnaud，Nicolas Papier，應(yīng)朝君/YING Chaojun（法國AS建筑工作室）

綠建顧問/Green Building Consultant:馮雅，司鵬飛，高慶龍/FENG Ya,SI Pengfei,GAO Qinglong

基地面積/Base Area:133,334 m2

建筑面積/Building Area:33,000 m2

設(shè)計時間/Design Period:2009-2014

建成時間/Completion Time:2016

攝影/Photos:車剛，舒赫建筑攝影，毛峰/CHE Gang,SHAPS,MAO Feng

1.2 功能平面/Functional plans

3 夜景/Night view from outside

4 北立面/North fa?ade

5 黃昏遠(yuǎn)景/Distant view at dusk

Tibet Natural Science Museum is a public museum which has combined the collections of Natural Science,Technology,and Art from the Tibetan Region.

The design concept was inspired by Tibetan artistic conception and local culture.Many daily activities and rituals in Tibetan culture follow a special Calendar based on the movement of the stars;hence,the name "Constellation".

The white fa?ade of the building echoes the distant mountain top covered with snow,and the form inspired by the Hada.A symbolic piece of fabric deeply inscribed in the roots of Tibetan culture glides with elegance across the Lhasa River.

Through the roof and the glass curtain wall a distinct integration of Tibetan culture exists.The architectural pattern of the fa?ade reflects the coexistence of light and shadow that dwells within the Tibetan region.In turn,creating eco-friendly lighting in the common areas and entrance without sacrificing aesthetics of the space.A flawless integration of modern-day technology and natural human resources.

The mountains in Tibet are known for their grand and majestic nature,and "constellation"merges with the mountainous landscape through a lucid white fa?ade.The design scheme of the project offers an undulating and erratic skyline.The white exhibition halls on both sides of the building represent the empty canvas,ready to be shaped and formed by the artist into a better version.The structure arches to a posture of open arms,ready to welcome guests and present the holy Hada,which is traditionally dedicated to the act of receiving distinguished guests.The walls of exhibition halls were finished with white plaster using local traditional construction methods to further express the regional architecture characteristic.

The composition of the exterior pattern covering the main body can be traced back to the combination and blending of symbolic Tibetan culture.Inspiration was drawn from the "mandala"of Tibetan Buddhism and the "auspicious knot" of Tibetan folk culture,expressing "harmony" "close connection" and "limitless".The organisation of the three selected patterns on the fa?ade grants the building skin with interesting density changes from south to north through the exploration and research of different patterns.By adjusting the permeability of the patterned fa?ade,the light and temperature are efficiently controlled in the interior spaces.The design expresses respect toward natural science in architecture,promotes cultural heritage,and explores scientific and technological knowledge.

6 立面局部/Part of fa?ade

7 中庭剖面/Section of atrium

For the best visual effects,the structural steel components of the building facade are designed to match the hung aluminium patterned decorative veneers,and the structural frame supports the curtain wall system and its weight without additional structural columns from the ground to the roof.This is a breakthrough in the design and construction of large spaces in the high-strength earthquake region.

Lhasa is the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region,and most of the large-scaled public buildings are designed in traditional Tibetan style.This project combines nature science,technology,and culture,which focuses on popularizing scientific knowledge,disseminating scientific ideas,and promoting cultural heritage.The Museum is a place where the public can better understand the unique and abundant natural resources in the Tibetan Plateau's ecological environment.It echoes the surrounding natural environment through abstract architectural language and various means of contemporary aesthetic architectural design.As a landmark building,it presents the national spirit of respecting history and local culture.While moving towards the future,the Museum will become one of the most important large scale public facilities in Tibet.

The project design focuses on the application of sustainable practices.We utilise solar as the heating source to establish two independent double-pipe closed-loop heating systems.This allows an all-air system for general air conditioning and low-temperature hot water capillary floor radiant heating,improving its functionality during winter and daily operations.In summer,natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation are adopted to ensure a comfortable indoor temperature and fresh air quality.The project's overall energy design accomplishes the integration of both passive and active energy and thermal to electrical energy supply modes.By employing the local superior energy system,Tibet Natural Science Museum has achieved a breakthrough in zero-emission.This innovation has led to the project being certified by the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM).□

8 中庭/Atrium