建筑設計：魏浩波，謝勁松/西線工作室

崔蘇壩彝文化中心暨國際露營基地挺立在中國貴州西北部海拔近2000m 的山地高原之上，一片被群山環(huán)繞的高原草甸間。建筑從一片坡度近20°的斜坡中拔地而出，直面空曠的草原與群山。該中心的設立意在助力當?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)，同時試圖再生與發(fā)展當?shù)厥谰由贁?shù)民族——彝族的建構文脈。

西線工作室長年在復雜地形地貌的次文化圈層鄉(xiāng)土帶實踐，其工作方法的成長源于對這些鄉(xiāng)土共同體特殊文化系統(tǒng)的洞悉與深入研究，以及對這些族群共同體天賦的儀式結構、聚落肌理、族群模式、建造方法、慶典、象形文字等有著敏銳的感知與深切的領悟，進而將這些獨特的特征融入到系統(tǒng)的工作方法中，在具體實踐中嘗試建立起與當?shù)刈迦汗餐w的生活方式及集體記憶相錨固的紐帶關系。

在上千年的黔西北彝族傳統(tǒng)中，彝族一直將這片高山草甸視作祭祀天地與舉行“火把節(jié)”的神圣之地，“火把節(jié)”的儀式源于當?shù)匾妥宓墓爬蟼髡f：一位著名的彝族勇士以特制的松樹火把阻止蝗災的肆虐……這類特殊的“儀式助記符”在西線工作室的工作方法中始終被列為重要的研究對象，彝文化中心設計中即以此作為切入點，以多層次的氛圍制造方式再現(xiàn)與發(fā)展了古老彝族的儀式空間體系：首先，在曠野中植入一孤寂純凈的建筑體量，恍如一方老彝族祀壇；進而在其上覆以四邊凹弧形的出挑屋面，試圖回應來自周圍山野的張力，這組獨特的屋面天光/雨水收集系統(tǒng)達成了建筑與天地的互語，屋面雨水經(jīng)有序的天溝排水系統(tǒng)，貫穿露天院落群，融入大地——潤物細無聲；同時，這些院落群亦有效地處理了內(nèi)部空間深處的采光與通風；與此同步，室外入口處那組折疊起伏的坡道與彌漫著儀式光芒的狹長的垂吊天井的組合，令人聯(lián)想起“火把節(jié)”中在山道中盤旋行走的趕“火”隊伍。

彝文化中心在建構處理上采用基于當?shù)厣笆癁楣橇系那逅炷良夹g，通過回收坍塌的彝族老民屋的木板，與使用當?shù)厮赡景宓慕M合方式制作混凝土模板，由此在混凝土表面“拓印”出具有當?shù)卦兜哪炯y肌理。室內(nèi)，粗野質(zhì)感的混凝土與黑色的金屬窗框及吊頂，框出室外壯麗的風景，使之成為室內(nèi)場景的主角。文化中心的平面是兩個結構單元組群配置相應使用功能的自由平面，這種空間的組織方式源于貴州山地村落傳統(tǒng)的“單元成組”技術，室內(nèi)懸掛的天井組紅光與黃光交織，與下部多層次的暗空間形成比對，共同營造出一種神圣的空間氛圍與儀式性場所，這種多層次灰度空間氣氛凸顯出外部明媚的風景，置身其間的游客，化身為周遭群峰與廣闊草原的沉靜觀光者與綿長歷史的凝視者。

1 孤峰—草原—群山/Butte– grassland– mountains

彝文化中心嘗試了以彝族共同體社會的“儀式”結構同當代平行功能體系相整合的空間模型；以象征彝族儀式系統(tǒng)的片段組群同古彝族老木屋翻模的混凝土粗野工藝相咬合，建立云頂高原上族群匿名的無字豐碑+“共識歷史”的“助記符”結構，以拓片般的助記方式錨固族群共同體的集體記憶；以“孤峰＋草原＋群山”的地景結構成就宏大壯闊的場所意志，這是高原壩子上一片意味深遠的歷史印刻與時光共享。□

項目信息/Credits and Data

使用用途/Function:接待區(qū)，茶廳，餐廳，彝文化祭祀與展陳區(qū)，辦公區(qū)/Reception,tea room,restaurant,Yi culture ritual and exhibition area,office

地點/Location:中國貴州省大方縣/Dafang County,Guizhou Province,China

客戶/Client:貴州省大方縣油杉河旅游區(qū)投資開發(fā)服務有限公司/Guizhou Province Dafang County Keteleeria River Tourism Investment Development Service Co.,Ltd.

建筑設計/Architects:西線工作室/West-line Studio

主持建筑師/Principal Architects:魏浩波，謝勁松/WEI Haobo,XIE Jingsong

設計團隊/Design Team:駱玉丹，李元平，付定平，周可，歐明華，劉斌/LUO Yudan,LI Yuanping,FU Dingping,ZHOU Ke,OU Minghua,LIU Bin

現(xiàn)場控制/Field Control:魏浩波，付定平/WEI Haobo,FU Dingping

結構體系/Structural System:混凝土框架結構/Concrete frame structure

材料/Material:老木屋混凝土體系+當?shù)厮赡净炷馏w系，黑色金屬，中空玻璃/Concrete frame structure,black metal frame,insulating glass

總建筑面積/Total Floor Area:2569 m2

造價/Cost:12,450,000 CNY

竣工時間/Completion Time:2021.03

攝影/Photos:魏浩波，謝勁松/WEI Habo,XIE Jingsong

2 入口坡道院落系統(tǒng)與主體/Entrance ramp courtyard system and main body

On a northwestern Guizhou typical plateau,placed at an altitude of above 2000 metres inbetween untouched grassland hills and mountains,stands the Cuisuba Yi Cultural & Visitor Centre.Completed in March 2021,the center was conceived as a landmark to pay homage to the Yi people,an ethnic minority group mainly residing in the mountainous regions and rural areas of South-West China.The building grows from a slope with a maximum inclination of 20°,surrounded by mountains all around.Commissioned by the Dafang County Tourism Development Office in order to provide the basic structure to promote tourism in the area,the centre aims to become a symbolic landmark celebrating Yi culture.

West-line Studio has a long history in building cultural centres in Guizhou Province influenced by local ethnic minorities;the practice's approach has always been characterised by deep research on the peculiar cultural aspects of a particular community,which can result in rites,fabrics,patterns,construction techniques,festivals,and pictograms,in order to bring some of these unique features into the design,creating a strong bond with local culture and collective memory.

From thousands of years the Yi people have been considering the plateau a sacred place where to worship heaven and earth and celebrate the "Torch Festival",one of their main holidays.The festival commemorates a famous Yi wrestler who used pine tree torches to stop a locusts' plague.Symbolism has always played a significant role in West-line Studio's work,and in this cultural centre the connection with Yi ancient culture appears through many layers.First of all the building mass resembles the traditional Yi sacrificial altar,where sacrifices refer to offers.The building,in its simple volume,is characterised by an iconic roof consisting of a concave arc.This architectural gesture aims to show a response to the tension of nature,and again refers to Yi sacrificial symbols.The roof establishes a dialogue with the sky through the skylight system and the concave shape works as a rain water collector.Via the gutter system the water vertically flows through the outdoor courtyards,creating a vertical connection of light and rain throughout the building,while solving the internal lighting and ventilation.Another important feature are the outdoor concrete ramps,which with their folding and undulating movement evoke the ascension procession over to hills during the "Torch Festival".

3 首層室內(nèi)坡道鳥瞰/Bird's eye view of indoor ramp on the ground floor

4 層疊的素混凝土墻板/Laminated plain concrete wallboard

5 總平面/Site plan

6 屋頂平面/Roof

7 首都層室外坡道/Outdoor ramp on the ground floor

The construction system is based on concrete technology mixed with local sand.The sand mixture helps engrave the wooden texture given by the formworks,realised with recycled panels from declining Yi houses and local pine wood.The rough concrete interiors together with the black metal window frames and ceiling help frame the outdoor landscape,making it the protagonist of the interior atmosphere.The three floors are characterised by a free plan where two structural units combine all the main service functions;this spatial production mode derives from the so called "group technology",typical of Guizhou mountain villages.The indoor hanging courtyard,with its red and yellow skylights,creates a holy atmosphere and a sense of ritual space from the contrast between the coloured lights and dark space below.The indoor atmosphere is kept dark on purpose so the outdoor bright scenery can stand out;visitors become silent wonderers of the wild grassland and are immersed in a suspended time as gazers of history.

The spatial indoor layout combines the ritual mnemonic structure with a more contemporary functional system.Yi Cultural Centre aims to become a wordless monument which stands alone resembling Yi culture through symbolism and in creating a ritual atmosphere.□

8 三層懸吊的儀式天井/Hanging ritual courtyard on the second floor

9.10 剖面/Sections

11 排水系統(tǒng)/Drainage system

12 天窗及路徑系統(tǒng)/Skylights and circulation system

14 三層彝文化祭祀展陳廳北側—垂吊的白光天井與室外壯麗的風景/The north side of the Yi Culture Ritual Exhibition Hall on the second floor– the hanging white light patio and the magnificent view outside