山東
近年高考英語應(yīng)用文寫作的形式主要是書信,考生平時(shí)的練習(xí)也是以書信為主??墒?020 年新高考Ⅰ卷(供山東省使用)的應(yīng)用文寫作卻是讓考生為校英文報(bào)寫一篇新聞報(bào)道,報(bào)道一次5 公里越野賽跑活動(dòng)。考生習(xí)慣了“寫書信”,在考場(chǎng)上碰到這種文體的作文的確有些“出乎意料”,難怪有些考生交完卷后感覺心里沒底,不過他們也反映自己非常熟悉寫作“題材”。該題材關(guān)注體育、關(guān)注健康,雖然考生有話可寫,可有些考生走出考場(chǎng)后還是會(huì)擔(dān)心自己寫的文章不合乎要求。除了格式外,報(bào)道的難點(diǎn)還在于怎么描寫“活動(dòng)”和如何寫“反響”。
下面,結(jié)合學(xué)生的習(xí)作,筆者將具體探討新聞報(bào)道的寫法及需要注意的相關(guān)問題。
【例】[2020 年新高考Ⅰ卷(供山東省使用)應(yīng)用文寫作]假定你是李華,上周日你校舉辦了5 公里越野賽跑活動(dòng)。請(qǐng)你為校英文報(bào)寫一篇報(bào)道,內(nèi)容包括:
1.參加人員;
2.跑步路線:從校門口到南山腳下;
3.活動(dòng)反響。
注意:1.寫作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80 左右;
2.題目已給出。
【試題分析】該題要求考生用英語報(bào)道上周日學(xué)校舉辦的5 公里越野賽跑活動(dòng)及反響,寫作形式為新聞報(bào)道,且屬于開放性作文。題目給出了標(biāo)題和三個(gè)寫作要點(diǎn),但除了跑步路線外,其余皆需考生自由組材,這就給了考生自由發(fā)揮的余地,可以“避難就熟”,充分展示自我。
考生可從“參加人員”“跑步路線”和“活動(dòng)反響”三個(gè)方面組織材料進(jìn)行寫作,且要使每個(gè)要點(diǎn)都能得到明確、具體的體現(xiàn)。第一段為“導(dǎo)語”+“活動(dòng)內(nèi)容(要點(diǎn)1和2)”;第二段為結(jié)語,即“活動(dòng)反響”。結(jié)語通常為一句話或一段話,不能省略。(本文也可把“導(dǎo)語”提取出來,自成一段,分三段進(jìn)行寫作)
【學(xué)生習(xí)作】
A Cross-Country Running Race
Last Sunday,our school organized a cross-country running race(1).There were a lot of people attended the race(2).The students all stood cheering by the running route,which from the school gate and ended at the foot of Nanshan Mountain(3).Surprisingly,all the runners finished the race at last(4).Tired though they were,the players all regarded the race as a good way of building up their bodies(5).
【習(xí)作評(píng)析】該學(xué)生習(xí)作第一句開門見山地介紹了“學(xué)校組織了一次越野賽跑活動(dòng)”,找齊了要點(diǎn),時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用正確,還使用了一些高級(jí)詞匯(如cheering,surprisingly,regard,build up 等),這表明作者具有一定的詞匯基礎(chǔ)和遣詞造句的能力。
但是習(xí)作中也出現(xiàn)了結(jié)構(gòu)不清等重大問題。首先,在用詞造句方面存在問題:句2 中attended 與race 搭配不當(dāng);句5 中players 不適合指“長(zhǎng)跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員”;句2 為“漢語式英語”,attended (應(yīng)為took part in)前缺少主語who;句3對(duì)應(yīng)要點(diǎn)“跑步路線”,卻出現(xiàn)在了從句中,給人以“備胎”的感覺。其次,活動(dòng)描寫過于“模糊”:如句1 缺少“越野賽跑里程(5 公里)”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息;句2中使用了過于“籠統(tǒng)”的詞語a lot of people 等。最后,“活動(dòng)反響”不突出:句5 是“運(yùn)動(dòng)員的賽后感受”,但糅合在了主體活動(dòng)中,給人以缺少“結(jié)語(活動(dòng)反響)”的印象。
根據(jù)該學(xué)生習(xí)作中出現(xiàn)的問題以及新聞報(bào)道的文體特點(diǎn),筆者認(rèn)為寫新聞報(bào)道時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面的問題:
該新聞報(bào)道標(biāo)題已給出,考生要做的就是完成正文的寫作??煞謨刹糠謥韺?,第一部分為“導(dǎo)語+活動(dòng)描寫”(主體),第二部分為結(jié)語,寫“活動(dòng)反響”。從篇幅來看,第一部分應(yīng)占篇幅的三分之二,第二部分占三分之一(或略少些)。這兩部分獨(dú)自成段,且相輔相成,緊密相連。這樣寫出的報(bào)道結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、主次分明、詳略得當(dāng)。
確定好段落內(nèi)容之后就要考慮如何開好頭(寫導(dǎo)語)。開頭句通常要扼要地介紹消息的核心內(nèi)容,可自成一段或與文章的主體(活動(dòng)內(nèi)容)合在一起。“毛病”不能出現(xiàn)在第一句上。譬如上述習(xí)作的作者雖使用了開門見山的方式,但不慎弄丟了“5 公里”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息。句1 可做如下修改(提供不止一種方式,僅供參考):
a.Last Sunday,our school organized a 5-kilometre cross-country running race.(good)(作定語)
b.In order to enrich our school life,our school organized a cross-country running race last Sunday,which covered 5 kilometres.(better)(放在從句中)
c.Last Sunday,our school organized a 5 000-metre cross-country running race,aiming to enrich our school life.(best) (aiming to...=in order to...)(轉(zhuǎn)換表述)
【溫馨提示】有考生使用了“5-kilometre cross-country running race was held (by our school) last Sunday.”,此句雖無語法錯(cuò)誤,但“頭重腳輕”,應(yīng)盡量回避。相比而言,還是用上面幾句話作導(dǎo)語好些。
導(dǎo)語不可或缺,且要寫好,使其既能提綱挈領(lǐng),也能給讀者以良好的第一印象。
一篇80 詞左右的短文,不允許“拖泥帶水”,進(jìn)行過多渲染?;顒?dòng)描寫應(yīng)以“參加人員”“跑步路線”兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)為主線,以時(shí)間為序安排相關(guān)語句,再通過適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)(如比賽結(jié)果或氛圍襯托等)進(jìn)行充實(shí)。具體來說,應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn):
新聞報(bào)道是有“主題語境”的,把其要點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展成句子,與平時(shí)的“獨(dú)立造句”是不同的,不僅要求句子無語病,還要求其符合主題語境和語言習(xí)慣,語言要簡(jiǎn)潔明了,細(xì)節(jié)要具體。
在體育報(bào)道中,通常多使用具體詞語,少使用籠統(tǒng)詞語,譬如使用具體數(shù)字,會(huì)給讀者以一種科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)挠∠?,讓人信服。?xí)作中句2(對(duì)應(yīng)“參加人員”)中的a lot of people 就太籠統(tǒng)了,缺少嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性,可從選詞和使用數(shù)字方面修改潤(rùn)色。
a.There were 100 students who competed in the race.(good)
b.120 participants selected from three grades participated in the race.(better)
c.90 participants took part in/joined in the (running) race,of whom thirty were girls.(best)
d.80 students aged over 17 years old competed in the race.(best)
分析:此語境中用participants 比people/students 更專業(yè);用100、120、90、80 等具體的數(shù)字比使用籠統(tǒng)的a lot of 更合乎文體,給人以詳實(shí)的印象。
句3(對(duì)應(yīng)“跑步路線”)是本題的難點(diǎn)之一,也最能體現(xiàn)考生靈活運(yùn)用英語和處理難點(diǎn)的能力??砂言摼渲小颁秩練夥铡钡募?xì)節(jié)獨(dú)立出來進(jìn)行描寫或刪掉,讓“跑步路線”自成一句,突出其重要性。修改如下:
a.The running route went from the school gate to the foot of Nanshan Mountain.The students stood along the route,cheering.(good) (直譯)
b.The participants set out at the school gate,around the Lianhuashan Park,and finally arrived at the foot of Nanshan Mountain.(better) (意譯)(雖然沒有出現(xiàn)route,但線路非常明確)
在清楚了要點(diǎn)句的表達(dá)之后,可以通過添加細(xì)節(jié),使用連接詞、代詞(或副詞)等方式把它們串聯(lián)成一個(gè)中心明確、語義統(tǒng)一的段落。譬如可以在句2 中增加of whom twelve were girls/exchange students,來詳細(xì)說明“參加人員”;可以在句3 之后增加“(比賽開始和結(jié)束的)時(shí)間”以讓讀者了解比賽的“詳情”。請(qǐng)看修改后的“活動(dòng)”描寫:
【段落1】Last Sunday,our school organized a 5-kilometre cross-country running race,aiming to enrich our school life.90 participants took part in it,of whom twelve were girls.The running route went from the school gate to the foot of Nanshan Mountain.The race started at 9:00 am.During the event,the other students stood along the route,cheering.After two hours,all the racers finished the course.
【評(píng)析】修改后的段落,按時(shí)間順序簡(jiǎn)要敘述了賽跑“活動(dòng)”,且使用了具體數(shù)字和與話題(體育)相關(guān)的詞匯(participant,event,racer),語言簡(jiǎn)練,“要點(diǎn)”突出,恰當(dāng)?shù)靥砑恿思?xì)節(jié)、連詞和比賽時(shí)間等,使表達(dá)更加有序、流暢。
體育反響通常有一定的“傾向性”,重在“活動(dòng)的意義”。為了避免“跑偏”,學(xué)生在寫作時(shí)首先要確定好人稱,然后按照“一點(diǎn)兩面”的寫作模式進(jìn)行寫作,即第二段首句應(yīng)點(diǎn)出“評(píng)價(jià)”或“益處”,然后再?gòu)慕∩砗推焚|(zhì)/毅力培養(yǎng)兩個(gè)方面展開??捎胣ot only...but also;for one thing,for another;on the one hand,on the other hand;...as well 等連接。如習(xí)作中的句5 可獨(dú)立出來,改作“反響”,修改潤(rùn)色如下:
【段落2】
a.After the event,we all thought it a good way to exercise.It can build up our bodies,and help develop our strong will as well.(good) (用After the event 承接上文)
b.The activity was highly spoken of.Not only can it improve our physical quality,but it can also help cultivate perseverance.(better) (用The activity 承接上文)
【溫馨提示】寫“反響”要注意“活動(dòng)”的性質(zhì)和內(nèi)容?!吧硇慕】?physical and mental health)”是“體育活動(dòng)”常見的“反響”?!盎顒?dòng)”不同,反響也各有側(cè)重,如“長(zhǎng)跑”側(cè)重“培養(yǎng)意志品質(zhì)/毅力(character/perseverance)”;登山、課外采摘側(cè)重“親近自然(nature)、放松自己(relax)”;“球類活動(dòng)”側(cè)重“團(tuán)隊(duì)合作精神(spirit/cooperation)”等等。
最后,教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生把兩個(gè)修改后的段落合并在一起,組成一篇完整的新聞報(bào)道,完成規(guī)定的寫作任務(wù)。在合段時(shí)學(xué)生要注意段與段之間的意義連接,篇幅應(yīng)控制在80 詞左右,以80~100 詞為佳,此處不再重復(fù)展示。
【參考范文】
A Cross-Country Running Race
In order to enrich our school life,our school organized a 5-kilometre cross-country running race last Sunday.
90 participants took part in the race,of whom twelve were girls.They set off at the school gate at 8:30 am,around the Lianhuashan Park,and finally arrived at the foot of Nanshan Mountain.Difficult as it was,all the racers held on to the finish line.
The activity is highly spoken of.Not only does it arouse our awareness to take exercise and build up health,but it also does good to character training.
【新聞報(bào)道模板】
(注意:括號(hào)中斜體部分為靈活選用的部分,可調(diào)整位置,也可省略)
【遷移模擬】
(原創(chuàng))假定你是李華,你校為慶祝五四青年節(jié)在上周六舉辦了一次爬山活動(dòng)。請(qǐng)你為中學(xué)生英語報(bào)寫一篇文章,報(bào)道此次活動(dòng)。內(nèi)容如下:
1.參加人員;
2.地點(diǎn):蒙山(Mount Meng);
3.活動(dòng)過程;
4.你對(duì)這次活動(dòng)的評(píng)價(jià)。
注意:1.寫作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80 左右:
2.題目已給出。
A Mountain-climbing Activity
【參考范文】
A Mountain-climbing Activity
In order to celebrate May 4 Youth Day,our school organized a mountain-climbing activity last Saturday.About 300 participants took part in the event to climb Mount Meng,of whom 20 were young teachers.They set off at the foot of Mount Meng at 8:30 am.Tired as they were,they kept on and about two hours later,arrived at the top.Surprisingly,no one gave up halfway.
This activity is of great significance to us.Not only can it help us enjoy nature,but it can build up our bodies and cultivate our perseverance.We enjoyed ourselves greatly.