朱偉珍 甘泉 胡小銘
[摘要] 目的 探討心理-認(rèn)知-行為三聯(lián)康復(fù)干預(yù)用于創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷(TBI)患者,對(duì)其神經(jīng)功能、肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)及生活質(zhì)量的影響。 方法 選取2016年1月~2018年12月住院治療TBI患者74例,隨機(jī)分為干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組各37例。對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)干預(yù),干預(yù)組在對(duì)照組上加以心理-認(rèn)知-行為三聯(lián)康復(fù)干預(yù),兩組干預(yù)8周。評(píng)估兩組TBI患者干預(yù)前及干預(yù)8周后神經(jīng)功能指標(biāo)(CSS評(píng)分)、肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)(Fugl-Meyer評(píng)分)與生活質(zhì)量(QOL評(píng)分)變化情況。 結(jié)果 干預(yù)8周后,兩組CSS評(píng)分與Fugl-Meyer評(píng)分均較前分別顯著下降或顯著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),且干預(yù)組變化情況與對(duì)照組相比更顯著(P<0.05或P<0.01);同時(shí)兩組生活質(zhì)量指標(biāo)評(píng)分亦較前顯著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),且干預(yù)組上升情況與對(duì)照組相比更顯著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。 結(jié)論 心理-認(rèn)知-行為三聯(lián)康復(fù)干預(yù)用于TBI患者,能顯著改善神經(jīng)功能及肢體運(yùn)動(dòng),降低致殘率,提高其生活質(zhì)量。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷;心理-認(rèn)知-行為三聯(lián)康復(fù)干預(yù);神經(jīng)功能;肢體運(yùn)動(dòng);生活質(zhì)量
[中圖分類號(hào)] R651.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)22-0106-04
Effect of psychology-cognition-behavior triple rehabilitation intervention on neurological function, limb movement and quality of life of patients with traumatic brain injury
ZHU Weizhen1? ?GAN Quan2? ?HU Xiaoming1
1.Department of Emergency, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai? ?317000,China;2.Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai? ?317000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of psychology-cognition-behavior triple rehabilitation intervention on the neurological function, limb movement and quality of life of patients with traumatic brain injury(TBI). Methods Seventy-four patients with TBI who were hospitalized and treated from January 2016 to December 2018 were randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group, with 37 patients in each group. The control group was given routine intervention and the intervention group was given psychology-cognition-behavior triple rehabilitation intervention on the basis of the control group. The two groups were intervened for 8 weeks. The neurological function indicators (CSS score), limb movement(Fugl-Meyer score) and quality of life(QOL score) of the two groups before and after 8 weeks of intervention were evaluated. Results After 8 weeks of intervention, the CSS scores and Fugl-Meyer scores of both groups were significantly decreased or significantly increased compared to those before intervention (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the changes of the intervention group were more significant than those of the control group(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Meanwhile, the scores of quality of life indicators of the two groups were also significantly increased compared to those before intervention(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the increase of the intervention group was more significant than that of the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion The application of psychology-cognition-behavior triple rehabilitation intervention for TBI patients can significantly improve the neurological function and limb movement, reduce the disability rate and improve their quality of life.
[Key words] Traumatic brain injury; Psychology-cognition-behavior triple rehabilitation intervention; Neurological function; Limb movement; Quality of life
創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷(Traumatic brain iinjury,TBI)是神經(jīng)外科常見的急重癥,其致殘率及病死率較高,治療后常會(huì)遺留輕重不一的神經(jīng)、肢體及認(rèn)知方面運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙,影響患者日常社交能力,導(dǎo)致生活質(zhì)量低下[1,2]。以往對(duì)TBI的治療的著重點(diǎn)在于患者早期生命的搶救,而忽視療后神經(jīng)功能和肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙的早日康復(fù)[3,4]。心理-認(rèn)知-行為是將人類獲得知識(shí)的過程分為三個(gè)連續(xù)主動(dòng)措施,即心理-認(rèn)知-行為模式,已逐漸用于臨床與康復(fù)中,但其用于TBI干預(yù)中的作用鮮有報(bào)道[5]。本研究分析了心理-認(rèn)知-行為三聯(lián)康復(fù)干預(yù)用于TBI患者,觀察治療前后神經(jīng)、肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)和生活質(zhì)量的變化情況,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選擇2016年1月~2018年12月期間臺(tái)州醫(yī)院住院治療的TBI患者74例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:①患者均有顱腦外傷史,并經(jīng)頭顱CT或MRI等檢查證實(shí);②生命體征平穩(wěn),伴有不同程度神經(jīng)功能及肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]:①以往顱腦外傷史、顱內(nèi)占位病、腦卒中或精神疾病史者;②手術(shù)治療者;③存在言語障礙或認(rèn)知障礙者。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表分為兩組,各37例。兩組一般情況比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 方法
對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)干預(yù),包括心理干預(yù)、認(rèn)知教育及常規(guī)肢體功能訓(xùn)練等基礎(chǔ)干預(yù)措施。干預(yù)組在對(duì)照組上加以心理-認(rèn)知-行為三聯(lián)康復(fù)干預(yù),包括:①心理干預(yù):激發(fā)患者積極參加康復(fù)鍛煉的信念,克服悲觀、消極、焦慮及抑郁等負(fù)性不良情緒,端正自身態(tài)度,樹立起積極治療的信心。②認(rèn)知干預(yù):采用集中教育模式向患者及家屬講述TBI的臨床表現(xiàn)、治療、康復(fù)及預(yù)后等相關(guān)知識(shí),著重于要說明康復(fù)鍛煉的重要性,提高患者的認(rèn)知水平,徹底接受正確的信念,拋棄以往錯(cuò)誤的觀點(diǎn),使得患者及家屬積極主動(dòng)要求參與康復(fù)鍛煉:③行為干預(yù):主要是肢體的康復(fù)鍛煉,早期主要以肢體被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)為主,并根據(jù)患者情況逐漸增強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率及運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間;待患者病情平穩(wěn)后逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變向主動(dòng)鍛煉為主。兩組均干預(yù)8周。評(píng)估兩組TBI患者干預(yù)前及干預(yù)8周后神經(jīng)功能指標(biāo)、肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)與生活質(zhì)量變化情況。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 神經(jīng)功能和肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)估[8,9]? 神經(jīng)功能采用腦卒中患者臨床神經(jīng)功能缺損程度(China stroke scale,CSS)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,包括意識(shí)、言語、面癱、水平凝視、手肌力、步行能力、上肢與下肢肌力共8項(xiàng),總分45分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表明神經(jīng)功能受損越明顯。肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)采用Fugl-Meyer運(yùn)動(dòng)量表(Fugl-Meyer評(píng)分)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,包括關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)、上肢、下肢、平衡和四肢感覺恢復(fù)共5項(xiàng),總分100分。評(píng)分越高提示患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙越輕。
1.3.2 生活質(zhì)量評(píng)估[10]? 采用生活質(zhì)量(Quality of life,QOL)量表進(jìn)行評(píng)估,包括日常生活、物質(zhì)功能、社會(huì)功能和心理功能等四項(xiàng),單項(xiàng)分?jǐn)?shù)均為50分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表明生活質(zhì)量越好。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
應(yīng)用SPSS18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組CSS與Fugl-Meyer評(píng)分比較
干預(yù)前兩組CSS與Fugl-Meyer評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。干預(yù)8周后,兩組CSS評(píng)分與Fugl-Meyer評(píng)分分別較前顯著下降和顯著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01);且干預(yù)組變化情況與對(duì)照組治療后相比,差異更顯著(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分比較
干預(yù)前兩組生活質(zhì)量指標(biāo)各項(xiàng)評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。干預(yù)8周后,兩組生活質(zhì)量指標(biāo)評(píng)分均較前顯著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01);且干預(yù)組變化情況與對(duì)照組相比,差異更顯著(P<0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷是臨床較常見的急性損傷,其發(fā)生率僅次于四肢損傷。近年來隨著交通事故的增多,TBI的發(fā)病率亦呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),其不但給患者、家庭及社會(huì)帶來較大災(zāi)難,且患者治療后常遺留的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傷殘,影響日常工作和生活[11-13]。對(duì)創(chuàng)傷性顱腦損傷盡早治療,使患者個(gè)人日常生活能逐漸自理,有利于提高其生活質(zhì)量及疾病預(yù)后,促進(jìn)患者早日回歸社會(huì),這是患者個(gè)人及家庭的迫切要求。以往對(duì)TBI的治療主要著重于早期的搶救生命,而忽視了康復(fù)期的功能鍛煉,尤其是重癥TBI患者未予早期干預(yù)以及時(shí)有效地進(jìn)行康復(fù)鍛煉,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的傷殘率及后遺癥發(fā)生率居高不下[14-16]。以往對(duì)TBI患者常采用心理安慰、健康教育和常規(guī)康復(fù)訓(xùn)練等干預(yù)措施,患者對(duì)早期肢體康復(fù)鍛煉的重要性認(rèn)識(shí)不足,自動(dòng)參與意識(shí)較差,干預(yù)效果較差[17,18]。
近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)顱腦損傷后中樞神經(jīng)的代償性及重塑性較好,如及時(shí)進(jìn)行有效的早期干預(yù)處理,可使得部分神經(jīng)元和突觸發(fā)生再生和修復(fù),激活部分備用神經(jīng)突觸網(wǎng)絡(luò),形成旁路神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),使中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能得到重建;還可加速患者大腦建立側(cè)支循環(huán),促進(jìn)病灶周圍細(xì)胞或健側(cè)相關(guān)的大腦細(xì)胞重建或代償,極大地發(fā)揮中樞神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的可塑性及代償性[19,20]。心理-認(rèn)知-行為康復(fù)干預(yù)作為一種新型的干預(yù)模式,是通過多種方法與途徑讓患者對(duì)事物有全面的了解認(rèn)知,建立新的正確的信念和積極的態(tài)度,采取主動(dòng)的行為干預(yù)模式[21]。本研究將心理-認(rèn)知-行為三聯(lián)康復(fù)干預(yù)用于TBI患者,其中心理干預(yù)樹立積極、正確的健康信念,克服悲觀、消極、焦慮等不良情緒,強(qiáng)化其主動(dòng)參與的積極行為;認(rèn)知干預(yù)使患者對(duì)TBI患者有全面的了解認(rèn)知,使患者認(rèn)識(shí)到早期肢體康復(fù)鍛煉的重要性;行為干預(yù)使患者建立正確健康的康復(fù)鍛煉干預(yù)行為,履行全程干預(yù)運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的方法,激活海馬認(rèn)知功能區(qū)的大腦神經(jīng)回路,加快神經(jīng)通路形成和突觸再生,盡可能發(fā)揮大腦的可塑性及代償性,實(shí)現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)功能代償及運(yùn)動(dòng)反射的重建,盡可能促進(jìn)患者神經(jīng)及運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù),減輕患者的神經(jīng)及肢體殘疾,使得患者早日回歸社會(huì)[22]。本研究示干預(yù)8周后,干預(yù)組CSS評(píng)分下降幅度和Fugl-Meyer評(píng)分上升幅度與對(duì)照組相比更顯著,表明心理-認(rèn)知-行為三聯(lián)康復(fù)干預(yù)用于TBI患者能顯著改善神經(jīng)功能及肢體運(yùn)動(dòng),降低致殘率。同時(shí)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)干預(yù)組患者生活質(zhì)量指標(biāo)評(píng)分上升幅度亦與對(duì)照組相比更顯著,表明心理-認(rèn)知-行為三聯(lián)康復(fù)干預(yù)可提高TBI患者的生活質(zhì)量。
總之,心理-認(rèn)知-行為三聯(lián)康復(fù)干預(yù)用于TBI患者能顯著改善神經(jīng)功能及肢體運(yùn)動(dòng),降低致殘率,提高其生活質(zhì)量。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-17)