福建省德化第三中學(xué)

一、英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句的概念與分類(lèi)

定語(yǔ)從句即在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)成分的句子，由關(guān)聯(lián)詞、先行詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞等組成。關(guān)聯(lián)詞是連接定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間的副詞或者代詞；先行詞是被定語(yǔ)從句限制、修飾的代詞與名詞；關(guān)系代詞如“whom”、“who”、“whose”、“that”；關(guān)系副詞如“why”、“when”、“where”等。關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中，充當(dāng)句子成分，如果關(guān)系代詞為主語(yǔ)，那么先行詞、謂語(yǔ)需要保持一致。[2]

具備狀語(yǔ)功能的定語(yǔ)從句：從大類(lèi)型來(lái)看，定語(yǔ)從句包括限制性定語(yǔ)從句、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩類(lèi)，具備狀語(yǔ)功能的定語(yǔ)從句是基于此衍生出的新類(lèi)型，對(duì)先行詞并不會(huì)起到很大的限制和修飾作用，能夠補(bǔ)充句子內(nèi)容。

二、英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句的學(xué)習(xí)和分類(lèi)

常用的關(guān)系代詞有who／whom（指人），whose（指人或物），which（指物），that（指人或物），as（指人或物）；關(guān)系副詞有when（指時(shí)間），where（指地點(diǎn)），why（指原因）。要掌握好定語(yǔ)從句，首先要掌握好定語(yǔ)從句的詞序和關(guān)系代詞的選擇。

（一）定語(yǔ)從句的詞序 根據(jù)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)牟煌煞郑ㄕZ(yǔ)從句的詞序有以下幾種：

1、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句有以下七種常見(jiàn)詞序。

1.關(guān)系代詞＋謂語(yǔ) 關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞主要有who，that，which，as。如：1）Aqiao told her father all that had happened.2）On the ground lay an old sick goat，which had gone into the cave to die.3）People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.4）He married her，as was natural.5）He does not have such a mind as is necessary to a scientist.

2.關(guān)系代詞＋名詞＋謂語(yǔ)

關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。常用的關(guān)系代詞是whose，有時(shí)也用which。如：1）Wei Fang is the student whose home caught fire last night.2）Engels，whose native language was German，could read and write in several foreign languages.

3）The house whose roof was broken has now been repaired.

這種詞序的定語(yǔ)從句，如果whose 指具體事物或抽象概念時(shí)，可用of which 代替，但不如whose 普通，of which 可置于其所修飾的名詞前或后。如：

That is a book，（whose cover/the cover of which is blue./of which the cover）

3.關(guān)系代詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ) 關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。若為限制性定語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞在非正式文體中省略。常用的關(guān)系代詞有 who（m），that，which，as。如：

1）Pay attention to everything（that）I do.

2）This is the book（which）he is looking for.

3）His mother，whom he loved dearly，died in 1818.

4）He isn't the man（that）he used to be.

5）This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see.

4.關(guān)系代詞＋名詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)

關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。常用的關(guān)系代詞是whose，有時(shí)也用which。如：1）That's the boy whose drawing we were looking at just now.

2）There are some students whose questions I can't answer.

3）The book whose cover my brother tore off is not mine.

4）I told him to see the doctor，which advice he took.

如果whose 指具體事物或抽象概念時(shí)，可用of which 代替，但不如whose 普通。of which 可置于其所修飾的名詞前或后。如：In front of the village there is a river whose name／the name of which／of which the name I have forgotten.

5.介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)

關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)從句中的介詞賓語(yǔ)，介詞可以是簡(jiǎn)單介詞，也可以是復(fù)雜介詞。關(guān)系代詞有which，whom。如：

1）He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.

2）These worms then weave silk cocoons around themselves，inside which they change from that worms to ants.3）Wu Dong，with whom I went to the concert，enjoyed it very much.

4）The person to whom I spoke just now is our schoolmaster.

5）He works in the middle school，in front of which there is a river.

這種詞序的定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)也采用倒裝語(yǔ)序，即將主語(yǔ)置于從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，形成“介詞＋關(guān)系詞＋謂語(yǔ)＋主語(yǔ)”，其目的是為了句子平衡或強(qiáng)調(diào)。如：

1）They arrived at a farmhouse，in front of which sat a small boy.

2）For that day the master had prepared some cards on which were written，“Alsace，F(xiàn)rance.Alsace，F(xiàn)rance.”

6.介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋名詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)

關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)從句中介詞賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞有which，whose。如：

1）His mother may come，in which case I'll ask her.

2）It rained all night and all day，during which time a wall of his house fell down.

3）Where is the boy in whose bag I put my book by mistake？

4）This is the student to whose father you took the message yesterday.

7.a）代詞或數(shù)詞＋of ＋關(guān)系代詞＋謂語(yǔ)b）代詞或數(shù)詞＋of ＋關(guān)系代詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)

代詞或數(shù)詞與關(guān)系代詞之間表達(dá)部分與整體的關(guān)系，“代詞或數(shù)詞＋of＋關(guān)系代詞”在a）詞序中作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，在b）詞序中作定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞有which，whom，一般為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如：

a）1）Here are some letters，one of which is Li Ming's.

2）She had three sons，two of whom died in the war.

b）1）I talked with the boys，some of whom you know very well.

2）He gave me five novels，three of whichI think you have never read.

人類(lèi)的項(xiàng)目管理的實(shí)踐有著悠久的歷史，但是，人類(lèi)對(duì)項(xiàng)目管理模式的研究的歷史卻極其有限。在我國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)變，項(xiàng)目管理的模式也由傳統(tǒng)的模式向現(xiàn)代模式進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)變。以往項(xiàng)目管理的主要作用是預(yù)算、規(guī)劃、實(shí)行。在20世紀(jì)80年代美國(guó)開(kāi)始對(duì)現(xiàn)代項(xiàng)目管理體系進(jìn)行研究，項(xiàng)目管理從傳統(tǒng)模式開(kāi)始向現(xiàn)代模式改變。所以，分析管理模式的轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)我國(guó)的各行業(yè)的管理模式有著重要意義。

（二）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的詞序?yàn)椋宏P(guān)系副詞＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)。

關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞主要有when，why，where，通?？捎谩敖樵~＋關(guān)系代詞which”代替。如：

1）I still remember the day when（＝on which）I first came to Beijing.

2）Gelileo lived in the city of Pisa，where（＝in which）there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.

3）I don't know the reason why（＝for which）Tom was absent.

4）The shop where（＝at which）I bought the piano isn't far from here.

5）The time when（＝at which）they had to leave finally arrived

（三）關(guān)系代詞的選擇 關(guān)系代詞的選擇，主要是指who 和that，that 和which，as 和which 這三對(duì)關(guān)系代詞的選擇。

1、關(guān)系代詞who 和that 的選擇

1.關(guān)系代詞who 的使用場(chǎng)合

（1）who 可以代表人、人格化了的動(dòng)物、神話故事中的人物或有生命的事物。如：1）The dog who is barking is our pet.2）Those who want to go please sign their nam es here.

（2）在從句中，作主語(yǔ)傾向于用who。如：

1）The girl who dances beautifully gave us a perform ance that day.

2）Do you know the com rade who spoke just now？

（3）當(dāng)先行詞泛指代詞he，they 或指示代詞those 等時(shí)，常用who。如：

1）He who does no work gets no pay.

2）We are badly in need of those who can work in real earnest.

（4）先行詞前出現(xiàn)不定冠詞時(shí)，多用 who。如：

1）I have found a m an who can do this work.

2）He is a m an who should learn from others.

（5）在there be 句型中，既作主語(yǔ)又表示人時(shí)多用who，或省略。如：1）There is som eone outside the office who wants to see you.

2）There's a m an who lives in that vil-lage.

（6）不定代詞one，ones，anyone 等作先行詞時(shí)，多用who。如：

One who works without complain is welcome here.

（7）定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞分隔，用that 可能引起歧義時(shí)，應(yīng)用who。如：

I saw a man in the street who was surrounded by many people.

這個(gè)句子如用that，就可能被人認(rèn)為是定語(yǔ)從句修飾street。

（8）在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，一般要用 who，不用that。如：

The soldiers，who may have felt sorry for the boy，had him stand with his back to his father.

（9）有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中，第一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞用that 的話，第二個(gè)就用 who。如：

The man that I like is the one who is both competent and diligent.但在平行結(jié)構(gòu)中，應(yīng)根據(jù)平行結(jié)構(gòu)的原則重復(fù)同一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。如：

I met a Greek who travelled a lot in the world，but who knew very little about his own country.

注意：關(guān)系代詞前如有介詞或在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞要用 whom。如：

1）In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for

2）The brave man，whom the tiger was shot by，is a good hunter.

2、關(guān)系代詞that 的使用場(chǎng)合

1.在以疑問(wèn)詞who 開(kāi)始的句子中，避免兩個(gè)who 重復(fù)，用that。如：

Who is the man that is shouting there？

2.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，多用 that。如：

She is not the girl that she was three years ago.

3.先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)、only 等修飾時(shí)，應(yīng)用that。如：

Tang Guoqiang has become one of the best actors that appear on Chinese screens.

4.先行詞人和物兩者都有時(shí)，要用that。如：

He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

5.關(guān)系代詞與the same（指同一人）連用時(shí)，只能用that。如：

This is the same person that I met yesterday.

6.一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，如第一個(gè)從句中已用who，第二個(gè)從句中宜用that。如：

The man who is at table is his brother that has been serving in the army.

3、關(guān)系代詞that 和which 的選擇

關(guān)系代詞that 和which 都可以指物，在很多場(chǎng)合兩者都通用。但有時(shí)that 和which 的使用場(chǎng)合并不相同。

關(guān)系代詞which 的使用場(chǎng)合

1.如果先行詞是that，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用 which。如：

What was that which you said about him？

2.先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間被其它較長(zhǎng)的成分分隔，用which 較好。如：

I have some interests outside my professional work which gives me great pleasure.

3.一個(gè)句子中如有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句用了關(guān)系代詞that，第二個(gè)從句宜用which。如：

This is the book that you bought which you have lost.

但在平行結(jié)構(gòu)中，應(yīng)重復(fù)同一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。如：

I have a house which is located on the hillside，which faces the south.

4.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞一般要用which。如：

I will buy a book，which tells about the use of English idioms.

5.相當(dāng)于并列句和狀語(yǔ)從句的定語(yǔ)從句，用which 引導(dǎo)。如：

1）We went to the nearest port which we reached safely.

2）He persisted in having a bicycle which he actually had no use for.

6.關(guān)系代詞前如有介詞，關(guān)系代詞要用 which。如：

They had a meeting at which he spoke on the current econom ic situation.

如把介詞移至句末，可用that（或省略）。如：

This is the book（that）she was looking for.

2、關(guān)系代詞that 的使用場(chǎng)合

1.一般說(shuō)來(lái)，先行詞是all，anything，everything，nothing，much，little，few 等，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that。如：

1）That's all（that）I know.

2）Everything that can be done is done.

2.先行詞之前有all，any，every，no，lit-tle，m uch，only，very等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that。如：

1）He'll read all the books that are sold here.

2）Ask any questions（that）you don't understand.

3.先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that。如：

1）This is the most wonderful film that I have ever seen.

2）The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.

4.當(dāng)先行詞是to be 的表語(yǔ)，或關(guān)系代詞本身是從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that。如：

1）It's a song that is very popular.

2）My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.

5.當(dāng)主句以There be 開(kāi)頭時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用that。如：

There is a seat in the corner that is still free.

6.當(dāng)一個(gè)句子中含有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，如前一個(gè)已用關(guān)系代詞which，后一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用that。如：

I'll borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the PLA did in the battles against the invaders.

但兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)如果平行，一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中用關(guān)系代詞that，另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句也應(yīng)重復(fù)that。如：

He told me to read a book that is very short，and that is vey interesting.

7.與the sam e（指同一物）連用，構(gòu)成thesame...that...結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用that。如：

This is the same museum that you once visited.

3、關(guān)系代詞as 和which 的選擇

關(guān)系代詞as 和which 的選擇是指它們引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。盡管都可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，代表整個(gè)主句的意思，但兩者在用法上是有區(qū)別的。as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人關(guān)于某事的依據(jù)、態(tài)度、解釋或評(píng)論等，含有“正如……”的意思。as 從句放在主句的前面、中間或句末都可以。如：

She is working hard，as everyone can see.或：As everyone can see，she is working hard.

which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，一般表示某事的狀況或結(jié)果，只能放在主句的后面。如：

She married him，which was natural.但不能說(shuō)：Which was natural，she married him.