王慶光

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一直是歷年高考英語考查的熱點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)之一。下面就來介紹解動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)題的幾個(gè)技巧。

一、尋找時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞，巧解時(shí)態(tài)題

[思路點(diǎn)撥] 通常來說，每一種時(shí)態(tài)都有與其搭配使用的時(shí)間狀語，因此，解題時(shí)應(yīng)首先尋找題干中的時(shí)間狀語標(biāo)志詞，據(jù)此確定時(shí)態(tài)，從而解題。

以下是八種基本時(shí)態(tài)及其經(jīng)常與之連用的時(shí)間狀語：

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：always， often， usually， every day， sometimes， once a week...

一般過去時(shí)：yesterday morning / afternoon...， last year / week / month...， ... weeks / months / years ago， in 1999...

一般將來時(shí)：tomorrow morning / afternoon...， next week / month...， in 5 years...

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：now， at present， at the moment...

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：at this time yesterday， at... yesterday morning / evening...

過去將來時(shí)：常根據(jù)上下語境來判斷。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：since last year， for a month， already， yet， ever， never， several times， lately， recently， before， during / over the last ten years...

過去完成時(shí)：by the end of last term， till 2003...

[真題回放]

1. Scientists think that the continents ______always where they _______ today.

A. arent; are??? ???????? B. arent; were

C. werent; are???? D. werent; were

2. At this time tomorrow _______ over the Atlantic.

A. were going to fly

B. well be flying

C. well fly?????????????? D. were to fly

[答案與簡析] 1. C。根據(jù)句末時(shí)間狀語today的提示，可以推知句意為“大陸過去并非總是位于它們現(xiàn)在所在的位置”，所以第一空用一般過去時(shí)，第二空用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

2. B。表示將來某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作要用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)， at this time tomorrow是時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞。

二、利用“時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)”原則，巧解時(shí)態(tài)題

有不少高考試題是從“時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)”的角度命制的，因此我們可以從這一角度入手解題。

[思路點(diǎn)撥] （1）含時(shí)間狀語從句及條件狀語從句的主、從句時(shí)態(tài)要呼應(yīng)：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)表示過去將來時(shí);（2）賓語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要和主句的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相呼應(yīng)：①如果主句謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)，則從句動(dòng)詞可用所需要的任何時(shí)態(tài); ②主句動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)，則從句動(dòng)詞須用合適的某種過去時(shí)態(tài)。

[真題回放] 1. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _______from the university next year.

A. will graduate??????? B. will have graduated

C. graduates??????? ??? D. is to graduate

2. The water will be further polluted unless

some measures _______.

A. will be taken???????? B. are taken

C. were taken?? ??? D. had been taken

歸納總結(jié)

Life is ten percent what you make it and ninety percent how you take it.

—Berlin

生活有百分之十在于你如何塑造它，有百分之九十在于你如何對(duì)待它。

——柏林

3. We were all surprised when he made it clear

that he _______ office soon.

A. leaves?????? ???????????? B. would leave

C. left??????? ???????????????? D. had left

4. The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets? _______.

A. was booked? ???? B. had been booked

C. were booked? ?? D. have been booked

[答案與簡析] 1. C。by the time... 意為“到……時(shí)”，它所引導(dǎo)的從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。2. B。主句用了一般將來時(shí)態(tài)，unless（除非）引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。3. B。賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞leave所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞made之后，故用過去將來時(shí)態(tài)。4. B。主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用了一般過去時(shí)，而從句的謂語book（預(yù)定）所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在它之前，且表被動(dòng)，故B為正確選項(xiàng)。

三、 捕捉語境中的隱含時(shí)間，巧解時(shí)態(tài)題

在近幾年的高考試題中，時(shí)態(tài)常被放在一個(gè)小語境或者是包含兩三個(gè)句子的小對(duì)話中來考查，題干中往往也沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，這時(shí)又該如何著手呢？

[思路點(diǎn)撥]不是沒有時(shí)間狀語，而是時(shí)間狀語比較隱蔽。這時(shí)要分析語境，捕捉題干中對(duì)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間的暗含信息：可以把語境里完整句子中的動(dòng)詞或者另一相關(guān)動(dòng)詞所發(fā)生的時(shí)間作為參照時(shí)間，再把選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞與之比較，看看它所表示的動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在參照時(shí)間之前、之后，還是正在進(jìn)行，從而確定應(yīng)該用什么時(shí)態(tài)。

[真題回放]

1. Rainforests _______ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.

A. cut?????? ????????? B. are cut

C. are being cut?? D. had been cut

2. —Whats wrong with your coat？

—Just now when I wanted to get off the bus， the man next to me _______ on it.

A. sat??????? ???? ??????????????? B. had sat

C. had been sitting? D. was sitting

3. My mind wasnt on what he was saying so

Im afraid I _______ half of it.

A. was missing?????????????????? B. had missed

C. will miss ???? ??????????? D. missed

4. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _______ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.

A. were deciding????? B. have decided

C. decided??????? ??? ???????? D. will decide

5. The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _______ placed under the Ministers car.

A. has been?? ????????????????? B. was being

C. had been?? ???????????????? D. would be

[答案與簡析]

1. C。后半句說雨林將會(huì)消失（will disappear），因此前面的空格應(yīng)該是“現(xiàn)在正在被砍伐”，故C為正確選項(xiàng)。2. D。just now是過去時(shí)間參照點(diǎn)，在那時(shí)sit的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，所以用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。3. D。應(yīng)把wasnt作為參照時(shí)間，而選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞miss與其并列，且不強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行，故用一般過去式即可。 4. B。后面賓語從句中用了一般將來時(shí)wont support，根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)原則可知選項(xiàng)A和C都不對(duì)。前半句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)說明他原打算出國學(xué)習(xí)，但他的父母卻已經(jīng)作出決定將不資助他，所以B為正確選項(xiàng)。5. C。把過去式（was suddenly caught）作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照時(shí)間，而選項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞所表示的的動(dòng)作在那之前已經(jīng)完成，屬“過去的過去”，因此用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。