李玉珍 王凡濤 宋巖 劉媛媛 孫雪麗 宋巖 董昭輝 劉明月
[摘要]目的:用腭皺測(cè)量法與傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量法比較正畸患者拔牙與非拔牙矯治前后上頜牙弓寬度的改變量,檢測(cè)并比較兩種測(cè)量方法在臨床工作中的應(yīng)用效果。方法:依據(jù)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選取正畸患者40例,按照拔牙方式分為兩組,拔牙組與非拔牙組,分別使用傳統(tǒng)尖牙間(C-C)、前磨牙間(P-P)及磨牙頰尖間(M-M)寬度測(cè)量方法和以腭皺前(A)后(B)為參照測(cè)量牙齒頰面寬度的方法測(cè)量正畸矯治前后上頜石膏模型牙弓寬度。得到的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行拔牙組與非拔牙組組間及矯治前后組內(nèi)的配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)果:①拔牙組中,腭皺法測(cè)得的牙弓寬變化量(A1)明顯小于傳統(tǒng)法測(cè)得的C-C1間牙弓寬變化量,治療前后與組間差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;腭皺法B1牙弓寬度變化量明顯大于M-M1間牙弓寬度變化量,治療前后與組間差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);②非拔牙組中腭皺法測(cè)得的B2上頜牙弓寬度變化量與傳統(tǒng)法測(cè)得的M-M2間牙弓寬度變化量差異不大,治療前后與組間差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);非拔牙組中腭皺法測(cè)得的A2牙弓寬度變化量與傳統(tǒng)法測(cè)得的上頜C-C2部牙弓寬度變化量差異不大,治療前后與組間差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);③正畸治療結(jié)束后,采用拔牙、非拔牙矯治,除傳統(tǒng)方法得到的拔牙組上頜磨牙間寬度輕微減少外,上頜牙弓寬度均增加。結(jié)論:兩種方法均可以測(cè)量牙弓寬度的變化,拔牙矯治時(shí)以腭皺為標(biāo)志點(diǎn)的測(cè)量方法更能真實(shí)反映牙弓寬度變化的改變量,非拔牙矯治時(shí)兩種測(cè)量方法均可使用;拔牙、非拔牙都影響矯治前后上頜牙弓寬度的改變,且不會(huì)造成上頜前部牙弓縮窄,影響微笑美觀。
[關(guān)鍵詞]正畸拔牙;牙弓寬度;腭皺測(cè)量法;模型測(cè)量
[中圖分類號(hào)]R783.5? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2020)02-0085-04
Abstract: Objective? To compare the changes of maxillary arch width before and after treatment of tooth extraction and non-tooth extraction in orthodontic patients by palatal wrinkle measurement and traditional measurement, and to detect and compare the clinical effects of the two measurement methods. Methods? According to the standard selection of orthodontic patients into and out of 40, divided into two groups according to the tooth extraction way, tooth extraction group? and the tooth extraction group ,respectively, using traditional between teeth (C-C),(P-P) between premolar and molar buccal tip (M-M) between the width of the measurement method and in palatal wrinkle before (A) and (B) as the reference measurement method of buccal teeth width measurement before and after orthodontic treatment for maxillary dental arch width gypsum model. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 software, and paired t-test was performed between the tooth extraction group (group 1) and the non-tooth extraction group , before and after correction, and P<0.05 was used to determine that the difference was statistically significant. Results? ①I(mǎi)n the tooth extraction group, the change of arch width measured by palatal wrinkling method (A1) was significantly smaller than that measured by traditional method between c-c1, and the difference between the two groups before and after treatment was statistically significant. The change of the arch width of B1 with palatal wrinkle method was significantly greater than that between m-m1, and the difference before and after treatment and between groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). ②In the non-tooth extraction group, there was no significant difference between the changes in the maxillary arch width of B2 measured by the palatal wrinkle method and the changes in the arch width of m-m2 measured by the traditional method, and the differences before and after treatment and between the groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The changes in arch width of A2 measured by palatal wrinkle in non-tooth extraction group were not significantly different from the changes in arch width of c-c2 in the upper jaw measured by traditional method, and the differences between the two groups before and after treatment were statistically significant (P<0.05). ③After the end of orthodontic treatment, tooth extraction and non-tooth extraction were used for orthodontic treatment. In addition to the slight decrease in the intermaxillary molar width of the tooth extraction group obtained by traditional methods, the arch width of the maxillary teeth was increased. Conclusion? The two methods can be used to measure the change of arch width. The measurement method with palatal crease as the mark point in the treatment of tooth extraction is more able to reflect the change of arch width. The two methods can be used in the treatment of non-tooth extraction. Both tooth extraction and non-tooth extraction affect the change of maxillary arch width before and after correction, and will not cause the anterior maxillary arch narrowing, affecting the aesthetic smile.
Key words: orthodontic tooth extraction; arch width; palatal wrinkle measurement; models to measure
在正畸治療過(guò)程中,準(zhǔn)確制定正畸治療方案以及預(yù)期矯治結(jié)果,選擇一種快速、準(zhǔn)確的測(cè)量方法判斷牙齒移動(dòng),以協(xié)助臨床治療尤為重要。以往研究認(rèn)為頭影疊加是判斷牙齒移動(dòng)的公認(rèn)方法,但存在拍攝位置和角度差異,有學(xué)者[1]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)以腭皺為參照點(diǎn)測(cè)量牙齒的移動(dòng)與X線頭影測(cè)量的重疊得到的結(jié)果無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,能夠可靠地評(píng)估牙齒的移動(dòng)。Meyer等[2]也在研究中使用以腭皺為參考點(diǎn)的測(cè)量方法。本文著重比較用腭皺測(cè)量法與傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量法測(cè)量正畸患者拔牙、非拔牙前后矯治治療上頜牙弓寬度的改變量并進(jìn)行分析,以確定兩種測(cè)量方法在正畸臨床工作中的應(yīng)用效果。本文選擇2017年1月-2018年1月筆者醫(yī)院進(jìn)行正畸矯治的40例患者,分析腭皺測(cè)量法與傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量法對(duì)于矯治前后上頜牙弓寬度變化的數(shù)據(jù),以期尋找一種有效簡(jiǎn)便的方法,提高臨床工作效率,并真實(shí)反映牙齒移動(dòng)量。
1? 材料和方法
1.1 樣本收集與篩選:選擇2017年1月-2018年1月在濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院口腔正畸科完成正畸治療的40例患者為研究對(duì)象,分為拔牙組與非拔牙組,其中拔牙組20例,男8例,女12例,年齡15~35歲,平均年齡(21.3±2.5)歲;非拔牙組20例,男9例,女11例,年齡15~33歲,平均年齡(21.2±1.8)歲。兩組患者的一般資料差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。分別使用兩種方法測(cè)量矯治前后上頜牙弓寬度變化。
1.2 納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡≥15歲;②骨性Ⅰ類錯(cuò)牙合畸形(0.7°≤∠ANB≤4.7°);③牙齒發(fā)育正常, 第三磨牙未萌出或已拔除, 上頜牙列完整, 且無(wú)正畸治療史和正頜手術(shù)史;④患者及其家屬知情同意, 已簽署知情同意書(shū), 自愿配合本研究。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①存在多生牙、缺失牙者,有異位牙者;②合并遺傳性或系統(tǒng)性疾病者;③前磨牙及磨牙牙齒扭轉(zhuǎn)≥15°;④頜面部畸形、外傷;⑤有牙周炎病史及口呼吸不良習(xí)慣者。
1.3 模型測(cè)量:測(cè)量患者治療前后石膏模型,要求石膏模型牙列清晰完整,黏膜轉(zhuǎn)折處清晰可見(jiàn)。在上下頜模型尖牙牙尖點(diǎn),前磨牙頰尖點(diǎn)以及第一磨牙近中頰尖點(diǎn)做標(biāo)記,用電子游標(biāo)卡尺(精度0.01mm)和直尺測(cè)量以下指標(biāo),每個(gè)測(cè)量指標(biāo)測(cè)量三次取平均值,均由一人完成。傳統(tǒng)法(見(jiàn)圖1):①尖牙間寬度(C-C):上頜雙側(cè)尖牙牙尖之間的距離;②前磨牙間寬度(P-P):上頜雙側(cè)前位前磨牙頰尖之間的距離;③磨牙間寬度(M-M):上頜雙側(cè)第一磨牙近中頰尖之間的距離。如果石膏模型存在牙尖損耗情況,則應(yīng)以磨損處的中心位置為測(cè)量點(diǎn)[3-4]。腭皺法(見(jiàn)圖2):采用腭皺襞作為參照點(diǎn)測(cè)量牙弓寬度,以確保正畸治療前后測(cè)量在牙弓寬度的一致性,其中A是腭皺前寬度,位于切牙乳頭的遠(yuǎn)中;B為腭皺后寬度,位于第三腭皺內(nèi)側(cè),不在同一矢狀位的以遠(yuǎn)中側(cè)為測(cè)量位置。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:收集的數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 22.0軟件分析,進(jìn)行拔牙組與非拔牙組組間及矯治前后組內(nèi)的配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1 拔牙組中,腭皺法測(cè)得的牙弓寬變化量A1(0.27±0.30)明顯小于傳統(tǒng)法測(cè)得的C-C1間牙弓寬變化量(1.45±0.53),腭皺法B1牙弓寬度變化量(1.92±0.39)明顯大于M-M1間牙弓寬度變化量(0.55±0.22)。
2.2 非拔牙組中腭皺法測(cè)得的B2的上頜牙弓寬度變化量(1.92±0.79)與傳統(tǒng)法測(cè)得的M-M2間牙弓寬度變化量(1.95±0.97)差異不大;非拔牙組中腭皺法測(cè)得的A2牙弓寬度變化量(1.59±0.66)與傳統(tǒng)法測(cè)得的上頜C-C2牙弓寬度變化量(2.01±1.67)差異不大。
2.3 正畸治療結(jié)束后,采用拔牙、非拔牙矯治,除傳統(tǒng)方法得到的拔牙組上頜磨牙間寬度輕微減少外,上頜牙弓寬度均增加。治療前后與組間差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表 1~2。
3? ?討論
牙弓寬度與微笑美學(xué)一直受到學(xué)者們的關(guān)注,多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為拔牙矯治會(huì)引起牙弓縮窄,頰旁間隙的增大,進(jìn)而影響正面微笑美觀[5-7]。然而,Yan等[8-10]認(rèn)為拔牙矯治對(duì)牙弓寬度大小的影響不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本文采用兩種方法對(duì)比了拔牙組和非拔牙組矯治后上牙弓前后部的寬度變化,結(jié)果表明,兩種方法測(cè)得的拔牙組與非拔牙組矯治后的牙弓前部寬度均增加,這與多數(shù)學(xué)者[7-13]的研究結(jié)果一致,表明接受正畸治療時(shí),無(wú)論是否拔牙,均不會(huì)造成牙弓前部的縮窄,繼而影響頰旁間隙的大小,影響微笑的魅力,并且拔牙矯治更有利于維持牙齒排列的穩(wěn)定性,避免復(fù)發(fā)。
正畸治療前后,筆者需要對(duì)牙齒的位置及牙弓形態(tài)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,但由于牙弓本身的弧形形態(tài),通常將其轉(zhuǎn)換為線性測(cè)量指標(biāo),以往對(duì)牙弓寬度的測(cè)量研究多使用尖牙間、前磨牙間或磨牙間牙尖寬度的測(cè)量[4,11,15-18],而近年來(lái),Meyer 等提出過(guò)去對(duì)牙弓寬度的測(cè)量方法無(wú)法體現(xiàn)牙齒在頜骨矢狀向變化而產(chǎn)生的牙弓寬度變化的影響。以腭皺為測(cè)量標(biāo)志點(diǎn)的研究由來(lái)已久,從腭皺之間的相互運(yùn)動(dòng)關(guān)系到腭皺位置與牙齒移動(dòng)關(guān)系,腭皺作為標(biāo)志點(diǎn)逐漸被正畸醫(yī)生所使用[19-22]。Hoggan等[1]對(duì)腭皺褶位置與牙齒移動(dòng)關(guān)系的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),第三腭皺內(nèi)側(cè)端是評(píng)價(jià)磨牙和切牙運(yùn)動(dòng)的合適參考點(diǎn),普盼軍等[23]也在研究中以腭皺為參照點(diǎn)評(píng)估牙齒的移動(dòng)。本研究中,在定位第三腭皺的同時(shí),定位了腭皺前緣,即切牙乳頭后緣,可以為牙弓前端寬度提供穩(wěn)定的參考位置。
本研究拔牙組中,傳統(tǒng)法測(cè)得的C-C1變化量(1.45±0.53)明顯大于腭皺法A1(0.27±0.30),并且傳統(tǒng)法得到的矯治前后前磨牙間P-P1牙弓寬度變化最明顯(4.74±0.51),這是因?yàn)?,拔牙組患者一般存在較大的擁擠度,牙齒錯(cuò)位更加明顯,傳統(tǒng)法測(cè)量時(shí)以牙齒為基準(zhǔn),而尖牙與前磨牙在解除擁擠過(guò)程中向遠(yuǎn)中移動(dòng),在牙弓內(nèi)位置變化大,占據(jù)了更寬的牙弓位置,引起牙弓寬度的明顯增加;傳統(tǒng)法得到的M-M1變化量(0.55±0.22)明顯小于腭皺法B1(1.92±0.39)是因?yàn)槟パ赖慕幸苿?dòng),引起了上頜磨牙間牙弓寬度的減小;非拔牙組患者使用兩種測(cè)量方法得到的變化量差異不大,是因?yàn)榉前窝阑颊咭话阒淮嬖谳p度的擁擠,牙齒移動(dòng)量比較小甚至位置不變。可見(jiàn)拔牙組患者在分析矯治前后牙弓寬度變化時(shí)使用腭皺法得到的數(shù)據(jù)更加穩(wěn)定,更能體現(xiàn)真實(shí)的牙弓寬度變化。
研究表明[24],在上頜,牙齒扭轉(zhuǎn)的好發(fā)部位主要是上頜中切牙和前磨牙。本研究測(cè)量牙弓寬度時(shí)選用了頰尖寬度的測(cè)量,對(duì)于扭轉(zhuǎn)的牙齒,測(cè)量治療前后上頜牙弓寬度的變化值時(shí)仍具有較大誤差。前磨牙及磨牙近中扭轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)占據(jù)較小的寬度值,相反,遠(yuǎn)中扭轉(zhuǎn)的牙齒占據(jù)較大的寬度值,因此,本研究排除了牙齒扭轉(zhuǎn)≥15°的牙齒,減小因牙齒過(guò)度扭轉(zhuǎn)引起的實(shí)驗(yàn)值差距過(guò)大,但是對(duì)于矯治前后的變化值仍是有影響的,是本研究不足之處。
牙弓寬度隨著牙齒的萌出而發(fā)生變化,研究表明[12,25-27],10~15歲是牙弓寬度變化最明顯的時(shí)期。本研究選取了大于15歲的患者,此類患者牙弓寬度變化基本恒定,治療過(guò)程中牙弓寬度的變化為應(yīng)用矯治而引起。應(yīng)用傳統(tǒng)法測(cè)量矯治前后牙弓寬度時(shí),尤其是拔牙組患者矯治前后P-P1間頰尖寬度測(cè)量的牙弓寬度的變化量較大(4.74±0.51),明顯大于以往研究[18],體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)法在測(cè)量拔牙矯治時(shí)牙弓寬度變化的局限性。此外,新測(cè)量技術(shù)的出現(xiàn),如:結(jié)構(gòu)光三維測(cè)量系統(tǒng),激光全息干涉計(jì)量法等應(yīng)用于口腔頜面部的測(cè)量應(yīng)用,得到的數(shù)據(jù)將更加便捷準(zhǔn)確。與牙弓寬度相關(guān)的因素還有基骨弓寬度[27]、頰傾角等,值得進(jìn)一步探討。
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果提示以腭皺為標(biāo)志點(diǎn)的測(cè)量方法在拔牙矯治中更能真實(shí)反映牙弓寬度變化的改變量,對(duì)于非拔牙矯治,兩種測(cè)量方法均可使用。因此,進(jìn)行正畸治療的拔牙患者建議使用腭皺法測(cè)量牙弓寬度變化量,比傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量方法更能準(zhǔn)確反映牙齒在牙弓內(nèi)的移動(dòng),且更加簡(jiǎn)單便捷。
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[收稿日期]2019-09-09
本文引用格式:李玉珍,王凡濤,宋巖,等.腭皺法與傳統(tǒng)法比較正畸治療前后上頜牙弓寬度變化的臨床研究[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2020,29(2):85-88.