張梅

科研報告類文章屬于說明文，主要介紹科研領(lǐng)域某一項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)論、方法和過程等。這類文章從2016年起，每年的全國卷上都能找到。由于這類文章高級詞匯多，長難句多，再加上話題涉及考生可能不太熟悉的科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域，所以文章難度較大，因此出題人通常把該類文章放在D篇。

在考試中，不少考生對科研報告類文章望而生畏，要么直接放棄，隨便猜個答案，要么為了找到答案，反復(fù)地、仔細(xì)地閱讀，結(jié)果費(fèi)時多，正確率卻不高。其實(shí)，科研報告類文章的行文和設(shè)題都很有規(guī)律，只要我們了解了這些規(guī)律，再多加練習(xí)和反思，就能做到速度快而且正確率高。

下面結(jié)合2016～2019年全國卷中出現(xiàn)的七篇科研報告類文章來分析該類文章的解題思路與技巧。

一、 與研究結(jié)論有關(guān)的題目

研究結(jié)論是此類文章的必考內(nèi)容?？疾樾问街饕袃煞N：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)和最佳標(biāo)題。解答這類題目的關(guān)鍵是能夠快速地在文中找到研究的結(jié)論。其實(shí)，研究結(jié)論通常在某些固定句型之后，比如：

Experts say ... 專家說……

Scientists reported that ... 科學(xué)家有報告稱……

Scientists have found that ... 科學(xué)家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)……

Researchers say that ... 研究人員表示……

The researchers noted that ... 研究人員注意到……

The researchers found that ... 研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)……

Research shows that ... 研究表明……

A new report found ... 一份新的報告發(fā)現(xiàn)……

A new study shows that ...? 一項(xiàng)新的研究表明……

Data shows that ... 數(shù)據(jù)說明……

The report data shows that ... 報告數(shù)據(jù)顯示……

some data in the report shows that...and indicates that ... 報告中的一些數(shù)據(jù)表明……并顯示……

One of his first findings was that ... 他的第一個發(fā)現(xiàn)是……

According to the reports key findings ... 根據(jù)報告的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)……

[例1]（2019年全國Ⅰ卷D篇）

In one study， Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents， scoring the least liked， the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（調(diào)查研究）. “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment， high status has just the opposite effect on us.”

34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids？

A. They appeared to be aggressive.

B. They tended to be more adaptable.

C. They enjoyed the highest status.

D. They performed well academically.

解析：此題考查的是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。通過題干中的most liked我們可以快速定位到第四段，再根據(jù)典型句式準(zhǔn)確找到研究結(jié)論：We found that ...（最不受歡迎的青少年隨著時間的推移對他們的同學(xué)變得更有攻擊性，地位高的人也是如此）It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment ...（該項(xiàng)研究清楚表明，討人喜歡可以帶來健康的調(diào)整……）故選B項(xiàng)。

[例2] （2019全國Ⅲ卷D篇）

After running hundreds of tests， the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time， indicating that they were performing a calculation， not just memorizing the value of each combination.

34. What did Livingstones team find about the monkeys？

A. They could perform basic addition.

B. They could understand simple words.

C. They could memorize numbers easily.

D. They could hold their attention for long.

解析：該題問的是“關(guān)于猴子，Livingstone團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么信息？”其實(shí)就是在考查這個團(tuán)隊(duì)對猴子的研究結(jié)論。文章的前半部分主要在講實(shí)驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容、方法和過程。第四段用the researchers noted that ... indicating that ... 介紹了研究者的發(fā)現(xiàn)和結(jié)論：猴子走向（觸摸）數(shù)值更大的那一側(cè)（屏幕）的次數(shù)超過一半，這表明了他們在進(jìn)行加法運(yùn)算，故選A項(xiàng)。

[例3] （2018年全國Ⅱ卷D篇）

But the next time you find yourself among strangers， consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.

35. What is the best title for the text？

A. Conversation Counts? ? ? ? ?B. Ways of Making Small Talk

C. Benefits of Small Talk? ? ? ?D. Uncomfortable Silence

解析：該題要求選擇最佳標(biāo)題，所以必須找到并正確理解研究結(jié)論。本文第一段通過描寫一些常見社會現(xiàn)象來引出話題：陌生人之間往往缺乏交流。第二段就呈現(xiàn)了專家針對這個問題的研究結(jié)論：跟陌生人閑聊是能帶來很多好處的寶貴的社會實(shí)踐。故選C項(xiàng)。

二、與研究目的有關(guān)的題目

研究目的在原文中比較容易找到。因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z中表目的經(jīng)常用動詞不定式，包括to do， in order to do， so as to do; 也可能用以下句式：The purpose / aim is ...

[例4] （2018全國Ⅰ卷D篇）

To figure out how much power these devices are using， Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.

33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research？

A. To reduce the cost of minerals.

B. To test the life cycle of a product.

C. To update consumers on new technology.

D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.

解析：本題問Babbitt 的團(tuán)隊(duì)為什么要進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)研究。文章第二段第一句用動詞不定式明確告知了研究的目的：為了弄清這些設(shè)備的耗電量。故選D項(xiàng)。

[例5] （2017全國Ⅲ卷D篇）

The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named“DriveLAB”in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.

32. What is the purpose of the DriveLAB？

A. To explore new means of transport.

B. To design new types of cars.

C. To find out older drivers problems.

D. To teach people traffic rules.

解析：該題問DriveLAB（汽車實(shí)驗(yàn)室）的目的。文章第一段中的in order to是關(guān)鍵信息，可以幫助我們快速找到答案依據(jù)：DriveLAB的目的是找到老年司機(jī)所面臨的問題。故選C項(xiàng)。

三、與研究方法和過程有關(guān)的題目

這類題目屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。解題的關(guān)鍵在于帶著題干中的關(guān)鍵詞在文中快速定位，找到答案依據(jù)。

[例6]（2019年全國Ⅲ卷D篇）

Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.

A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined— or added — the symbols to get the reward.

Heres how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone， who led the team， described the experiment： In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen， a symbol would appear， and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example， the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle， they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers — 17 in this example.

32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them？

A. They fed them.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. They named them.

C. They trained them.? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. They measured them.

33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment？

A. By drawing a circle.? ? ? ? ? ?B. By touching a screen.

C. By watching videos.? ? ? ? ? ? D. By mixing two drinks.

解析：這兩道題都與實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法和過程有關(guān)。第32題的關(guān)鍵詞是before testing them，而第33題的關(guān)鍵詞是How ... get their reward。借助這些關(guān)鍵詞我們就能又快又準(zhǔn)地在文中找到答案依據(jù)分別在第二段和第三段。

第二段有兩個地方的信息特別重要：A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys ... 和The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined ... 由此可知，研究人員在測試之前訓(xùn)練了猴子。所以第32題應(yīng)該選C項(xiàng)。

第三段也有兩個關(guān)鍵的信息點(diǎn)：the monkeys were provided with touch screens和If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded ... 由此可知，猴子是通過觸摸屏幕來得到獎勵的，所以第33題選B項(xiàng)。

四、與文章出處有關(guān)的題目

這類題目實(shí)際上是送分題，因?yàn)榭蒲袌蟾娈?dāng)然是選自報刊雜志等的科學(xué)欄目。

[例7] （2019全國Ⅲ卷D篇）

35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear？

A. Entertainment.? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. Health.

C. Education.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. Science.

解析：該題問的是本文可能出現(xiàn)在報紙的那個欄目。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知，本文介紹的是研究人員對猴子進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程以及實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)論，所以屬于科研報告類。這樣的文章當(dāng)然最有可能出現(xiàn)在報紙的科學(xué)欄目，故選D項(xiàng)。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青