羅賽花

眾所周知，“得閱讀者得天下”。閱讀能力的高低直接影響著學(xué)生運用英語的能力。如何解答閱讀理解題，一直是廣大師生正在探索的難題之一。本文將探討如何利用詞塊進行快速、準確地解題。

一、詞塊的界定

什么是“詞塊”？根據(jù)對語料庫的研究，語言學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)生活中大約有70%的口語是由經(jīng)常一起出現(xiàn)的詞匯表達構(gòu)成。這些經(jīng)常一起出現(xiàn)的詞匯表達被稱為“多詞組合”或“詞塊”。

詞塊大多是按照一定的語法規(guī)則生成的語言單位，使用時不需要有意識地注意語法結(jié)構(gòu)，它縮短了從理解到產(chǎn)出語言信息的時間。詞塊教學(xué)法的創(chuàng)始人把詞塊分為四類：聚合詞、搭配詞、慣用話語、句子框架與引語。

1.聚合詞：由多個單詞組成的固定短語搭配。例如as a result。

2.搭配詞：一起出現(xiàn)頻率很高的詞語，在語言的長期使用中逐步形成一種共現(xiàn)關(guān)系。例如knife and fork， to and fro， back and forth。

3.慣用話語：形式固定或半固定的具有語用功能的詞匯組合，它可以是完整的句子，也可以是固定的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：If I had done ...， I would have done ...

4.句子框架與引語：常用于書面語中，作為篇章組織手段，形式和功能基本都是固定或半固定的短語。例如：Firstly ... Secondly ... And finally ...

二、詞塊在閱讀理解解題中的應(yīng)用

1. 詞塊與主旨要義題

以框架類詞塊為主。通過掃讀全文，確定主旨要義在文中的位置，然后依據(jù)詞塊，總結(jié)歸納。

例一：（2019 年全國I卷閱讀理解D 篇）

附文章部分內(nèi)容如下：

第四段：In one study， Dr. Prinstein examined ...“We found that ... It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment， high status has just the opposite effect on us.”

第五段：Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities? ... — sharing， kindness， openness —? ... make you better able to relate and connect with others.

第六段：In analyzing his and other research， Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion： Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes， but it is also responsible for those outcomes， too ...

35. What is the best title for the text？

A. Be Nice--You Wont Finish Last

B. The Higher the Status， the Better

C. Be the Best--You Can Make It

D. More Self-Control， Less Aggressiveness

解析：全文有六段，通過掃讀全文，關(guān)注框架類詞塊，很容易得出全文的主旨出現(xiàn)在后三段，即第四至六段。

（1）One （study）...， other （research）... 詞塊表明，這兩處為并列關(guān)系。

（2）also表明第五段與第四段是并列關(guān)系，即：We found that ... also found that ...;another表明，第六段與第五段是并列關(guān)系，即：found that ... came to another conclusion ...

由以上分析可知，第四至六段為并列關(guān)系，且這三段得出的結(jié)論基本趨同：待人友善對自己的未來有益。這與A選項的內(nèi)容（Be Nice -- You Wont Finish Last） 剛好吻合，所以選擇A項。

例二：（2016年全國I卷閱讀理解D 篇）

第一段：The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups ... Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; ... Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.

第二段：Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people ... In these cultures， silence is a call for reflection.

第三段：Other cultures may use silence in other ways， ... For example， ... However， Mexicans may use silence when ... In still another use， persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect， ...

第四段：Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing ...

35. What may be the best title for the text？

A. Sound and Silence

B. What It Means to Be Silent

C. Silence to Native Americans

D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold

解析：全文分為四段，通過掃讀全文，關(guān)注詞塊，很容易得出全文的主旨為首段第一句。

（1）第一段的首句即為本段的中心句，通過接下來的詞塊some ... other ... 可知。

（2）掃讀第二、三段，看首尾句，通過詞塊many ... other ... / these ... other ... 等可知，第二、三段是并列關(guān)系，是對第一段內(nèi)容的分述，與第一段構(gòu)成總、分關(guān)系。

（3）尾段首句的詞塊the possible meanings of silence與第一段首句的詞塊The meaning of silence為詞塊復(fù)現(xiàn)，形成了首尾呼應(yīng)，從而確認了主旨句為全文首句。

2. 詞塊與具體信息題

仔細觀察題干， 標出關(guān)鍵詞塊，然后在文中定位該詞塊，在語境中尋找答案。

例一：（2016年全國I卷閱讀理解B 篇）

第三段：“in the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，”says Christine Crosby ...

27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？

A. They were unsure of raise more children.

B. They were eager to raise more children.

C. They wanted to live away from their parents.

D. They bad little respect for their grandparent.

解析：觀察27題的題干， 標出關(guān)鍵詞塊in the 1960s，在文中找到其來源段落：第三段。依據(jù)其后的表達 ... couldnt get away from home far enough fast enough to prove we could do it on our own（為了證明我們能夠獨立，離家越快越好，越遠越好）可知答案為C選項。

例二：（2019年全國I卷閱讀理解C 篇）

第一段：... the market is growing for biometric（生物測量） technologies ... to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present， these technologies are still expensive， though.

第二段：Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（裝置）that gets around this problem： a smart keyboard.

28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard？

A. To reduce pressure on keys.

B. To improve accuracy in typing.

C. To replace the password system.

D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.

解析：觀察28題的題干， 標出關(guān)鍵詞塊smart keyboard，在文中直接定位：第二段的首句。依據(jù)語境中的表達 ... they have come up with a low-cost device（裝置）that gets around this problem…可推知答案為D選項：To cut the cost of e-space protection（為了降低電子空間保護成本）。

3. 詞塊與推理判斷題

帶著題干中的關(guān)鍵詞塊，去文章中尋找意義近似的表達。找到后，理解相關(guān)語境，然后對語境中的詞塊發(fā)散理解，推斷出該題的答案。

例一：（2017年全國I卷閱讀理解C 篇）

第一段：Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO（ United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization） recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying（聯(lián)合）voice across cultures.

28.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day？

A. To remember the birth of jazz.

B. To protect cultural diversity.

C. To encourage people to study music.

D. To recognize the value of jazz.

解析：找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞塊April 30和International Jazz Day，然后去文章中定位，第一段首句和第二句出現(xiàn)了類似的詞塊：the first annual International Jazz Day， set April 30 as a day。然后，理解語境中的詞塊to raise awareness of jazz music， its significance， and its potential as a unifying （聯(lián)合） voice across cultures（為了提高人們對爵士樂及其意義的認識，以及對爵士樂作為跨文化的聯(lián)合聲音的潛力的認識）， 該詞塊為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作目的狀語，其意義與D 選項? To recognize the value of jazz（認識爵士樂的價值）的意義相同。

例二：（2018年全國I卷閱讀理解D篇）

第二段：To figure out how much power these devices are using， Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life ...

33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research？

A. To reduce the cost of minerals.

B. To test the life cycle of a product.

C. To update consumers on new technology.

D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.

解析：找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞塊，Babbitts team，然后去文章中定位，尋找意義近似的表達。第二段首句出現(xiàn)了類似的詞塊：Callie Babbitt and her colleagues。接著，理解語境中的詞塊To figure out how much power these devices are using，該詞塊為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，在句首作目的狀語;而且，figure out與find out為近義詞塊，how much power these devices are using（這些設(shè)備使用了多少能量）與electricity consumption of the devices（設(shè)備耗電量）為同義詞塊，由此可推斷出答案為D項。

4. 詞塊與意圖觀點態(tài)度題

帶著題干的關(guān)鍵詞塊去文章中定位，然后，理解語境中的相關(guān)詞塊，推斷出答案。

例一：（2017年全國Ⅲ卷閱讀理解C 篇）

末段：The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. ... The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.

31. What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？

A. Doubtful.? ? B. Positive.? ? C. Disapproving.? ? D. Uncaring

解析：用題干中的the Yellowstone wolf project去文中定位，在最后一段的最后一句找到，The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment ...;由其中的詞塊a valuable experiment可知，作者對此是持肯定態(tài)度的，故選B項。

例二：（2017年全國I卷閱讀理解A 篇）

○Support Pacific Science Center

Since 1962 Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion（熱情）for discovery and lifelong learning in science， math and technology. Today Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. Its an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals， corporations， and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.

23.What is the purpose of the last part of the text？

A. To encourage donations.

B. To advertise coming events.

C. To introduce special exhibits.

D. To tell about the Centers history.

解析：由段落標題詞塊Support Pacific Science Center（支持太平洋科學(xué)中心）和本段最后兩句中的詞塊we cannot achieve without generous support（沒有慷慨的支持，我們無法取得成功）和find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center（找到支持太平洋科學(xué)中心的各種方法）可知，本段的寫作目的是To encourage donations（鼓勵捐贈），故選A項。

例三：（2018年全國I卷閱讀理解D 篇）

首段：We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new， but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices（裝置）well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment- and our wallets-as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

32. What does the author think of new devices？

A. They are environment-friendly.

B. They are no better than the old.

C. They cost more to use at home.

D. They go out of style quickly.

解析：根據(jù)文章首段的詞塊keep using our old devices well（繼續(xù)使用舊設(shè)備）， Thats bad news for the environment（對環(huán)境來說是個壞消息），as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones（因為這些過時的設(shè)備比新設(shè)備消耗更多的能源），可知舊設(shè)備對環(huán)境不友好，由此推斷“新設(shè)備對環(huán)境友好”，故選A項。

教無定法，貴在得法。詞塊解題法是閱讀理解解題方式的一種嘗試，它能幫助應(yīng)試者準確審題，快速尋蹤，正確答題，是一種行之有效的方式，值得嘗試。

（注： 本文為湖南省教育科學(xué)規(guī)劃課題階段性成果，課題名稱：“基于主題詞塊思維訓(xùn)練的高中生英語讀寫能力培養(yǎng)的研究與實踐”，課題批準號：XJK18CJC100）

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