文 / 李 健
(作者單位:南京市建筑市場監(jiān)督站)
我們已經(jīng)討論了FIDIC1999 建造合同文本Conditions of Contract for Construction 第18 條“保險Insurance”子款18.1 General Requirements for Insurances “18.1 保險的一般要求”翻譯中的語言及法律問題。我們接下來討論其子款18.2 Insurance for Works and Contractor’s Equipment “18.2 工程和承包商設(shè)備保險”。
原文1:The insuring Party shall insure the Works, Plant, Materials and Contractor’s Documents for not less than the full reinstatement cost including the costs of demolition, removal of debris and professional fees and profit. This insurance shall be effective from the date by which the evidence is to be submitted under sub-paragraph (a) of Sub-Clause 18.1 [General Requirements for Insurances], until the date of issue of the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works.
試譯:投保人應當為工程、工程設(shè)備、材料和承包商文件辦理保險,保險金額不得低于全部復原費用,包括拆除、移除廢棄物的費用及行業(yè)收費和利潤。從第18.1 款〔保險的一般要求〕(a)項規(guī)定的提交證據(jù)之日起,至工程接收證書簽發(fā)之日,該保險均應當保持有效。
點評:1.先熟悉若干專業(yè)詞匯。Plant,工程設(shè)備;Contractor’s Documents,承包商文件;reinstatement,復原;reinstatement cost,復原費用(后文replacement value,是“重置價值”的意思);demolition,拆除,爆破;removal,移除,運走;debris,瓦礫堆,廢墟、碎片;professional fees and profit,行業(yè)收費和利潤;the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works,工程接收證書。
2.本款是關(guān)于工程、工程設(shè)備、材料和承包商文件保險的規(guī)定。特別提示:這里的“承包商文件”是有專門含義的。工程、工程設(shè)備以及最終構(gòu)成工程一部分的材料,最后都會移交業(yè)主接收,我們有理由相信這里的“承包商文件”應當是那些由承包商形成而最終應當移交給業(yè)主的有關(guān)工程施工的文件?!俺邪涛募睂I(yè)主將來確切知道工程、工程設(shè)備的技術(shù)性能等意義重大。業(yè)主對這樣的“承包商文件”擁有利益,這和其對接收到的工程、工程設(shè)備、材料擁有利益一樣。事實上,1.1.6.1 “Contractor’s Documents” means the calculations, computer programs and other software, drawings, manuals, models and other documents of a technical nature (if any) supplied by the Contractor under the Contract。這些文件在業(yè)主接收之前,處在承包商的保管之下。在1.8 中,F(xiàn)IDIC 文本有這樣的規(guī)定—Each of the Contractor’s documents shall be in the custody and care of the Contractor, unless and until taken over by the Employer. 工程、工程設(shè)備、材料和承包商文件等一旦移交給業(yè)主,則其上的風險(包括滅失風險)也隨之轉(zhuǎn)移至業(yè)主。
3.經(jīng)由點評2,我們也就自然理解了該保險應當從提交保險證據(jù)之日起至“工程接收證書”簽發(fā)之日the date of issue of the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works 保持有效,而不是至“履約證書”簽發(fā)之日the date of issue of the Performance Certificate 保持有效?!奥募s證書”的簽發(fā)確認了承包商義務(wù)的最終完成時間,而“工程接收證書”的簽發(fā)則確認了工程、工程設(shè)備、材料和承包商文件等的風險轉(zhuǎn)移時間。
原文2:The insuring Party shall maintain this insurance to provide cover until the date of issue of the Performance Certificate, for loss or damage for which the Contractor is liable arising from a cause occurring prior to the issue of the Taking-Over Certificate, and for loss or damage caused by the Contractor in the course of any other operations (including those under Clause 11 [Defects Liability]).
試譯:在履約證書簽發(fā)之前,投保人應當確保該保險用于彌補在工程接收證書簽發(fā)前發(fā)生的且應由承包商負責的損失或損害,以及在其他任何操作(包括第11 條 〔缺陷責任〕下的那些)過程中由承包商引起的損失或損害。
點評:1.本款是關(guān)于前述保險的用途的規(guī)定,具體來說,回答了兩個問題:一是對依據(jù)“提交證據(jù)之日起至工程接收證書簽發(fā)之日”有效的保險合同而獲得的保險賠償金用來干什么;二是應當確保在什么時點前實現(xiàn)該用途。
2.這是一個結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的長句,其主干是—The insuring Party shall maintain this insurance to provide cover for loss or damage。投保人應當確保該保險用于彌補損失或損害。這里provide cover,提供(一種)彌補,cover 是名詞。其余的成分都是狀語或者其嵌套的定語短語或從句。
3.這個長句翻譯起來有些困難。有文獻提供的譯文是—“應投保方應維持該保險在直到頒發(fā)履約證書的日期為止的期間繼續(xù)有效,以便對承包商應負責的,由頒發(fā)接收證書前發(fā)生的某項原因引起的損失或損害,以及由承包商在任何其他作業(yè)(包括第11 條〔缺陷責任〕中的作業(yè))過程中造成的損失或損害,提供保險?!边@是一個詰屈獠牙的中文譯文!甚至還有文獻譯成—“對于頒發(fā)接收證書前發(fā)生的由承包商負責的原因以及承包商在進行任何其他作業(yè)(包括第11 條〔缺陷責任〕所規(guī)定的作業(yè))過程中造成的損失或損壞,保險方應將此類保險的有效期延至履約證書頒發(fā)的日期?!边@兩個譯文,有一個共同錯誤,都把保險用途(provide cover)問題譯成了保險效力(be effective)問題。
4.關(guān)于用途的范圍,從The insuring Party shall maintain this insurance to provide cover for loss or damage 來看,限于彌補loss or damage 損失或損害,不包括缺陷責任期內(nèi)承包商為修復缺陷而支出的費用。根據(jù)本款內(nèi)容,缺陷責任期內(nèi)承包商為修復缺陷而支出的費用,應當由承包商自行承擔,與保險賠償金的用途無關(guān)。
原文3:The insuring Party shall insure the Contractor’s Equipment for not less than the full replacement value, including delivery to Site. For each item of Contractor’s Equipment, the insurance shall be effective while it is being transported to the Site and until it is no longer required as Contractor’s Equipment.
試譯:投保人應當為承包商設(shè)備辦理保險,保險金額不得低于全部重置價值,包括運至現(xiàn)場的費用。對承包商的每項設(shè)備,從運往現(xiàn)場的過程起,直到其不再需要作為承包商設(shè)備為止,該保險都應當保持有效。
點評:1.這是關(guān)于承包商設(shè)備保險的規(guī)定。
2.承包商設(shè)備the Contractor’s Equipment,與前文工程設(shè)備Plant 不同。工程設(shè)備Plant 將構(gòu)成工程的一部分,通常是永久的部分,根據(jù)民商法律領(lǐng)域的添附理論,應當屬于業(yè)主所有;當承包商是Plant 的投保人The insuring Party 時,可以認為承包商是為業(yè)主的利益而投保的。但是,承包商設(shè)備the Contractor’s Equipment 則是承包商用以完成施工所需的設(shè)備,不是工程本身的一部分,當承包商是the Contractor’s Equipment 的投保人時,可以認為承包商是為自己的利益而投保的。雖然理論上到底是業(yè)主還是承包商作為投保人是可以協(xié)商的,但通常“工程和承包商設(shè)備保險”的投保人都是承包商,即Unless otherwise stated in the Particular Conditions, insurances under this Sub-Clause: (a) shall be effected and maintained by the Contractor as insuring Party。
3.特別提示:承包商設(shè)備保險的生效時間起點,不是設(shè)備運到施工現(xiàn)場delivery to Site 時,而是設(shè)備開始起運時。也就是說,保險覆蓋了設(shè)備“運往”施工現(xiàn)場的整個過程中,直到其不再需要作為承包商設(shè)備為止,所以才會說—For each item of Contractor’s Equipment, the insurance shall be effective “while it is being transported to the Site” and until it is no longer required as Contractor’s Equipment。
原文4:Unless otherwise stated in the Particular Conditions, insurances under this Sub-Clause:… (d) shall also cover loss or damage to a part of the Works which is attributable to the use or occupation by the Employer of another part of the Works, and loss or damage from the risks listed in sub-paragraphs (c), (g) and (h) of Sub-Clause 17.3 [Employer’s Risks], excluding (in each case) risks which are not insurable at commercially reasonable terms, with deductibles per occurrence of not more than the amount stated in the Appendix to Tender (if an amount is not so stated, this subparagraph (d) shall not apply), and…
試譯:除非專用條款另有規(guī)定,本款規(guī)定的保險:……(d)還應當彌補由于業(yè)主使用或占用工程的一部分而對工程的另一部分造成的損失或損害,以及第17.3 款〔業(yè)主的風險〕(c)(g)及(h)項所列風險—不包括(各種情況下)那些在商業(yè)上合理的條件下不能進行保險的風險—所導致的損失或損害,每次發(fā)生事故時扣減項不大于投標函附錄中注明的款額(如果沒有注明此類款額,本分項(d)不適用)……
點評:此處我們選擇了FIDIC 文本原文中關(guān)于保險范圍約定的一個子項,列了兩種由業(yè)主原因引起的損失或損害,保險賠償后,賠償金應當從業(yè)主所得支付中扣減(deductibles,扣減項)給承包商。這一點我們可以從第17.3款〔業(yè)主的風險〕(c)(g)及(h)項所列風險內(nèi)容以及17.4 Consequences of Employer’s Risks〔業(yè)主風險的后果〕中看出—If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs Cost from rectifying this loss or damage, the Contractor shall give a further notice to the Engineer and shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor’s Claims] to:… (a)an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed…, and (b) payment of any such Cost, which shall be included in the Contract Price。承包商可以就業(yè)主原因引起的損失或損害向業(yè)主索賠。
FIDIC 文本中“工程和承包商設(shè)備保險”條款的其他內(nèi)容不再贅述,有興趣的讀者可以自行探索。