王靜
近年來,高考命題者加大了對句子結(jié)構(gòu)和知識面的考查力度,同時注重考查知識之間的交叉和語法知識。特殊句式中的強調(diào)句、倒裝句、省略句是高考的熱點,主要出現(xiàn)在單選題、語法填空題、語篇閱讀中,還可運用于我們的寫作之中。因此,在復習和備考中我們要注意總結(jié)、深入研究,全面把握英語的特殊句式。
一、強調(diào)句
強調(diào)是有效地進行思想交流的重要手段之一。人們在交際過程中,為了使自己的想法能被聽者或讀者恰當?shù)乩斫?,必須突出重要的?nèi)容,這就需要運用強調(diào)的手段。在英語中,人們常常用強調(diào)句來進行交流。
考點一:強調(diào)句的基本形式:It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that/who+其他部分。
此句型可以對句中的主語、賓語、狀語等進行強調(diào)。強調(diào)事物或情況時,只能用that;強調(diào)人時,用that,who均可。
【例1】(2017·天津卷·11)It was when I got back to my apartment ____I first came across my new neighbors.
A. who B. where C. which D. that
【解析】D。句意:當我回到我的公寓的時候,我第一次遇見了我的新鄰居。本句去掉It was和that后,成為“when I got back to my apartment, I first came across my new neighbors.”,這句話的句意是完整的,所以確定是強調(diào)句型,故選D。
考點二:強調(diào)句的一般疑問句:Is/Was it+被強調(diào)部分+that/who...?
【例2】Was it near the building, if I may ask, _____Martin Luther King gave the speech“I have a dream”?
A. where B. which C. that D. when
【解析】C。句子被強調(diào)的部分是near the building。句意:如果我可以問的話,馬丁·路德·金是不是在這棟樓附近做了《我有一個夢想》的演講?。?/p>
考點三:強調(diào)句的特殊疑問句: 特殊疑問詞+is/was+it that...?
【例3】—____you raised your work efficiency so much?
—Oh, we have introduced some modern equipment.
A. How it is that B. How is it that
C. How it was that D. How was it that
【解析】D。句意:“你們是怎么把工作效率提高這么多的?”“噢,我們引進了一些現(xiàn)代設(shè)備?!狈治鼍渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)和選項可知,本題考查強調(diào)句的特殊疑問句,即“特殊疑問詞+is/was+it that...?”,由問句中的“raised”可知應(yīng)使用一般過去時,故選D。
·易錯點撥·
如果強調(diào)句的特殊疑問句作賓語從句,要用陳述語序。
【例4】Up till now, there has been no scientific evidence about _______ caused the death of dinosaurs.
A. what is it that B. what it was that
C. it was what D. what is it
【解析】B。句意:到目前為止,還沒有科學證據(jù)證明是什么導致恐龍的死亡。句子強調(diào)恐龍滅絕的原因,即what,因此這是一個強調(diào)句的特殊疑問句,強調(diào)句式后面要用that,故可排除C、D兩項;另外,由于這個強調(diào)句是作介詞about的賓語從句,因此要用陳述語序。
考點四:對not...until...句式的強調(diào): It was not until ...that...
對含有not...until...的句子進行強調(diào)時,應(yīng)將not與until一起放入被強調(diào)部分。
錯誤:It was not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous singer.
(not until不在句首,主句不需要使用部分倒裝)
正確:It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous singer.
注意:如果需要強調(diào)謂語,應(yīng)用“do/does/did+動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu),但只能用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的肯定句中。
二、倒裝
英語句子的自然語序是主語在前,謂語動詞在后。但為了強調(diào)句子中的某一部分,可以把原來的語序重新調(diào)整。常用的方法是將要強調(diào)的部分放在主語之前,這就叫“倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)”。如果全部謂語放在主語之前,叫“全部倒裝”;如果只把be動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞置于主語之前,就叫“部分倒裝”。
倒裝是每年高考的必考語法重點,高考對倒裝的命題重點主要集中在是否倒裝、部分倒裝還是完全倒裝的辨析上,常與時態(tài)結(jié)合在一起考查,有時也結(jié)合主謂語一致進行考查。
考點一:表示方位、地點和時間的副詞in,out,up,down,away,off,now,then等置于句首的完全倒裝。
【例5】Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away ____.
A. fleeing the thief B. fled the thief
C. the thief was fleeing D. was fleeing the thief
【解析】B。句意:聽到狗兇猛地叫,小偷逃了。Away是副詞,在句首引起倒裝;flee意為“逃跑”,是不及物動詞,移到主語(名詞)the thief前面。此句式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不用進行時。
·易錯點撥·
若句子的主語是人稱代詞,則不用倒裝。例如:Away they hurried.
考點二:表示地點、方位、時間等的介詞短語放在句首,句中謂語動詞常為sit,stand,lie等不及物動詞且主語是名詞時的完全倒裝。
【例6】Just in front of the temple ____with a history of 1000 years.
A. does an old pine tree stand B. stands an old pine tree
C. an old pine tree is standing D. an old pine tree stands
【解析】B。句意:一棵有千年歷史的松樹就矗立在寺廟的前面。表示地點的介詞短語放在句首,句子要完全倒裝,此句中,主語是an old pine tree with a history of 1000 years,為單數(shù),所以謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)stands。正常語序為An old pine tree with a history of 1000 years stands just in front of the temple.
·易錯點撥·
在完全倒裝的句子中,介詞短語不可作主語,位于動詞后面的名詞就是句子的主語。
考點三:only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句,放在句首時引起的主句部分倒裝。
【例7】 Only when Lily walked into the office _____ that she had left the contract at home.
A. she realized B. has she realized
C. she has realized D. did she realize
【解析】D。句意:直到Lily走進辦公室,她才意識到她把合同忘在家里了。Only修飾作狀語的從句(介詞短語/副詞)并放在句首時,主句多用部分倒裝;由賓語從句中的過去完成時可知,主句應(yīng)用一般過去時。
·易錯點撥·
如果only修飾名詞或代詞作主語放在句首,則主句不必倒裝。如:Only she can do it well.
考點四:具有否定意義或半否定意義的副詞never,seldom,little(少),hardly,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,not等置于句首時的部分倒裝。
【例8】(2016·江蘇卷·34)Not until recently ______the development of ?tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
A. they had encouraged B. had they encouraged
C. did they encourage D. they encouraged
【解析】C。句意:直到最近他們才鼓勵在農(nóng)村地區(qū)開展與旅游業(yè)有關(guān)的活動。當not until所引導的時間狀語放在句首的時候,主句要使用部分倒裝,排除A、D項。B項為過去完成時,上下文中并沒有體現(xiàn)“過去的過去”的時間,故錯誤。C項正確。
考點五:含有否定意義的介詞短語at no time (從來沒有),by no means (決不),in no way (決不),in no case (決不),under no circumstances (在任何情況下都不)等置于句首時的部分倒裝。
【例9】(2019·天津卷·12) The professor warned the students that on no account _____ use mobile phones in his class.
A. should they B. they should C. dare they D. they dare
【解析】A。句意:這位教授警告學生們,在他的課堂上,決不應(yīng)該使用手機。on no account“決不”,否定詞放在句首,句子使用部分倒裝,should do“應(yīng)該做”,dare do“敢于做”,根據(jù)句意此處要表達“應(yīng)該”,故選A。
考點六:表示否定意義的固定搭配連詞(no sooner... than...;hardly/scarcely...when...;not until...;not only...but also...;neither...nor...等)置于句首時的倒裝。
【例10】No sooner ? ? ? ? ? stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.
A. had Mo Yan B. Mo Yan had
C. has Mo Yan D. Mo Yan has
【解析】A。句意:莫言一登上舞臺,觀眾就報以雷鳴般的掌聲。no sooner...than...“一……就……”,no sooner所在的句子用過去完成時,位于句首時要把had提前,構(gòu)成主句部分倒裝。
·易錯點撥·
類似的結(jié)構(gòu)有hardly/ scarcely...when...。另外,還要注意以下句型:
① not only...but also...連接兩個并列句,not only位于句首,只有第一個分句用部分倒裝。
Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but also we should try our best to overcome them.
②neither...nor...(“既不……也不……”)連接兩個并列分句時,由于neither,nor都是否定詞,因此前后句均用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
考點七:so/such...that結(jié)構(gòu)中,so/such提前至句首的主句謂語的部分倒裝。
【例11】So amused ____that I couldnt help laughing when I saw the children dressed up as Santa Clauses on Christmas Day.
A. did l feel B. had I felt C. was I felt D. I felt
【解析】A。在so...that結(jié)構(gòu)中,“so+形容詞”部分置于句首時,主句部分謂語用部分倒裝,that引導的狀語從句部分謂語不用倒裝。另外, that從句中謂語saw是一般過去時,根據(jù)主從句時態(tài)一致性的原則,答案為A項。
考點八:省略連詞if,將were/had/should提到主語之前的虛擬條件句的從句部分倒裝。
【例12】(2017·江蘇卷·22)_______ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it
【解析】B。句意:要不是老師們的支持,該生是無法克服她自己的困難的。根據(jù)主句中的“could not overcome her difficulty”可知,從句謂語動詞應(yīng)該用過去時,表示對現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬。完整的從句是if it were not for the support of the teachers,其中的if可以省略,同時將were提前,構(gòu)成倒裝。
考點九:so/neither + be/have/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞 + 主語,表示“也(不)……”的部分倒裝及其相關(guān)句型。
【例13】As fuel prices rose, bus companies raised their fares and ______.
A. so did the airlines B. nor did the airline
C. so the airlines did D. nor the airlines did
【解析】A。句意:因為燃料價格上漲,公交公司漲了票價,航空公司也是。表示“某人/物的情況也是如此”,用“so+助動詞+主語”結(jié)構(gòu),故A項正確。
【例14】—As a teenager, our son should have two or three hobbies to be really happy.
—_____.But how can he afford the time with so much homework every day?
A. So does he B. So he does
C. So should he D. So he should
【解析】D 。句意:“作為一個青少年,我們的兒子應(yīng)該有兩三個愛好才能真正開心?!薄八拇_應(yīng)該如此,但是他每天有這么多的家庭作業(yè),他怎么能有時間呢?”本題考查倒裝句型。So does he和So should he為倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),意為“也……”,不符合語境。So he does 和So he should意為“他確實……”,符合題意。另外,根據(jù)第一句中的“our son should have...”,可以排除B項,故選D項。
【例15】—The man has great determination and never gives up.
—______.
A. So do you B. Neither do you
C. So is with you D. It is the same with you
【解析】D。句意:“那個人有決心,從不放棄?!薄澳阋踩绱??!碑敱磉_前者的情況也適用于后者,而這種情況既有肯定又有否定的時候,用It is the same with... 或者So it is with...,故選D項。
考點十:as/though引導的讓步狀語從句的部分倒裝。
【例16】Unsatisfied ____with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.
A. though was he B. though he was
C. he was though D. was he though
【解析】B。句意:盡管對工資不滿意,但為了獲得工作經(jīng)驗,他還是接受了這份工作。though引導的讓步狀語從句中的表語、狀語或動詞原形置于句首,但主謂順序不變,故B項正確。
·易錯點撥·
若表語是名詞,其前面不用冠詞。
Student as he is,he doesnt study as hard as he can.
三、省略
為了避免重復,突出關(guān)鍵詞語,并使上下文緊密連接,在句子中有時就省去一個或幾個句子成分。這種語法手段就稱為省略。在近幾年的高考試題中,省略現(xiàn)象尤為常見。英語中常常使用省略的句式,現(xiàn)總結(jié)如下:
考點一:動詞不定式的省略
1.不定式在hope,intend,plan,mean,want,wish,would like/love等動詞后作賓語,在ask,advise,persuade,allow,tell 等后作補語或與be able to,be going to,have to,used to等一起構(gòu)成復合謂語時,常省略與上文相同的動詞,只保留符號to。
【例17】The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police .
A. not to do B. not to C. not do D. do not
【解析】B。句意:這個司機想把車??吭诼愤?,但警察叫他別那樣做。短語ask sb not to do sth,其被動式為be asked not to do。其中,do即前文的park his car near the roadside,故省略,僅保留不定式符號to,故選B。
2.不定式在使役動詞后或在感官動詞后作補語時,why(not),had better,would rather/sooner,cannot...but...,cant help/choose...but...等后常省略to。如:
Why not join us in the discussion?
·易錯點撥·
介詞but,except后作賓語或be動詞后作表語的不定式;如果前面有do動詞,也常省略to。如:
What I have to do is stay at home.
He could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come.
考點二:狀語從句中的省略
1.若從句的主語和主句的主語一致,且從句的謂語動詞中含有be動詞,從句的主語連同be動詞一起省略。
【例18】(2018·新課標II卷)Chinas approach to protecting its environment while ?70 (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,” says the banks Juergen Voegele.
【解析】feeding。句意:中國在養(yǎng)活了中國人民的同時又保護了環(huán)境。這一做法為全世界的農(nóng)業(yè)和糧食政策制定人提供了很有用的經(jīng)驗??崭裉幈硎菊谶M行的動作,while后面省略掉了China is,故填feeding。
2.當見到“when(或if,where,wherever,whenever,as soon as,than等)+ possible/necessary”時,可理解中間省略了it is/was。如:
When (it is) possible, buy me some stamps.
注意:由if構(gòu)成的省略結(jié)構(gòu),已屬于固定短語。如if any,if necessary,if possible, if not,if so等。如:
He may be busy. If so, Ill call later. If not, can I see him now?
考點三:定語從句中的省略
1.在限制性定語從句中可省略作賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom,which,that。如:
That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.
2.先行詞為day,year,time等的定語從句中,when可省略,也可換成that;先行詞為place,somewhere,anywhere,nowhere 等時,where可省略,也可換成that。如:
His father died the year (that/in which/when) he was born.
This is the place (where/that )they met yesterday.
考點四:賓語從句中的省略
1.當that引導賓語從句時,常常可以省略that,但引導第二個賓語從句的that不可省略。如:
We believe he is an honest boy and that he never lies.
2.which,when,where,how和why引導的賓語從句在其謂語與主句謂語相同時,可省略全部謂語,甚至主語也省略。如:
We will have a meeting next week, but we dont know where.
后記:特殊句式猶如夜色中的霓虹燈,點綴平凡的句子。熟練掌握并正確使用特殊句式中的強調(diào)句、倒裝句、省略句,我們的作文一定會增彩還增分!