封海東 金善忠 王巍 張振 周明 張澤志 司海倩 韓明清 李坤

摘要：對杜鵑蘭（Cremastra appendiculata）人工授粉后的結(jié)莢習(xí)性進(jìn)行動態(tài)觀察，對杜鵑蘭人工高效受粉技術(shù)進(jìn)行探究與整合，結(jié)果表明，在適宜的溫濕度下，杜鵑蘭受粉3 d后花托開始明顯膨大，開花20 d左右花托膨大結(jié)束，果莢大小定型，開花170 d天左右果莢成熟。在濕度60%～80%，溫度25～28 ℃，遮光度90%～95%時，杜鵑蘭果莢生長較快，且無病蟲害發(fā)生。溫度超過30 ℃時，杜鵑蘭果莢生長受抑，生長緩慢或停止;溫度超過33 ℃時，部分杜鵑蘭果莢干癟死亡脫落，并會孳生病蟲害。人工授粉的平均結(jié)實率為60.75%，自然受粉結(jié)實率為1.43%，人工授粉結(jié)實率遠(yuǎn)高于自然受粉。分別于開花第一至第七天進(jìn)行人工授粉，開花天數(shù)與結(jié)實率呈近似連續(xù)正交分布，其中開花第三天人工授粉的結(jié)實率最高，為97.50%，此后結(jié)實率開始降低。單株留花數(shù)與人工授粉結(jié)實率呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系，即隨著單株留花數(shù)的增多，人工授粉結(jié)實率下降;此外，單株留花數(shù)與自然受粉結(jié)實率也呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。結(jié)合產(chǎn)量及成本等因素，得出最優(yōu)單株人工授粉留花數(shù)為8～10朵。

關(guān)鍵詞：杜鵑蘭（Cremastra appendiculata）;結(jié)莢習(xí)性;人工授粉技術(shù);結(jié)實率

中圖分類號：S567.23+9? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼：A

文章編號：0439-8114（2019）21-0127-03

DOI：10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.21.026

Abstract： The dynamic observation of the pod habit after artificial pollination of Cremastra appendiculata was carried out， and the artificial high-efficiency pollination technology of C. appendiculata was explored and integrated. the results showed that under appropriate temperature and humidity， the flower tray began to expand significantly after 3 days of pollination， and the flower tray was enlarged after 20 days of flowering， the pods were shaped， and the fruit pods matured about 170 days after flowering. When the humidity is 60%～80%， the temperature is 25～28 ℃， and the opacity is 90%～95%， the pods of C. appendiculate grow faster and no diseases and pests occur. When the temperature exceeds 30 ℃， the growth of C. appendiculate pods is inhibited， and the growth is slow or stopped. When the temperature exceeds 33 ℃， some of the C. appendiculate pods withered and died， and diseases and pests occur. The average seed setting rate of artificial pollination was 60.75%， and that of natural pollination was 1.43%. And the seed setting rate of artificial pollination is much higher than that of natural pollination. Artificial pollination was carried out on the 1st to 7th day after flowering， respectively， the flowering days and the seed setting rate were approximately continuous and orthogonal. The seed setting rate of artificial pollination on the third day of flowering was 97.50%， and the seed setting rate began to decrease thereafter. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of flowers per plant and the seed setting rate of artificial pollination. That is， as the number of flowers per plant increases， the seed setting rate of artificial pollination decreases. In addition， the number of flowers per plant was negatively correlated with the seed setting rate of natural pollination. Combined with factors such as yield and cost， it is concluded that the optimal number of flowers left by artificial pollination per plant is 8～10.

根據(jù)試驗結(jié)果，總結(jié)出杜鵑蘭人工授粉的方法，選取莖稈健壯、花序發(fā)達(dá)、無病蟲害的植株，每株留花8～10朵，于開花第三天，用鑷子取掉父本花藥團(tuán)，掀掉藥帽，置于母本藥腔內(nèi)，母本藥腔內(nèi)有黏液，可黏住花藥團(tuán)，授粉完畢可摘除母本唇瓣，并掛牌套袋標(biāo)注，防止二次受粉。本試驗選擇的溫、濕度及遮光度參考了陳德媛等[9]、張麗霞[11]的研究結(jié)果，分別設(shè)置為溫度25～28 ℃，濕度60%～80%，遮光度90%～95%。結(jié)果表明，這一設(shè)計下杜鵑蘭果莢能夠正常生長并成熟，更優(yōu)的環(huán)境條件有待開展進(jìn)一步試驗進(jìn)行驗證。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1] 國家藥典委員會.中華人民共和國藥典 一部[M].北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2005.

[2] 張麗霞.瀕危藥用植物杜鵑蘭的現(xiàn)代研究進(jìn)展[J].現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)，2013（11）：66-68.

[3] 陳謙海.貴州植物志：第十卷（種子植物）[M].貴陽：貴州科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，2004.

[4] 鄭宏均，詹亞華.現(xiàn)代中藥材鑒別手冊[M].北京：中國醫(yī)藥科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，2001.

[5] 沈連生.彩色圖解中藥學(xué)[M].北京：華夏出版社，2000.

[6] 陳謙海，陳心啟.貴州蘭科新資料[J].植物分類學(xué)報，2003，41（3）：263-266.

[7] 韋紅邊，呂? 享，高曉峰，等.蘭科藥用植物杜鵑蘭的研究進(jìn)展[J].貴州農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)，2017（2）：788-92.

[8] CHEN M Y，CHEN M G.The breeding systems of Cremastra appendiculata and Cymbidum goeringii：High levels of annual fruit failure in two self-compatible orchids[J].Ann Bot Fennici，2003，40：81-85.

[9] 陳德媛，胡成剛，陳遠(yuǎn)光，等.杜鵑蘭引種栽培觀察[J].中國林副特產(chǎn)，1998，45（2）：5.

[10] 王彩霞，田? 敏，李全健，等.白及的花部特征與繁育系統(tǒng)[J].園藝學(xué)報，2012，39（6）：1159-1166.

[11] 張麗霞.杜鵑蘭重要生理特性和生態(tài)適應(yīng)性研究[D].貴陽：貴州大學(xué)，2008.