崔姣妍 張瓊瑤
摘 ?????要:攪拌棒吸附萃取SBSE是一種新型微型化的樣品前處理技術(shù),普遍應(yīng)用于痕量有機(jī)物的富集。其具有有機(jī)溶劑用量小、不需進(jìn)一步蒸發(fā)濃縮、減少了對環(huán)境的污染的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。由于其涂層材料的局限性,為擴(kuò)大SBSE技術(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍。近年來,人們都在開發(fā)新型SBSE極性涂層材料。闡述了新型攪拌棒涂層的種類、制備進(jìn)展。
關(guān) ?鍵 ?詞:SBSE;合成;涂層材料
中圖分類號:O652.6 ??????文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼: A ??????文章編號: 1671-0460(2019)01-0111-04
Abstract: ?Stir bar sorptive extraction SBSE is a new type of miniaturized sample pretreatment technology, which is widely used in the enrichment of trace organics. It has the advantages of small using amount of organic solvent, no need of further evaporation, and less pollution to the environment. Due to the limitations of its coating materials, the application of SBSE technology is restricted. In recent years, new types of SBSE polar coating materials have been developed. In this paper, types, preparation methods and application of new stir bar coating material were reviewed.
Key words: SBSE; synthesis; coating material
傳統(tǒng)的樣品前處理方法存在操作繁瑣,且多為手工操作,所需分析時間較長,同時消耗較多的有機(jī)溶劑等缺點(diǎn)。用于液體樣品分析的傳統(tǒng)液液萃?。↙LE)進(jìn)一步被耗時較少的固相萃?。⊿PE)所取代,萃取效率增加,簡化樣品操作,減少樣品和有機(jī)溶劑的使用量,使分析裝置小型化,并消除復(fù)雜基質(zhì)的干擾成為樣品預(yù)處理的目的。如今,發(fā)展的新型吸附萃取技術(shù)(SPME),攪拌棒吸附萃?。⊿BSE)或填充吸附劑微萃取技術(shù)和新型溶劑萃取技術(shù)等[1-4]。
1 ?攪拌棒吸附萃取技術(shù)
攪拌棒吸附萃取SBSE是一項新型微型化的樣品前處理技術(shù),由固相微萃取技術(shù)演化發(fā)展而來,在其表面涂布不同材料以獲得更好的富集因子,提供更好的吸附相和更高的表面積,具有更大的萃取能力。傳統(tǒng)的SBSE是一種將聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)吸附劑涂覆在磁力攪拌棒的外層上,將其放置在液體樣品中吸附有機(jī)化合物,然后進(jìn)行解吸。
首先是溶劑解吸,將攪拌棒置于溶液中以解吸分析物成分,產(chǎn)生濃縮物。第二個是熱解吸,需使用專門的熱脫附儀(TDU)進(jìn)行脫附,然后進(jìn)入檢測系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行測量分析,這是氣相色譜常用的[4-6]??筛鶕?jù)被測樣品的性質(zhì)選擇解析的方式。其他方面,攪拌棒吸附萃取有許多因素的控制,例如攪動速率,溫度影響,樣品體積等。因此,在實(shí)驗(yàn)中必須優(yōu)化適合的萃取條件。1998年Erik Baltussen首次提出攪拌棒萃取,在含有疏水性吸附劑的磁力攪拌棒上萃取50種化合物。利用自動吸附萃取 -熱解吸-氣體色譜-質(zhì)譜分析:測定水樣中的酚類化合物[7]。T?lgyessy, SNagyov, M,使用PDMS攪拌棒吸附萃(SBSE)與熱脫附-氣相色譜-三重串聯(lián)四極桿串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜(TD-GC-QqQMS/ MS)用于測定水中短鏈氯化石蠟(SCCPs),由于短鏈氯化石蠟的非極性,使PDMS攪拌棒吸附萃取回收率較高[8]。雖然SBSE有很多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括操作簡單,預(yù)濃縮因子高等。但是隨著發(fā)展,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)SBSE的主要的缺點(diǎn)是商業(yè)數(shù)量的減少,僅限于聚二甲基硅氧烷,PDMS是一個非極性材料,根據(jù)相似相溶原理,它不適用于萃取極性化合物,尤其是具有l(wèi)og Kow值低于3的化合物。當(dāng)使用PDMS攪拌棒涂布時,極性化合物的回收率差。為了克服這個限制,制備合適的SBSE極性涂層材料至關(guān)重要?,F(xiàn)今,烷基-二醇-二氧化硅材料(RAM),聚氨酯,PDMS /聚吡咯和PDMS/β-環(huán)糊精的開發(fā),擴(kuò)展了SBSE對極性溶質(zhì)的適用性[9]
2 ??攪拌棒涂層合成方法
到目前為止,大部分人都在開發(fā)新型SBSE極性涂層材料和合成策略。首先是溶膠-凝膠技術(shù),用β-環(huán)糊精修飾PDMS的新型材料來吸附水樣中的雌激素和雙酚A [10]或基于用聚乙烯醇提取蜂蜜中的有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥[11]等。Cong Hu, Man He利用金屬有機(jī)骨架(MOFs,Al-MIL-53-NH2)通過水熱合成方法和溶膠 - 凝膠技術(shù)制備新型聚二甲基硅氧烷/金屬有機(jī)骨架(PDMS / MOFs)涂覆的攪拌棒。制備攪拌棒的結(jié)果重現(xiàn)性良好[12]。但是,溶膠 - 凝膠過程較其他合成技術(shù)復(fù)雜。第二種方法是開發(fā)整體材料, Núria Gilart a, P.A.G. Cormack基于聚乙二醇聚甲基丙烯酸酯-共-季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯的新型極性整體材料(聚(PEGMA-co-PETRA))首先被合成[13]。其他包括乙烯基鄰苯二甲酰亞胺(VPA)和N,N'-亞甲基雙丙烯酰胺(MBAA)確定牛奶和蜂蜜中的苯并咪唑[14],或乙烯基吡咯烷酮(VPD)和二乙烯基苯(DVB)能夠有效提取環(huán)境水域的PPCPs [15]。Linna You, Man He利用一點(diǎn)法合成沸石咪唑酯框架整體式涂層的攪拌棒,從果實(shí)樣品中提取植物激素進(jìn)行高效液相色譜 - 紫外檢測[16]。第三,分子印跡聚合技術(shù),模板分子通常為待測物或待測物的同系物,將其先和功能單體之間以非共價鍵(或共價鍵)相互作用進(jìn)行預(yù)組裝,產(chǎn)生高度交聯(lián)的三維網(wǎng)狀聚合物,然后再發(fā)生聚合反應(yīng),隨后去除印記分子留下的具有與模板的大小,形狀和化學(xué)官能團(tuán)互補(bǔ)的空腔[17]。Yun Lei, Guanhong Xu使用多巴胺作為模板的分子印跡聚合物涂覆攪拌棒(MIP-SB)。發(fā)現(xiàn) MIP-SB的吸附能力幾乎是非印跡攪拌棒的4倍。建立尿液樣品中多巴胺的分析方法,用HPLC-熒光檢測器進(jìn)行MIP-SB吸附萃取。與酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)相比,該方法簡單,靈敏性好[18]。Zhu等人制備了MIP-SB用于測定奶粉中的三聚氰胺。將目標(biāo)化合物作為模板,印跡層被化學(xué)錨定在磁性攪拌棒表面,其開始用3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)丙基甲基丙烯酸酯衍生化。所獲得的涂層(?4.5μm)均勻,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,由許多互相連接的小球組成。該攪拌棒涂層與NIP相比,MIP-SB的吸附容量高3.6倍[19]。
3 ??攪拌棒的涂層材料
攪拌棒涂層可分為以下幾大類,分別為金屬有機(jī)框架,碳基材料,復(fù)合材料等[20]。一,金屬有機(jī)框架,是一類由金屬中心和有機(jī)配體經(jīng)過自我組裝形成的具有可調(diào)節(jié)孔徑材料。金屬離子在骨架中起到了兩個作用:一個是作為結(jié)點(diǎn)提供骨架的中樞 ;另一個是在中樞中形成分支 ,從而增強(qiáng)了MOFs的物理性質(zhì)(如多孔性和手性)[21]。肖[22]等人開發(fā)了一個基于PDMS/MIL-101-Cr-NH2的SBSE與GC-FPD耦合的新方法對東湖和池塘水樣中OPPs的測定。提出的方法得到好的富集因子(110~151)和回收89.3%~115%和80.0%~113%。金屬有機(jī)框架孔結(jié)構(gòu)高度有序 ,具有比表面積大、孔隙率高、孔徑可調(diào)、化學(xué)可修飾性及結(jié)構(gòu)組成、多樣性孔表面的官能團(tuán)和表面勢能可控制等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。通過選擇合適的金屬離子和有機(jī)配體, 并在材料的孔內(nèi)和表面進(jìn)行修飾, 嫁接功能多樣化的有機(jī)官能團(tuán), 設(shè)計出與目標(biāo)物親和力強(qiáng)、選擇性好MOFs 材料[23-25]。二,碳基材料。需要用不同基團(tuán)或有機(jī)分子對其表面進(jìn)行修飾。活性炭,石墨烯,碳納米材料具有較大的吸附表面積 - 體積比和高親和力,良好的物理和化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性以及低成本[26] 。Talebianpoor用制成ZnS裝載在活性炭上的納米粒子涂層的攪拌棒進(jìn)行預(yù)濃縮微量水平的氨基甲酸酯殺蟲劑的分析[27]。Jun Peng, Dong hao Liu將分子印跡聚合物和磁性碳納米管結(jié)合。利用兩種單體來增強(qiáng)選擇性分子印跡聚合物,測定環(huán)境中的水質(zhì)中微量頭孢克洛和頭孢氨芐[26]。三,復(fù)合材料,復(fù)合材料是指由兩種或兩種以上不同性質(zhì)的材料通過物理或化學(xué)方法組成的性能優(yōu)于單一組分的材料。在一研究中,一種基于蒙脫土(MMT)摻入聚苯胺 - 聚酰胺(PANI-PA)雜化物的新型納米復(fù)合材料,通過在MMT-PA混合物中發(fā)生聚苯胺的氧化聚合反應(yīng),溶劑交換法獲得攪拌棒薄層基材[28]。YunLei,ManHe采用溶膠-凝膠法制備了一種新型聚苯胺/α-環(huán)糊精復(fù)??合涂層攪拌棒,用于分析環(huán)境水體中痕量多氯聯(lián)苯(PCBs)。該方法成功應(yīng)用于長江水和東湖水中7種目標(biāo)多氯聯(lián)苯的測定,河水樣本加標(biāo)回收率分別為73.0%~120%,82.7%~121%[29]。
4 ?SBSE的新進(jìn)展
4.1 ?新涂層材料
如今,已經(jīng)將納米材料和MOFS材料結(jié)合,納米金屬-有機(jī)框架材料因具有納米尺寸,既擁有傳統(tǒng)塊狀MOFS的性質(zhì),也具備特殊的物理、化學(xué)特性,表現(xiàn)出更為優(yōu)異的性能。金屬納米粒子涉及各種不同的無機(jī)納米粒子,具有比表面積大,吸附容量大,低溫改性等獨(dú)特性能。目前,金屬納米材料包括Fe3O4,TiO2,Al2O3,ZrO2,MnO和CeO2,用于功能涂層材料的改性[30, 31]。磁性納米材料提取分析物通?;谑杷韵嗷プ饔?,靜電吸引和共價鍵形成。其適用于提取和富集大量的目標(biāo)分析物,因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢蕴峁└弑缺砻娣e,容易表面修飾和強(qiáng)磁性[32]。Lin等人[33]制備水穩(wěn)定的Fe3O4 @ MOF-5復(fù)合材料,然后利用其磁性作為SBSE涂層粘附在Nd-Fe-B永磁體上。他們將基于MOF-5的SBSE與GC-MS聯(lián)用以檢測魚樣品中的多氯聯(lián)苯,得出結(jié)論比較滿意(94.3%~97.5%)。 在他們的另一項工作中,他們使用修飾了MOF-5捕獲適體,目的是提高魚類樣品多氯聯(lián)苯對這種SBSE涂層的選擇性,提供了大量的富集因子(50~100)[34]。Irene Aparicio , Julia Martín,等人首次利用SBSE成功提取一大批極性和非極性污染物,發(fā)現(xiàn) EG-硅氧烷涂層允許同時提取兩者極性和非極性污染物。乙烯乙二醇改性硅酮的涂層材料對極性和非極性化合物中的酸性樣本萃取回收率高。該方法已成功地用于自來水和地表水樣品的應(yīng)用,良好的線性范圍,準(zhǔn)確度,獲得所有48個目標(biāo)化合物[35] ??紤]到有些材料的攪拌棒制作可能復(fù)雜耗時,攪拌棒易萃取而不易解析的情況。Jackeline Stoskia,b, Natalicio F. Leite等人第一次將樹脂作為攪拌棒涂層而不需要任何附加的吸附劑相的附著,從而提供簡單的和低成本的方法,使得該材料適合于解吸分析物[36]。Inés Racamonde, 用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS),聚丙烯(PP)和聚醚砜(PES)吸附劑萃取,然后用液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜(LC-MS / MS)同時測定水中17種苯并二氮類(BZPs)和相關(guān)藥物(唑吡坦)。發(fā)現(xiàn)PP可能成為用于提取堿性分析物的PDMS或PES的良好替代物[37]。
4.2 ?新方法
為解決大樣本的待測物,試驗(yàn)人員采用多個攪拌棒的萃取方法。Li Feng,Sheng jun Zhang用攪拌棒吸附萃取法熱脫附氣相色譜檢測大量水樣中有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥,為解決長時間萃取和小樣本量問題,他們選擇多個攪拌棒萃取較大容量的水樣,同時得到良好的線性關(guān)系[38]。Xiao bing Pang, Alastair C. Lewis用PDMS攪拌棒吸附萃取技術(shù)與化學(xué)衍生氣相色譜 - 質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用技術(shù)分析雨水中生物羰基化合物。從水樣中可以提取和分析29種羰基化合物,采用SBSE技術(shù)對雨水中的羰基進(jìn)行了分析,20個羰基化合物的提取效率均在85%以上[39]。對于熱解析萃取吸附的檢測物時無法將攪拌棒解吸成分流/GC不分流進(jìn)樣,增加了一個額外的步驟即在合適的有機(jī)溶劑中解吸提取的分析物。針對這個問Mohammad T. Jafari, Mohammad R. Rezayat論述了離子遷移譜聯(lián)用攪拌棒吸附萃取注射口的設(shè)計與構(gòu)建。由黃銅合金制成的不同的熱解吸單元TDU,結(jié)果顯示注射口可用于直接分析任何吸附劑載體提取的樣品,無需進(jìn)一步制備樣品[40]。同時,Madelien Wooding, Egmont R. Rohwer比較了在氣相色譜入口用專用熱解吸器或熱解吸附的一次性吸附取樣器與常規(guī)攪拌棒吸附萃取 - 熱解吸附法測定水中微量污染物,他們均用PDMS攪拌棒吸附萃取非極性化合物,得到較好的提取效率[41]。因此,在儀器分析之前,引入熱脫附單元,消除了有機(jī)溶劑中攪拌棒的重構(gòu)步驟,有助于使用氣相色譜在線自動化萃取方法。
5 ?結(jié)束語
SBSE作為一種新型樣品前處理的技術(shù)。與其他的固相萃取、固相微萃取與液液萃取等方法比較,具有有機(jī)溶劑用量小、不需進(jìn)一步蒸發(fā)濃縮、減少了對環(huán)境的污染、節(jié)約了大量提取時間的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但是由于其在商品化涂層材料種類少、價格高,一般在涂層材料對樣品中目標(biāo)檢測物的選擇性差等方面存在的問題,因此,SBSE技術(shù)的發(fā)展主要集中在涂層材料。
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