何亮亮 倪家驤 曹國慶 郭玉娜 楊立強(qiáng)
[摘要] 目的 通過低溫等離子技術(shù)氣化消融神經(jīng)誘發(fā)疼痛的方法,探討頸椎盤源性疼痛的分布規(guī)律。 方法 選擇2018年6~11月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院疼痛科行CT引導(dǎo)下低溫等離子椎間盤氣化消融術(shù)的30例頸椎盤源性疼痛患者作為研究對(duì)象。術(shù)中,采用人體數(shù)字編碼區(qū)域示意圖記錄誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域。 結(jié)果 低溫等離子氣化消融術(shù)的椎間盤節(jié)段包括14例C4~C5、17例C5~C6和5例C6~C7,其中C4~C5、C5~C6和C6~C7間盤均可誘發(fā)的疼痛區(qū)域包括頸肩交界、斜方肌后上方、肩胛骨、肩胛間、胸前、肩后。C4~C5間盤誘發(fā)的疼痛區(qū)域偏向頭側(cè),包括前額、耳、枕后、枕下、頸后區(qū)域;C5~C6間盤誘發(fā)的疼痛區(qū)域包括頸后、頸前、頸肩交界、斜方肌后上方、肩胛骨、肩胛間、胸前、肩后、上臂、前臂、胸背;C6~C7間盤誘發(fā)的疼痛區(qū)域偏向足側(cè),包括上臂、前臂、胸背區(qū)域。 結(jié)論 頸椎盤源性疼痛的分布呈一定規(guī)律分布,具有重疊性、局限性、方向性和順序性。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 低溫等離子;頸椎盤源性疼痛;間盤造影;疼痛分布
[中圖分類號(hào)] R681? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)08(a)-0119-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the distribution of cervical discogenic pain through the method of low-temperature plasma gasification ablation technology to induce pain. Methods From June to November 2018, 30 patients with cervical discogenic pain underwent CT-guided low-temperature plasma intervertebral disc gasification ablation in Department of Pain of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University were selected as research objects. During the operation, the pain-inducing region was recorded by the schematic diagram of the digital coding region of human body. Results The intervertebral disc segments of low-temperature plasma gasification ablation included 14 cases of C4-C5, 17 cases of C5-C6, and 5 cases of C6-C7, among which, the pain areas induced by C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 intervertebral disc included the cervical and shoulder junction, the posterior upper part of the trapquadratus, the scapula, the interscapula, the chest, and the posterior shoulder. The pain areas induced by C4-C5 intervertebral disc were inclined to the cephalic side, including the forehead, ears, posterior occipital, suboccipital and posterior cervical areas. The pain areas induced by C5-C6 intervertebral disc included posterior, anterior, cervico-shoulder junction, posterior and upper part of the trapezius, scapula, interscapula, chest, posterior shoulder, upper arm, forearm and thorax. The pain areas induced by C6-C7 intervertebral disc were inclined to the side of the foot, including the upper arm, forearm and thoracodorsal areas. Conclusion The distribution of cervical discogenic pain is regular, with overlap, limitation, direction and sequence.
[Key words] Low-temperature plasma; Cervical discogenic pain; Discography; Pain distribution
頸椎神經(jīng)根性疼痛和頸椎盤源性疼痛被認(rèn)為是頸椎間盤源性疼痛的兩個(gè)重要臨床表現(xiàn)[1-2]。頸椎神經(jīng)根性疼痛與椎間盤突出壓迫刺激神經(jīng)根有關(guān),其疼痛區(qū)域遵循神經(jīng)根支配的分布規(guī)律;而頸椎盤源性疼痛與椎間盤內(nèi)神經(jīng)末梢受到盤內(nèi)高壓或化學(xué)性傷害刺激有關(guān),其受刺激的病變神經(jīng)是椎間盤內(nèi)的神經(jīng)末梢而非神經(jīng)根,因此其疼痛分布不具有神經(jīng)根性疼痛的體表分布規(guī)律[3-8]。由于,頸椎間盤MRI影像學(xué)特征與頸椎盤源性疼痛臨床癥狀的相關(guān)性差[9-10],且頸椎盤源性疼痛分布規(guī)律與椎間盤的關(guān)系缺乏共識(shí),常造成“責(zé)任間盤”的漏診或誤診。因此,探討頸椎盤源性疼痛的分布規(guī)律、提高責(zé)任間盤定位的準(zhǔn)確性是提高手術(shù)療效的關(guān)鍵問題。
低溫等離子椎間盤氣化消融術(shù)治療頸椎盤源性疼痛的治療機(jī)制與低溫等離子氣化消融盤內(nèi)神經(jīng)末梢有關(guān),而氣化消融神經(jīng)末梢的直接表現(xiàn)就是誘發(fā)疼痛[12-13]。因此,通過觀察記錄低溫等離子氣化消融椎間盤內(nèi)神經(jīng)末梢而誘發(fā)的疼痛區(qū)域,可以為頸椎盤源性疼痛的分布規(guī)律獲得直接的數(shù)據(jù)支持。本研究旨在利用低溫等離子技術(shù)氣化消融神經(jīng)進(jìn)而復(fù)制疼痛的方法,探討頸椎盤源性疼痛的分布規(guī)律。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究已獲首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者或其家屬已簽署知情同意書。2018年6~11月我院疼痛科進(jìn)行頸椎低溫等離子椎間盤氣化消融術(shù)的頸椎間盤源性疼痛患者30例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),男16例,女14例,年齡≥18歲,身高不限,體重不限,疼痛時(shí)間>3個(gè)月,疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(VAS)≥4分。經(jīng)保守治療、椎間孔或關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)注射治療無效,MRI提示頸椎椎間盤包容性突出,突出<3 mm,突出節(jié)段≤2個(gè),椎間盤高度>50%相鄰椎間盤高度,排除感染、血液病、凝血功能異常、脊髓炎、脊髓栓系、脊髓腫瘤、椎體滑脫等。
1.2 方法
患者入手術(shù)室后,開放上肢靜脈通道,以10 mL/(kg·h)速率輸入乳酸鈉林格液,術(shù)前靜脈滴注阿托品0.5 mg。監(jiān)測(cè)心率、血壓、血氧飽和度(SpO2)。患者取仰臥位,頸肩部下墊1個(gè)10 cm高薄枕,保持頸椎輕度后仰位,頸前手術(shù)皮膚區(qū)域消毒、鋪巾后,5 mL 0.5%利多卡因(生產(chǎn)商:山東華魯制藥有限公司;批號(hào):C1806203)在頸前正中旁開1.5~2 cm處行局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉。患者保持清醒,術(shù)中出現(xiàn)誘發(fā)疼痛或異常神經(jīng)刺激癥狀,應(yīng)與術(shù)者及觀察者準(zhǔn)確溝通。首先,CT引導(dǎo)定位穿刺進(jìn)針路徑和角度,使用18G、8 cm穿刺針經(jīng)左側(cè)/右側(cè)前入路至椎間盤,反復(fù)結(jié)合CT引導(dǎo)定位,再沿穿刺針內(nèi)徑置入等離子刀頭(生產(chǎn)商:高通,中國;批號(hào):1702181050),其刀頭的工作端超出穿刺針尖端大約5 mm,再結(jié)合CT引導(dǎo)驗(yàn)證,確保等離子刀頭不超過椎間盤后緣。位置無誤后,啟用熱凝模式,工作強(qiáng)度1′,工作時(shí)間0.5~1 s,測(cè)試有無異常神經(jīng)根刺激癥狀或異常感覺癥狀出現(xiàn)。啟用消融模式,工作強(qiáng)度2′,順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)等離子刀頭360°消融滅活纖維環(huán)內(nèi)神經(jīng)末梢,每次旋轉(zhuǎn)工作時(shí)間<10 s,根據(jù)疼痛復(fù)制情況和椎間盤內(nèi)壓情況,酌情增加消融次數(shù)。
消融過程中,記錄人詢問患者誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域,在人體數(shù)字編碼區(qū)域示意圖中標(biāo)記。同時(shí)記錄術(shù)中低溫等離子消融側(cè)別、疼痛性質(zhì)。如術(shù)中消融過程未誘發(fā)疼痛,則記錄無。見圖1。
2 結(jié)果
本研究中,共36個(gè)節(jié)段的椎間盤進(jìn)行低溫等離子氣化消融術(shù),術(shù)中均誘發(fā)疼痛。
男16例,女14例;年齡(53±11)歲;身高(169±7)cm;體重(68±9)kg;疼痛時(shí)間(28±23)個(gè)月;疼痛VAS評(píng)分(7.1±0.9)分。
C4~C5、C5~C6和C6~C7椎間盤的例數(shù)分別是14、17、5例。14例C4~C5中,消融側(cè)別是:左側(cè)6例,右側(cè)8例;17例C5~C6中,消融側(cè)別是:左側(cè)7例,右側(cè)10例;5例C6~C7中,消融側(cè)別是:左側(cè)2例,右側(cè)3例。其中,C4~C5誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域包括前額、耳、枕后、枕下、頸后、頸前、頸肩交界、斜方肌后上方、斜方肌后前方、肩胛骨、肩胛間、胸前、肩后(表1,圖2A);C5~C6誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域包括頸后、頸前、頸肩交界、斜方肌后上方、肩胛骨、肩胛間、胸前、肩后、上臂、前臂、胸背(表1,圖2B);C6~C7誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域包括頸肩交界、斜方肌后上方、肩胛骨、肩胛間、胸前、肩后、上臂、前臂、胸背(表1,圖2C)。
3 討論
本研究首次通過低溫等離子消融頸椎間盤內(nèi)神經(jīng)誘發(fā)疼痛的方法,描述了頸椎盤源性疼痛區(qū)域的分布情況。研究結(jié)果提示,從C4~C5到C6~C7誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域包括前額、耳、枕后、枕下、頸后、頸前、頸肩交界、斜方肌后上方、斜方肌后上方、肩胛骨、肩胛間、胸前、肩后、上臂、前臂、胸背等區(qū)域,疼痛區(qū)域呈現(xiàn)出局限性、重疊性、方向性和順序性的分布規(guī)律。
本研究結(jié)果提示,頸椎盤源性疼痛區(qū)域具有局限性分布的特點(diǎn)。36例頸椎間盤誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域以軸性疼痛區(qū)域分布為主,除3例椎間盤誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域牽涉至前臂,其余均未超過肘關(guān)節(jié)。研究結(jié)果與Cloward[5]進(jìn)行頸椎間盤造影術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果一致,頸椎盤源性疼痛大多數(shù)疼痛并未放射至肘關(guān)節(jié)以下,幾乎很少患者主訴疼痛或異常感覺可放射至手或手指。
本研究結(jié)果提示,頸椎盤源性疼痛區(qū)域具有重疊性分布的特點(diǎn)。36例頸椎間盤誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域以頸肩交界、肩胛骨、肩胛間分布為主,其中C4~C5到C6~C7誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域包括頸肩交界、斜方肌后上方、肩胛骨、肩胛間、胸前、肩后,C5~C6到C6~C7誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域包括上臂、前臂、胸背區(qū)域。與Grubb等[14]、Slipman等[15]研究結(jié)果相似,C4~C5、C5~C6、C6~C7均可誘發(fā)肩胛骨、肩胛間區(qū)域的的疼痛癥狀。其機(jī)制可能與多個(gè)椎間盤同時(shí)接受來自同一水平節(jié)段的竇椎神經(jīng)、前支、交通支、交感干發(fā)出的神經(jīng)纖維支配有關(guān)[16]。
本研究結(jié)果提示,頸椎盤源性疼痛區(qū)域具有方向性分布的特點(diǎn)。36例頸椎間盤低溫等離子氣化消融期間,消融左側(cè)誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域在左側(cè),消融右側(cè)誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域在右側(cè),其誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域與消融側(cè)別一致。另外,由內(nèi)側(cè)向外側(cè)改變消融靶點(diǎn)方向,其誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域也呈現(xiàn)由內(nèi)向外的改變趨勢(shì)。Cloward[5]報(bào)道了類似現(xiàn)象,在刺激頸椎椎間盤正中線時(shí),疼痛位于椎體正中線處,而刺激點(diǎn)偏向外側(cè)2~3 mm時(shí),疼痛位置則轉(zhuǎn)移至同側(cè)肩胛區(qū)域,提示盤源性疼痛區(qū)域與椎間盤的病變位置有關(guān)。
本研究結(jié)果提示,頸椎盤源性疼痛區(qū)域具有順序性分布的特點(diǎn)。盡管,36例頸椎間盤誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域具有明顯的重疊性,但不同節(jié)段椎間盤誘發(fā)的疼痛區(qū)域仍然存在部分未重疊現(xiàn)象。與頸椎間盤造影的研究結(jié)果一致[17],高節(jié)段椎間盤誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域偏向頭側(cè),低節(jié)段椎間盤誘發(fā)疼痛區(qū)域偏向尾側(cè),提示頸椎盤源性疼痛分布區(qū)域與椎間盤位置的高低順序有關(guān)。
本研究提示,在椎間盤氣化消融過程中出現(xiàn)上肢跳動(dòng)現(xiàn)象,但無疼痛反應(yīng)。此現(xiàn)象可能與感覺-運(yùn)動(dòng)反射有關(guān)[17]:即刺激支配椎間盤內(nèi)部竇椎神經(jīng)末梢后,傷害性感受信號(hào)沿竇椎神經(jīng)進(jìn)入背根神經(jīng)節(jié),傳遞至脊髓背角,通過局部神經(jīng)反射,激活脊髓前角誘發(fā)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)支配區(qū)域肌肉收縮痙攣,出現(xiàn)肌肉跳動(dòng)現(xiàn)象。判斷是否損傷神經(jīng)根,主要依據(jù)4點(diǎn):①CT驗(yàn)證刀頭位置;②是否是線性、放射樣疼痛性質(zhì);③是否出現(xiàn)麻木、感覺缺失等異常現(xiàn)象;④是否出現(xiàn)肌力減退。
綜上所述,本研究通過低溫等離子技術(shù)氣化消融神經(jīng)誘發(fā)疼痛的方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)頸椎盤源性疼痛區(qū)域呈局限性、重疊性、方向性和順序性的分布規(guī)律。
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(收稿日期:2018-12-03? 本文編輯:張瑜杰)