柳云 劉道潔 喬錄新 陳德喜
[摘要] 目的 通過(guò)收集乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)相關(guān)的肝癌患者的標(biāo)本,分析各組織線粒體DNA D-LOOP區(qū)堿基的變化,探究HBV相關(guān)的肝癌線粒體DNA D-LOOP區(qū)的相關(guān)性。 方法 選取2008年10月~2019年12月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京佑安醫(yī)院就診的慢性乙肝相關(guān)肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)患者44例,其中31例患者的癌組織和對(duì)應(yīng)的癌旁組織及外周血,7例患者的癌旁組織和相對(duì)應(yīng)的外周血,5例患者有癌組織和對(duì)應(yīng)的外周血,11例癌組織和對(duì)應(yīng)的癌旁組織。同時(shí)選取了11例來(lái)自肝移植患者供體者的肝組織及對(duì)應(yīng)的外周血作為對(duì)照。提取標(biāo)本的線粒體DNA,設(shè)計(jì)引物和PCR反應(yīng)獲得線粒體D-LOOP區(qū),對(duì)PCR產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行一代測(cè)序。 結(jié)果 一代測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果顯示長(zhǎng)期慢性HBV肝炎可引起炎癥肝組織和肝癌線粒體DNA D-LOOP區(qū)大量單堿基突變,肝癌組織和肝組織之間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 長(zhǎng)期慢性HBV肝炎可引起肝炎組織大量線粒體DNA D-LOOP區(qū)堿基突變,肝癌組織不同于正常肝組織的突變模式,對(duì)于肝癌的早期診斷具有提示意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 線粒體DNA D-LOOP區(qū);乙型肝炎病毒;肝細(xì)胞癌
[中圖分類號(hào)] R512.62? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)09(b)-0121-04
Correlation analysis between mitochondrial DNA D-LOOP point mutation and long-term chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma
LIU Yun1? ?LIU Daojie2? ?QIAO Luxin1? ?CHEN Dexi1▲
1.Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing? ?100069, China; 2.Laboratory Medicine, Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Beijing City, Beijing? ?100080, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the changes in bases of mitochondrial DNA D-LOOP in various tissues by collecting specimens of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated liver cancer patients, and to explore the correlation between HBV-associated liver cancer and mitochondrial DNA D-LOOP. Methods Forty-six patients with chronic hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who were admitted to Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University from October 2008 to December 2019 were enrolled in the study. Thirty-one cases of cancerous tissues and corresponding adjacent tissues and peripheral blood, and 7 cases of adjacent tissues and corresponding peripheral blood, 5 cases of cancerous tissues and corresponding peripheral blood, 11 cases of cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent tissues. At the same time, 11 liver tissues from donors of liver transplantation patients and corresponding peripheral blood were selected as controls. The mitochondrial DNA of the specimen was extracted, primers and PCR reactions were designed to obtain the mitochondrial D-LOOP region, and the PCR product was sequenced for one generation. Results The results of one-generation sequencing data showed that long-term chronic HBV hepatitis caused a large number of single-base mutations in mitochondrial DNA D-LOOP region of inflammatory liver tissue and liver cancer, and the difference between liver cancer tissues and liver tissues was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Long-term chronic HBV hepatitis can cause a large number of mitochondrial DNA D-LOOP region mutations in hepatitis tissues. Hepatoma tissue is different from normal liver tissue mutation mode, which has implications for the early diagnosis of liver cancer.
[Key words] Mitochondrial DNA D-LOOP region; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatocellular carcinoma
肝癌是世界上最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率位居男性第五位,女性位居第九位,死亡率在人群中居第二位[1]。肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)是肝癌中最常見(jiàn)的組織學(xué)類型[2]。HBV感染和慢性肝病是HCC發(fā)生的主要危險(xiǎn)因素[3]。
肝臟的功能依賴于線粒體的代謝穩(wěn)態(tài)[4-6]。線粒體DNA(mtDNA)是一個(gè)16.6 kb的雙鏈環(huán)狀DNA[7-8]。由于線粒體內(nèi)富含ROS且mtDNA缺乏組蛋白的保護(hù),缺少有效、完整的修復(fù)系統(tǒng)[11]。mtDNA序列微小的變化可以導(dǎo)致功能上的嚴(yán)重?fù)p害[9]。mtDNA突變的累積有助于腫瘤的起始和進(jìn)展[10-11]。mtDNA“D環(huán)”的非編碼區(qū),控制mtDNA的復(fù)制和轉(zhuǎn)錄[12]。線粒體的轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯功能的改變與肝癌相關(guān)[13],在人類癌癥中發(fā)現(xiàn)的大多mtDNA突變位于D-環(huán)區(qū)域,且報(bào)道與肝癌發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[14-15]。
線粒體DNA突變與肝癌的關(guān)系,已有很多橫斷面的研究[16-20],但是長(zhǎng)期HBV慢性炎癥引起的細(xì)胞ROS升高如何引起線粒體DNA的損傷累集,至今仍鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本研究中以患者外周血PBMC的mtDNA序列為線粒體遺傳對(duì)照,分析長(zhǎng)期慢性肝炎及相關(guān)肝癌mtDNA突變積累特征,并以肝移植供體的肝臟組織及PBMC的線粒體DNA作為對(duì)照進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,闡明HBV慢性肝炎引起肝組織及肝癌mtDNA D-LOOP的突變深度和特征,對(duì)了解慢性肝炎進(jìn)展程度和肝癌發(fā)生有一定提示意義。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京佑安醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)就診的初診HCC患者43例,其中31例患者同時(shí)具有癌組織和對(duì)應(yīng)的癌旁組織及外周血,7例患者有癌旁組織和相對(duì)應(yīng)的外周血,5例患者有癌組織和對(duì)應(yīng)的外周血,11例對(duì)照來(lái)自肝移植患者供體者的肝組織及對(duì)應(yīng)的外周血。本研究標(biāo)本為國(guó)家“十二五”項(xiàng)目收集的標(biāo)本,項(xiàng)目所需人源組織標(biāo)本已獲我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。肝穿組織獲取后立即置于液氮中儲(chǔ)存。NAA提取使用凱杰DNA提取試劑盒,根據(jù)制造商的說(shuō)明書(shū)提取總基因組DNA。提取的DNA存儲(chǔ)在-20℃?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.2 方法
擴(kuò)增所用引物見(jiàn)表1,使用Mt-D-LOOP S1、AS1擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物為1332 bp mtDNA D-LOOP片段。聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(PCR)在50 μL的體系中進(jìn)行,包括mix 25 μL,H2O 18 μL,前后引物各1 μL,mtDNA 1 μL。整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程于冰上操作。PCR反應(yīng)條件:94℃ 2 min,35個(gè)循環(huán);94℃ 15 s,52℃ 30 s,72℃ 1 min 30 s,最終72℃下延伸5 min。通過(guò)1% TAE瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分析PCR產(chǎn)物。PCR產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行一代測(cè)序,測(cè)序引物為Mt-D-LOOP S1、AS1、S2、AS2、S3、AS3,由北京博邁德公司進(jìn)行PCR產(chǎn)物測(cè)序。
表1? ?擴(kuò)增和測(cè)序引物列表
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
mtDNA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)序列為mtDNA修訂劍橋序列,將患者中序列的變異視為突變,供體的變異視為多態(tài)性。序列分析使用SanpGene。進(jìn)化樹(shù)作圖使用MEGA6軟件,使用Prism統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,使用Two-way ANOVA分析組間差異,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 PCR實(shí)驗(yàn)獲得穩(wěn)定特異的目的條帶
PCR實(shí)驗(yàn)得到了穩(wěn)定特異行mtDNA D-LOOP區(qū)片段,經(jīng)1%的TAE瓊脂糖膠進(jìn)行電泳分析。見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 所有樣本的進(jìn)化樹(shù)分析結(jié)果
進(jìn)化樹(shù)分析,Bootstrap的值>70%,來(lái)自同一患者的標(biāo)本分布于同一支,提示PCR產(chǎn)物無(wú)交叉污染,見(jiàn)圖2。與外周PBMC比較,同一患者的肝癌和肝組織距離標(biāo)準(zhǔn)序列更遠(yuǎn),而10例正常肝臟與PBMC的距離非常接近,提示長(zhǎng)期慢性肝病可以影響肝組織的mtDNA D-LOOP的突變水平。完整的進(jìn)化樹(shù)圖見(jiàn)圖2。
2.3 來(lái)自肝移植供體肝臟和對(duì)應(yīng)外周血之間mtDNA D-LOOP測(cè)序比較
11個(gè)供體者的肝臟組織和對(duì)應(yīng)的外周血中共觀察到66個(gè)SNP位點(diǎn),262個(gè)SNP。替換突變數(shù)量多于其他兩種類型,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.0038、0.0134);供體的肝臟和對(duì)應(yīng)的外周血替換SNP各類型比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.3411)。見(jiàn)圖3。
2.4 對(duì)31對(duì)完全配對(duì)HCC患者標(biāo)本堿基序列比較
31個(gè)配對(duì)患者的HCC組織、癌旁組織和外周血中的突變類型和替換突變之間的差異分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在同一患者中,不管是突變的類型還是替換突變的各類型之間,癌旁組織和對(duì)應(yīng)的外周血之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.4226、0.2098)。見(jiàn)圖4。
2.5 所有患者標(biāo)本堿基序列比較情況
本研究分析了患者癌組織、非癌組織、外周血液組織,3種組織中替代突變明顯高于插入突變和缺失突變,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.0009、0.0016),見(jiàn)圖5A,且C 3 討論 線粒體是體內(nèi)唯一具有獨(dú)立DNA的供能細(xì)胞器,與肝癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展具有密切關(guān)系。細(xì)胞mtDNA可能導(dǎo)致缺陷性線粒體的積累。目前研究表明,mtDNA可用于重癥肝炎患者肝細(xì)胞的損傷評(píng)估。有研究證實(shí)肝癌患者血漿mtDNA表達(dá)量亦發(fā)生改變。由于mtDNA具有長(zhǎng)度短、分子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單和拷貝數(shù)高等特點(diǎn),使得監(jiān)控早期腫瘤患者mtDNA的異常變化成為可能。相鄰的癌旁組織的mtDNA并不能認(rèn)為是正常的mtDNA。與以往的研究比較,本研究首次系統(tǒng)全面地收集組織的類型,系統(tǒng)多層次地比較不同組織類型的突變模式的差異,并且首次收集并使用了供體的肝臟和對(duì)應(yīng)的外周血,為正常肝臟mtD-LOOP區(qū),提供了寶貴且真實(shí)的線粒體正常肝臟序列。 本研究進(jìn)一步證明了mtDNA D-LOOP區(qū)突變?cè)贖BV相關(guān)的慢性肝炎和肝硬化的過(guò)程,觀察到癌組織和相鄰的癌旁組織之間存在突變模式的差異,而癌旁組織和外周血之間沒(méi)有顯著的差異。本研究提示HCC和炎性肝組織中mtDNA的不同誘變機(jī)制以及肝癌發(fā)生過(guò)程中可能存在進(jìn)化選擇,在癌癥的進(jìn)化過(guò)程中存在著對(duì)于這些突變的陽(yáng)性選擇,突變模式的不同對(duì)肝癌的診斷有一定提示意義。 [參考文獻(xiàn)] [1]? Torre LA,Bray F,Siegel RL,et al. Global cancer statistics,2012 [J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2015,65(2):87-108. [2]? Perz JF,Armstrong GL,F(xiàn)arrington,LA,et al. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide [J]. J Hepatol,2006,45(4):529-538. [3]? Yuan K,Lei Y,Chen HN,et al. HBV-induced ROS accumulation promotes hepatocarcinogenesis through Snail-mediated epigenetic silencing of SOCS3 [J]. Cell Death Differ,2016,23(4):616-627. [4]? Zhao Y,Liu S,Zhou L,et al. Aberrant shuttling of long noncoding RNAs during the mitochondria-nuclear crosstalk in hepatocellular carcinoma cells [J]. Am J Cancer Res,2019,9(5):999-1008. [5]? Qiao L,Nie Z,Li Q,et al. Mitochondrial DNA depletion,mitochondrial mutations and high TFAM expression in hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Oncotarget,2017,8(48):84 373-84 383. [6]? Hikita H,Kodama T,Tanaka S,et al. Activation of the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway Produces Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage in Hepatocytes That Contribute to Liver Tumorigenesis [J]. Cancer Prev Res (Phila),2015,8(8):693-701. [7]? Attardi G,Schatz G. Biogenesis of mitochondria [J]. Annu Rev Cell Biol,1988,4:289-333. [8]? Anderson S,Bankier AT,Barrell BG,et al. Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome [J]. Nature,1981,290(5806):457-465. [9]? Nishikawa M,Nishiguchi S,Kioka K,et al. Interferon reduces somatic mutation of mitochondrial DNA in liver tissues from chronic viral hepatitis patients [J]. J Viral Hepat,2005,12(5):494-498. [10]? Li X,Guo X,Li D,et al. Multi-regional sequencing reveals intratumor heterogeneity and positive selection of somatic mtDNA mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer [J]. Int J Cancer,2018,143(5):1143-1152. [11]? Yu C,Wang X,Huang L,et al. Deciphering the Spectrum of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using High-Throughput Sequencing [J]. Gene Expr,2018,18(2):125-134. [12]? Attardi G,Schatz G. Biogenesis of mitochondria [J]. Annu Rev Cell Biol,1988,4:289-333. [13]? Baechler SA,F(xiàn)actor VM,Dalla Rosa I,et al. The mitochondrial type IB topoisomerase drives mitochondrial translation and carcinogenesis [J]. Nat Commun,2019,10(1):83. [14]? Li S,Wan P,Peng T,et al. Associations between sequence variations in the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Oncol Lett,2016,11(6):3723-3728. [15]? Yin C,Cao HY,Chen YB,et al. NGS-based profiling reveals a critical contributing role of somatic D-loop mtDNA mutations in HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis [J]. Ann Oncol,2019,30(6):953-962. [16]? Chen T,Xun Z,Lin J,et al. Association between mitochondrial DNA content and baseline serum levels of HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B infection [J]. J Med Virol,2017,89(11):1958-1962. [17]? Li L,Hann HW,Wan S,et al. Cell-free circulating mitochondrial DNA content and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic HBV infection [J]. Sci Rep,2016,6(1):23 992. [18]? Campo DS,Nayak V,Srinivasamoorthy G,et al. Entropy of mitochondrial DNA circulating in blood is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. BMC Med Genomics,2019,12(4):74. [19]? Guo ZS,Jin CL,Yao ZJ,et al. Analysis of the Mitochondrial 4977 Bp Deletion in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma [J]. Balkan J Med Genet,2017,20(1):81-86. [20]? Gao Y,Nie HJ,Yang D,et al. Changes of the mitochondrial DNA copy number and the antioxidant system in the PBMC of hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi,2016,32(1):1-5. (收稿日期:2018-06-05? 本文編輯:任? ?念)