張富杰 孟凡浩 趙付華 紀云兆
[摘要] 目的 比較兩種椎管內(nèi)阻滯麻醉對潛伏期分娩鎮(zhèn)痛產(chǎn)婦不同時段體溫的影響。 方法 選擇2017年6月~2018年7月河北中石油中心醫(yī)院收治的240例符合條件的孕足月初產(chǎn)婦,依據(jù)隨機數(shù)字表法分為連續(xù)硬膜外阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛組(A組)、腰硬聯(lián)合阻滯組(B組)、對照組(C組),各組80例。A組患者宮口開1~2 cm時給予連續(xù)硬膜外阻滯麻醉,實驗量給予0.1%鹽酸羅哌卡因8 mL,30 min后硬膜外導(dǎo)管接自控電子鎮(zhèn)痛泵(電子泵內(nèi)均配置0.1%鹽酸羅哌卡因及0.5 μg/mL舒芬混合液100 mL)。B組患者宮口開1~2 cm時給予腰硬聯(lián)合阻滯麻醉,蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔注射0.1%羅哌卡因3 mg,30 min后硬膜外導(dǎo)管接自控電子泵。C組產(chǎn)婦正常分娩。分娩結(jié)束立即撤出分娩鎮(zhèn)痛。分別記錄三組產(chǎn)婦入產(chǎn)房時體溫、宮口開2 cm時體溫、宮口開4 cm時體溫、宮口開全時體溫、分娩結(jié)束后2 h及24 h體溫;所有產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)前及產(chǎn)后24 h抽取靜脈血檢測C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)及白細胞計數(shù)(WBC)水平。結(jié)果 A、B組產(chǎn)婦>37.3℃發(fā)熱率顯著高于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。三組產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后CRP水平均較產(chǎn)前升高,且A、B組產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后CRP水平高于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 兩種椎管內(nèi)麻醉均會導(dǎo)致分娩時體溫上升,但產(chǎn)后24 h可恢復(fù)正常,其體溫升高與感染關(guān)系不大。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 分娩鎮(zhèn)痛;體溫;C反應(yīng)蛋白;白細胞
[中圖分類號] R714.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)07(a)-0121-04
Effects of two kinds of intraspinal block anesthesia on body temperature during different periods of labor in patients with latent labor analgesia
ZHANG Fujie? ?MENG Fanhao? ?ZHAO Fuhua? ?JI Yunzhao
Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Petroleum Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Langfang? ?065000, China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the effects of two kinds of intraspinal block anesthesia on body temperature during different periods of labor in patients with latent labor analgesia. Methods From June 2017 to July 2018, 240 eligible pregnant who was the first-time mothers in Heibei Petroleum Center Hospital were selected, according to the random number table method, they were randomly divided into continuous epidural block and analgesia group (group A), combined lumbar stiffness block and analgesia group (group B) and no labor analgesia group (group C), 80 cases in each group. Patients in group A were given continuous epidural block anesthesia when the uterine opening was 1-2 cm, and 0.1% Ropivacaine Hydrochloride was given 8 mL. After 30 min, the epidural catheter was connected with the automatic electronic analgesic pump (the electronic pump was equipped with 0.1% Ropivacaine Hydrochloride and 0.5 μg/mL mixed solution of Sufentanil 100 mL). Patients in group B were treated with lumbar hard combined block anesthesia when the uterine opening was 1-2 cm, followed by subarachnoid injection of 0.1% Ropivacaine 3 mg. After 30 minutes, the epidural catheter was connected with the automatic electronic pump. Group C was in normal delivery. Withdrawing the labor analgesia when the delivery was ending. The maternal temperature was measured at the time of delivery, the temperature at 2 cm of the uterine opening, the temperature at 4 cm of the uterine opening, the temperature at the full time of the uterine opening, and the temperature at 2 h and 24 h after the delivery in three groups. All parturients were tested for CRP and WBC by venous blood sampling before and after 24 h. Results The fever rate of >37.3℃ in group A and group B was significantly higher than that in group C, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Postpartum CRP levels of three groups were higher than those of prenatal women, and the levels of postpartum CRP in group A and group B were higher than those in group C, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Both kinds of intraspinal anesthesia can cause the rise of body temperature during childbirth, but it can return to normal 24 h after delivery. The increase of body temperature has little relationship with infection.
[Key words] Labor analgesia; Body temperature; C reactive protein; White blood cells
連續(xù)硬膜外分娩鎮(zhèn)痛和腰硬聯(lián)合分娩鎮(zhèn)痛都能有效緩解分娩時疼痛,是兩種可靠的分娩鎮(zhèn)痛技術(shù)。有研究指出,無痛分娩可加速第一產(chǎn)程,使產(chǎn)婦分娩體驗更優(yōu)于正常分娩[1]。然而,另有研究卻報道產(chǎn)時的產(chǎn)熱可能與此兩種椎管內(nèi)麻醉有關(guān)[2-3]。也有報道稱此產(chǎn)熱與多種因素有關(guān),如重要器官的額外耗氧量增加、使用不必要的抗生素、產(chǎn)生多余的兒茶酚胺以及新生兒的膿毒癥[4]。就目前而言,產(chǎn)時的發(fā)熱具體機制尚不明確。部分學(xué)者認為可能是硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛改變了溫度的調(diào)節(jié)機制,另一些研究者則認為椎管內(nèi)阻滯可能會增加絨毛膜羊毛炎的風(fēng)險,從而引起產(chǎn)婦發(fā)熱[5]。故本實驗設(shè)計了兩種椎管內(nèi)阻滯方法,觀察產(chǎn)程中不同時段的體溫變化,同時抽取血液測量C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)與白細胞計數(shù)(WBC),了解發(fā)熱是否與感染有關(guān)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究經(jīng)河北中石油中心醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準,患者自愿并簽署分娩鎮(zhèn)痛知情同意書。選取2017年6月~2018年7月我院240例ASA分極Ⅰ~Ⅱ級,單胎,孕足月初產(chǎn)婦,年齡20~35歲。排除凝血功能障礙、穿刺點有感染等椎管內(nèi)禁忌證者、陰道分娩禁忌證者、瘢痕子宮、產(chǎn)道異常、頭盆不稱、分娩前48 h有炎癥疾?。ㄈ缟虾粑栏腥?、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染以及生殖道感染)。240例患者依據(jù)隨機數(shù)字表法分為連續(xù)硬膜外阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛組(A組)、腰硬聯(lián)合阻滯組(B組)、對照組(C組),每組各80例。
1.2 方法
三組患者入產(chǎn)房后均連接心電圖、無創(chuàng)血壓、脈搏氧飽和度,A組患者宮口開1~2 cm時給予連續(xù)硬膜外阻滯麻醉,經(jīng)硬膜外腔向頭端置管3 cm,實驗量后給0.1%鹽酸羅哌卡因8 mL,30 min后硬膜外導(dǎo)管接患者自控硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛泵(PCEA)。B組患者宮口開1~2 cm時給予腰硬聯(lián)合阻滯麻醉,蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔注射0.1%羅哌卡因3 mg,30 min后接PCEA泵。A、B組電子泵內(nèi)均配置0.1%鹽酸羅哌卡因及0.5 μg/mL舒芬混合液100 mL。C組除常規(guī)自然分娩。電子泵均設(shè)置為負荷量6 mL/h,追加量5 mL/次,鎖定時間15 min。產(chǎn)程中出現(xiàn)鎮(zhèn)痛不全時,由助產(chǎn)士按自控鍵給藥,宮口開全后,停止PCEA泵給藥。均在實施鎮(zhèn)痛30 min后,由助產(chǎn)士或產(chǎn)科醫(yī)師根據(jù)宮縮情況應(yīng)用縮宮素。
1.3 評估參數(shù)
①產(chǎn)婦體溫:產(chǎn)婦溫度恒定為26℃,記錄所有產(chǎn)婦入產(chǎn)房時、宮口開2 cm時、宮口開4 cm時、宮口開全時、分娩結(jié)束后2 h及24 h的鼓膜體溫。采用耳溫計,產(chǎn)婦體溫>38℃視為發(fā)熱。②所有產(chǎn)婦入產(chǎn)房時及產(chǎn)后24 h抽取末梢靜脈血檢測全血WBC、CRP。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行處理。計量資料用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,進一步兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗;計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗;等級資料采用秩和檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組產(chǎn)婦基本情況比較
三組產(chǎn)婦年齡、身高、體重、孕齡比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 三組產(chǎn)婦各時間點體溫比較
A、B組產(chǎn)婦體溫>37.3℃者占比顯著高于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 三組產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)前及產(chǎn)后WBC和CRP比較
三組產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后CRP水平均較產(chǎn)前升高,且A、B組產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后CRP水平高于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
研究表明,分娩過程中運用無痛分娩會增加產(chǎn)婦發(fā)熱的風(fēng)險[6]。近期的一項研究也證實了腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉在提高產(chǎn)婦分娩過程中的體溫起了至關(guān)重要的作用[7]。故本研究對240例正常初產(chǎn)婦進行研究分析,觀察椎管內(nèi)麻醉相對于常規(guī)分娩,其體溫是否有明顯變化,同時觀察腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉與連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉在產(chǎn)婦分娩鎮(zhèn)痛中對于體溫的影響是否存在差異。
從病理生理角度來看,產(chǎn)程發(fā)熱的原因很多,目前這種發(fā)熱的機制并不清楚,最可能的原因是椎管內(nèi)麻醉的作用導(dǎo)致體溫調(diào)節(jié)中樞產(chǎn)熱和散熱平衡以及血管調(diào)節(jié)功能的改變[8]。正常分娩過程中因疼痛、子宮收縮以及肌肉運動的增加均能導(dǎo)致大量的熱能產(chǎn)生,即使正常分娩的產(chǎn)婦,體溫也會有輕微上升,而實施了硬膜外分娩鎮(zhèn)痛之后,疼痛減輕導(dǎo)致的出汗及過度通氣減少,故兩者所導(dǎo)致的散熱也將減少,與此同時,因為硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛導(dǎo)致的血管收縮可使熱量丟失減少,從而使產(chǎn)婦熱量進一步聚集體內(nèi)無法排出。另外,麻醉對熱、冷覺的阻滯不同步,溫?zé)嵊X阻滯發(fā)生較早,使得寒冷刺激持續(xù)存在,體溫調(diào)節(jié)中樞得到的信息發(fā)生偏差,機體便會反應(yīng)為產(chǎn)熱增加[6]。本研究A、B、C三組隨著產(chǎn)程的進展,體溫逐漸增高,而A、B兩組在產(chǎn)程中的發(fā)熱率明顯高于正常分娩,這也與Tian等[1]及馮艷等[9]的研究一致。
與此同時,許多研究也表明了阿片類藥物能影響產(chǎn)婦的體溫[5,10-12]。但是目前這種發(fā)熱的機制尚不清楚,可能與藥物作用于體溫調(diào)節(jié)中樞有關(guān)[13]。不同的阿片類藥物作用于不同的阿片類受體,這些受體主要位于下丘腦前部的視前區(qū)(POA)中[14-15]。故阿片類藥物可能通過作用這些位于下丘腦視前區(qū)的受體從而影響著體溫的變化。同時,因為本研究在蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔給予的阿片類藥物,而蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔具有豐富的溫度感覺受體和復(fù)雜的傳入通路[16],有可能傳入通路從初級熱感覺神經(jīng)元開始,由脊髓-丘腦-皮質(zhì)通路產(chǎn)生不同的溫度感覺。
目前有研究表明,產(chǎn)程中母親體溫的升高與炎癥并無太多關(guān)系[13,17]。相反,有研究卻認為發(fā)熱與感染有關(guān),而且椎管內(nèi)穿刺可以增加感染的風(fēng)險[18]。進一步探尋產(chǎn)程導(dǎo)致發(fā)熱的原因,Sharma等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)即使預(yù)防性使用抗生素,也不能降低接受椎管內(nèi)阻滯分娩鎮(zhèn)痛產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)程中的發(fā)熱率。故本研究設(shè)計了WBC和CRP產(chǎn)前與產(chǎn)后水平的比較,來觀察產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)程前后的變化。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)三組產(chǎn)婦WBC在產(chǎn)程前后均無明顯變化,而對CRP比較發(fā)現(xiàn),進行椎管內(nèi)阻滯的產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后水平高于正常分娩產(chǎn)婦。CRP是在機體受到感染或組織損傷時血漿中一些急劇上升的蛋白質(zhì),又稱為急性蛋白,有觀點認為它是一種非特異性的炎癥標志物。椎管內(nèi)阻滯的產(chǎn)婦CRP高于正常分娩的產(chǎn)婦,可能是因為后者在分娩過程中的劇烈疼痛,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)程不敢發(fā)力,組織損傷較前者更輕微。
本組實驗在研究上存在一定缺陷,實驗并未進行后續(xù)的追蹤,并未了解后續(xù)的發(fā)熱及實驗室數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計。其次沒有細化分析,CRP可刺激單核細胞釋放炎性介質(zhì)如IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α,其中IL-6是一種非常重要的炎性細胞因子,同時也是早期炎性反應(yīng)的重要標志之一,有強烈的致炎活性,后續(xù)研究可進一步深挖此類因子的變化。
綜上所述,兩種椎管內(nèi)阻滯分娩鎮(zhèn)痛均會導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)程中體溫升高,但兩者并無明顯差異,同時此種發(fā)熱與感染無關(guān),體溫于24 h后可恢復(fù)正常。
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