李俊杰

摘?要：讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)作為最新一輪的高考命題改革中的新題型，可以更好地體現(xiàn)“立德樹(shù)人”的教育觀，發(fā)揮考試對(duì)教學(xué)的正面反撥作用。實(shí)踐證明，合理的命題選篇可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)選定語(yǔ)篇的主題進(jìn)行深度學(xué)習(xí)，對(duì)主題意義認(rèn)真探究，并在此基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)續(xù)寫(xiě)的形式表達(dá)正確的世界觀、人生觀和價(jià)值觀，實(shí)現(xiàn)“立德樹(shù)人”的教育觀。

關(guān)鍵詞：讀后續(xù)寫(xiě);立德樹(shù)人;人與自然

讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)，作為最新一輪的高考命題改革中的新題型，是高考綜合改革試驗(yàn)省份高考英語(yǔ)試卷寫(xiě)作題的第二節(jié)。它與概要寫(xiě)作兩種形式在不同考次不定期交替使用。

題型說(shuō)明：根據(jù)《普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)科考試說(shuō)明》對(duì)該題型的要求，試卷中提供一段350詞以內(nèi)的語(yǔ)言材料，要求考生依據(jù)該材料內(nèi)容、所給兩段的段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)和所標(biāo)示的關(guān)鍵詞（10個(gè)畫(huà)線詞中選取5個(gè)以上）續(xù)寫(xiě)短文（150詞左右）。所續(xù)寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容發(fā)展與給定材料有邏輯銜接、情節(jié)合理、結(jié)構(gòu)完整?！墩f(shuō)明》中雖然沒(méi)有對(duì)試卷中所提供的這段350詞以內(nèi)的語(yǔ)言材料的主題語(yǔ)境和立意有明確的要求，但其

合理的選篇卻是落實(shí)“立德樹(shù)人”教育觀的關(guān)鍵。

命題思路：首先，實(shí)施普通高中英語(yǔ)課程應(yīng)以德育為魂，使學(xué)生最終形成正確的世界觀、人生觀和價(jià)值觀。這是《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中的基本理念?；晔且粋€(gè)人、一個(gè)民族乃至一個(gè)國(guó)家的立足之本和發(fā)展方向。德育為魂的理念體現(xiàn)了國(guó)家在教育方面的大智慧。作為教育一線的命題者應(yīng)該在命題中體現(xiàn)教育的基本理念，發(fā)揮測(cè)試對(duì)教學(xué)的正面反撥作用。其次，讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的題型特點(diǎn)為實(shí)施“立德樹(shù)人”教育觀提供了客觀可行性。讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)是一種將閱讀與寫(xiě)作緊密結(jié)合的語(yǔ)言考查形式，旨在考查學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。學(xué)生需要在理解語(yǔ)篇的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性的寫(xiě)作。學(xué)生的寫(xiě)是受到其所讀的語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容的限制的。那么，合理的選篇就決定了學(xué)生在寫(xiě)的環(huán)節(jié)中的思維的方向和角度。學(xué)生在理解語(yǔ)篇的過(guò)程中，獲取怎樣的信息，體驗(yàn)到怎樣的情感和寫(xiě)作意圖決定了續(xù)寫(xiě)部分的內(nèi)容與原文的契合度的高低，這是評(píng)判讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)文章質(zhì)量的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。學(xué)生在閱讀、思考、理解和再閱讀、再思考、再創(chuàng)作的過(guò)程中，逐漸領(lǐng)會(huì)作者意圖，感同身受的情感體驗(yàn)會(huì)使其浸潤(rùn)在正確的世界觀、人生觀和價(jià)值觀中。因此，讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的命題選篇可以潛移默化地在學(xué)生的思維、態(tài)度和情感導(dǎo)向中發(fā)揮潤(rùn)物細(xì)無(wú)聲的作用。

現(xiàn)以2019年沈陽(yáng)市高一年級(jí)教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)英語(yǔ)試卷中的讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)為例簡(jiǎn)要分析合理的命題選篇對(duì)落實(shí)“立德樹(shù)人”教育觀的重要性。

附：命題

第二節(jié)?讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)（滿分25分）

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)所給情節(jié)進(jìn)行續(xù)寫(xiě)，使之構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的故事。

A boy walked aimlessly in the woods many years ago in a part of America where bears used to live.One day he found a baby of a black bear. It looked like a little dog covered all over with thick brown hair. The boy caught up with it and carried it home. It was fed and brought up about the house， and soon became as tame as a dog.

Every day the boy had to go to school some way off. It was not long before the bear went with him， and it used to wander about the fields till school was over. At first the other boys were afraid of Henry's bear， but before long it became a great friend of the boys.

Many of them used to bring their dinners to school in small bags or baskets. These were hung on the wall， and during the play?hour they were taken down， and the bear was sure then to get a good share of the bread and butter， and apples and pears. Sometimes， the bear would walk up to the baskets smelling the food.

Things went on in this way for a long time， but one day the animal was nowhere to be seen. It had found its way to the woods， and did not return. Search was made for it， but without success.

Many years passed， and great changes took place in the school with a new master taking the old one's place. A new set of boys filled the seats in the old school.

One very cold winter day， while the master was out， a boy chanced to leave the door half open， and suddenly a large black bear walked into the school！

The boys were in terror. Some ran to the door， and others made for the tables. One big fellow jumped out of the window. Two or three little girls hid themselves under the desks. One brave boy seized a piece of wood， and told the girls not to be afraid， for he would protect them！

注意：

1.所續(xù)寫(xiě)短文的詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150詞左右;

2.至少使用5個(gè)短文中標(biāo)有下劃線的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ);

3.續(xù)寫(xiě)部分分為兩段，每段的開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)已為你寫(xiě)好;

4.續(xù)寫(xiě)完成后，請(qǐng)用下劃線標(biāo)出你所使用的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)。

Paragraph 1：

But the bear did not harm anyone.

Paragraph 2：

In the meantime， the boy who had jumped out of the window had alarmed the village.

材料選擇：這篇文章是被義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)泛讀教材《常春藤英語(yǔ)》以The Bear in School為題，收錄在第四級(jí)上的一篇

英國(guó)教材經(jīng)典篇目。從主題語(yǔ)境的角度來(lái)看，這是一篇有關(guān)人與自然的文章。讀者讀到故事的結(jié)尾都會(huì)對(duì)黑熊的結(jié)局感到惋惜，對(duì)“人與自然究竟如何相處”有所思考。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的目的是什么？是比較文化的不同，是汲取文化的精華，是尋求文化的共同本質(zhì)。由此引發(fā)對(duì)讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的選材思考：考試方向也應(yīng)該是如此。英國(guó)人拿這篇文章來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)自己的母語(yǔ)一定有其道理。這是一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事，故事的結(jié)局是人們?cè)谏錃⒋笮苤蟛耪J(rèn)出它是自己當(dāng)年收養(yǎng)的老朋友。悲劇性的結(jié)局令人深思“人與動(dòng)物如何和諧共處”這一深刻的問(wèn)題。這就是選取這篇文章作為續(xù)寫(xiě)材料的初衷。“培養(yǎng)什么樣的人”，這是中外教育工作者共同思考的問(wèn)題?！冻４禾儆⒄Z(yǔ)》總主編聶成軍對(duì)這套系列叢書(shū)有這樣的評(píng)價(jià)：“《論語(yǔ)》說(shuō)：‘天下之無(wú)道也久矣，天將以夫子為木鐸?！蜃拥臅r(shí)代遠(yuǎn)去了，但是我們依然需要木鐸不時(shí)地在我們身邊響起，提醒我們，應(yīng)該通過(guò)閱讀經(jīng)典來(lái)與自己的心靈對(duì)話?！毕Ｍ麑W(xué)生們通過(guò)這次續(xù)寫(xiě)，聽(tīng)到地道經(jīng)典的“木鐸”之聲，絕惡于未萌，起敬于微渺。

附：原文

The Bear in School

Ⅰ

A boy rambling in the woods many years ago in a part of America where bears used to live， one day found the cub of a Black Bear. It was very young， and looked like a little dog covered all over with thick brown hair.

The boy carried it home. It was fed and brought up about the house， and soon became as tame as a dog.

Every day the boy had to go to school some way off. It was not long before the bear went with him， and it used to roam about the fields till school was over.

At first the other boys were afraid of Henry's bear， but before long they became great friends.

Many of them used to bring their dinners to school in small bags or baskets. These were hung on pegs on the wall， and during the play?hour they were taken down， and the bear was sure then to get a good share of the bread and butter， and apples and pears.

Things went on in this way for a long time， but one day the animal was nowhere to be seen. It had found its way to the woods， and did not return. Search was made for it， but without success.

Ⅱ

Many years passed， in which time great changes took place in the school. The old master died and a new one took his place.

A new set of boys filled the seats in the old school?house.

One very cold wintry day， while the master was out， a boy chanced to leave the door half open， and all of a sudden a large black bear walked into the school！

The boys were in terror. Some ran to the door， and others made for the tables. One big fellow jumped out of the window. Two or three little girls hid themselves under the desks. But one brave boy seized a piece of wood， and told the girls not to be afraid， for he would protect them！

But the bear did not harm anyone. It walked up quietly to the fire， and warmed itself. It seemed to be very much at home， and to feel very glad to get into such warm quarters.

It sat by the fire for a short time， and then walked up to the wall where the dinner baskets of the students were hanging.

Standing on its back feet， it put its paw into the baskets， and helped itself to the bread and fruit， and other good things in them！ It then quietly walked out of the school by the way it had walked in.

In the meantime， the boy who had jumped out of the window had alarmed the village.

A number of young men started with their guns to shoot the bear. As its track was very plain in the snow， they soon came up with it， and killed it.

Then it was that they found， by certain marks upon its skin， that the poor bear was no enemy but the old friend of their own schooldays！ Great was the sorrow felt for its death. （520 words）

材料分析：（見(jiàn)下圖及文字說(shuō)明）

故事是以很多年前美國(guó)的一片森林為背景的。一個(gè)叫Henry的男孩在森林里漫步時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一只黑熊的幼崽。小熊崽渾身棕色的毛，很像小狗崽。于是男孩追上它，把它抱回家養(yǎng)了起來(lái)。這是故事的起因。小熊崽在他的精心飼養(yǎng)下漸漸地長(zhǎng)大，開(kāi)始了它與人類的社交生活。Henry開(kāi)始把熊帶到學(xué)校。Henry的朋友們起初害怕熊（這是人類對(duì)熊的一般認(rèn)知）。不久，他們就把熊當(dāng)成了自己的好朋友。Henry和他的朋友們對(duì)熊的認(rèn)知從害怕（一般認(rèn)知）到喜歡（對(duì)具體的熊的認(rèn)知）。這只熊經(jīng)歷了一段美好的與人類的社交生活：和主人一起上學(xué)，在課間與人類朋友一起分享午餐……直到有一天，這只成年的熊的本性被喚醒，它離開(kāi)了它的人類朋友，回到了森林中去。故事因Henry和他的朋友沒(méi)有找到失蹤的熊朋友而暫告一段落。學(xué)校里的學(xué)生畢業(yè)了一批，又來(lái)了一批，校長(zhǎng)也換了新人。一天，學(xué)生們正在上課，一只熊從意外開(kāi)著的校門(mén)進(jìn)到了校舍里。學(xué)生們嚇壞了，可是熊并沒(méi)有要傷害他們的意思。給定的材料到這里結(jié)束，把故事情節(jié)推向了高潮。在孩子們驚慌失措的時(shí)候，一個(gè)高個(gè)男孩跳窗求助。這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)給后面故事的發(fā)展留下了伏筆。學(xué)生如何理解給定材料中人和熊對(duì)彼此認(rèn)知的不同是完成續(xù)寫(xiě)任務(wù)的關(guān)鍵。（返校的熊對(duì)人類的認(rèn)知是從“具體”它的親身經(jīng)歷到“一般”對(duì)所有人的認(rèn)知;而如今在校的人類對(duì)熊的認(rèn)知是從“一般”對(duì)熊的害怕到“具體”對(duì)眼前的這只熊的反應(yīng)。）人與自然如何相處？熊的命運(yùn)如何？這些都掌握在學(xué)生們的手中。

學(xué)生作答情況分析：

2019年沈陽(yáng)市高一年級(jí)教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)英語(yǔ)試卷中的這篇讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的難度指數(shù)從下圖可見(jiàn)。對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，本題難度很大。

難度主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：

1.對(duì)給定材料的閱讀理解難。對(duì)材料中人和熊的情感線索和人與熊對(duì)彼此的認(rèn)知不同的正確理解決定了續(xù)寫(xiě)部分的合理性。

2.語(yǔ)言表達(dá)質(zhì)量的高低影響學(xué)生想象力和創(chuàng)新能力的發(fā)揮。但是，從閱卷反饋的信息來(lái)看，絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生能夠讀懂給定材料，搞清人和熊之間的情感關(guān)系，更難能可貴的是給出了Henry認(rèn)出了熊而沒(méi)有殺死熊的幸福結(jié)局。在對(duì)沈陽(yáng)市某高中一年級(jí)706人的調(diào)查中，有526人是以人與熊的相認(rèn)來(lái)結(jié)束故事的。這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表明：

立德樹(shù)人的命題初衷實(shí)現(xiàn)了。孩子們都不忍心大熊被殺死，都希望人與自然和諧共處。

附：學(xué)生習(xí)作

But the bear did not harm anyone. It just walked slowly in the school. It seemed that it was looking for something. Then， it stopped in front of the wall that students put their dinners on. All the students were afraid of the big bear but they were also curious. “Is it hungry？”one boy asked. “Maybe it is just hungry and wants our dinner，” a girl who was hiding under the desk answered in a low voice. Hearing that， the brave boy decided to give the bear some food. The bear seemed very happy and ate it up. All the children felt relaxed and started feeding the bear one by one.

In the meantime， the boy who had jumped out of the window had alarmed the village. He shouted in the street，“Help！ There is a bear in our school. Help！” So many people heard that and followed the boy to his school. Everyone seemed nervous and scared. However， a person was not afraid at all. He was the boy who had found the bear in the woods. He shouted， “Don't worry. It may be my bear and it is friendly. It won't hurt the children. Just like what he said， the students were playing with the bear happily. Everyone felt relaxed and the man was really happy to find his old great friend again.

語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)是對(duì)主題的探索與探究。讀懂給定的材料并且成功地完成續(xù)寫(xiě)是對(duì)學(xué)生認(rèn)知能力的一種考查。學(xué)生的認(rèn)知能力有多強(qiáng)，他對(duì)所認(rèn)知的主題的探索與探究就有多深。這些認(rèn)知會(huì)內(nèi)化成一種修養(yǎng)，影響人的一生。合理的命題選篇讓命題者看到了“凈世暖心，養(yǎng)性滋仁”的溫馨結(jié)局，落實(shí)了“立德樹(shù)人”的教育觀。蘇霍姆林斯基在《給教師的建議》中指出：“認(rèn)知本身是一種最令人驚訝、驚異和感到神奇的過(guò)程，能激起高昂而持久的興趣?！边x取內(nèi)容積極健康、向上向善的語(yǔ)言材料，利用讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)這種考查語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用的主觀題型對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行有條理地訓(xùn)練，可以不斷地讓學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生興趣，從而在不斷的學(xué)習(xí)中形成正確的世界觀、人生觀和價(jià)值觀。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]蘇霍姆林斯基. 給教師的建議[M].武漢：長(zhǎng)江文藝出版社，2014.

[2]聶成軍. 常春藤英語(yǔ)?四級(jí)·上[M]. 北京：中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社，2014.