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        英語否定詞語的漢譯

        2019-09-10 07:22:44王楠丁洪霞
        校園英語·月末 2019年8期
        關鍵詞:文化差異

        王楠 丁洪霞

        【摘要】鑒于英漢在表達方式上存在著差異,一些帶有否定詞語的英語句子采用直譯法很難譯成對等的漢語否定句。本文利用比較詳實的翻譯實例展示了通過把肯定句譯成否定句、否定句譯成肯定句這種否定轉移法或視角轉移法來保障譯文即忠實于原文又使其對目的語讀者具有可讀性。

        【關鍵詞】否定詞語;文化差異;否定轉移;視角轉移

        【Abstract】In view of the differences in the mode of expression between English and Chinese, it is very difficult to put some English sentences with negatives into equivalent Chinese ones by literal translation. Many specific example translations from affirmative sentences to negative ones and from negative sentences to affirmative ones are used to show that the approach of negative transformation or shift of perspective has secured the faithfulness of the translated to the original and the readability to the TL reader.

        【Key words】negatives; cultural difference; negative transformation; shift of perspective

        【作者簡介】王楠(1983-),女,河北唐山人,北京政法職業(yè)學院基礎部講師,碩士學位,研究方向:商務英語,二語習得;丁洪霞(1978-),女,山東臨沂人,北京政法職業(yè)學院基礎部講師,碩士學位,研究方向:英語語言文學。

        識別一個帶有not, no, never和類似詞語的否定句并把該句譯成對等的漢語否定句似乎很容易。但是事實并非總是如此。原因在于英漢在表達方式上存在著差異。就這些差異而言,有時為了保證漢語譯文能忠實于原文,需要在漢語譯文中作出一些變動。譬如:

        Won’t you mind signing your name here?

        No, I won’t.

        Yes, I will.

        The above should be rendered into Chinese:

        你不介意在這兒簽字吧?

        是的,我不介意。

        不,我介意。

        這一例子表明中國人在回答該問題上有別于英語為母語的人。母語為英語的人回答該問題依據(jù)的是事實而不是句子是否定句還是肯定句。奈達(1997)指出:“源語與目的語的文化差異越大,調整的需求就越大;源語與目的語的語言差異越大,調整的需求越大。但是,通常情況下,文化差異可以引起更為重要的調整”。所以,為了目的語讀者的緣故,翻譯一些英語句子時會使用否定轉移法或柯平(1991)所稱之為視點轉換法。否定轉移或視點轉換主要表現(xiàn)在:

        一、 把含有否定意義詞語的英語肯定句譯成漢語的否定句

        1.動詞或動詞詞組。

        (1) More and more people prefer purchasing on line to shopping in a cash-and-carry store.

        越來越多的人喜歡線上購物,不喜歡到現(xiàn)購自運的商店購物了。

        (2) Please remember to bring your certificate of vaccination next time.

        下次不要忘記帶來你的免疫證書。

        (3) All payments in reimbursement of taxes and duties are excluded from the contract price.

        該合同價格不包括支付稅款。

        (4) The marketing manager is wanting to his duty.

        那位銷售總監(jiān)部稱職。

        (5) The contractor failed to honor his obligations stipulated in the contract.

        承包人未能履行合同規(guī)定的義務。

        (6) The salesman sacrificed his conscience for money in cheating the old man.

        這個推銷員為了錢欺騙那位老人,沒有一點良知。

        (7) This law indemnified the hired against time lost in disease.

        這項法律保障了雇工不會因病誤工而遭受損失。

        (8) They delayed in the shipment of cargo.

        他們沒能按時發(fā)貨。

        (9) Under such circumstances, you are released from obligations.

        在這些情況下,貴方可以不履行責任。

        (10) Some imported goods are knocked into a cocked hat by the Chinese ones.

        一些進口產(chǎn)品的質量遠遠不及中國產(chǎn)品的質量。

        (11) Their disagreement on the price prevented them from renewing their contract.

        由于他們在價格上達不成共識,他們之間的合同不再展期。

        2. 形容詞。

        (1) This project will require less investment.

        該工程需要的投資不多。(這項工程投資較少)

        (2) The stock and security market has been erratic .

        股票市場一直漲落不定。

        (3) They tried their best to work out a solution to have the country out of the ailing economy.

        他們竭盡努力尋求使該國擺脫經(jīng)濟不景氣的方法。

        (4) He is a half-baked broker.

        他不是個成熟老練的掮客。

        (5) Turkey undertook few significant reductions on industrial tariffs in the Uruguay Round.

        在烏拉圭談判回合上,土耳其沒有對工業(yè)品關稅做出重大削減。

        (6) This is a half-way solution.

        這不是個干凈徹底解決問題的方法。

        (7) Offshore funds are exempt from U.S. regulation.

        海外基金不受美國管制。

        (8) She felt sad when he said her career is secondary.

        聽到他說她的職業(yè)生涯無關緊要時,她感到不悅。

        (9) The subway offers cut-rate tickets for off-hour passengers.

        地鐵對非高峰出行的乘客出售減價票。

        (10) He has a clear title to the house.

        他對該房享有無債務的房產(chǎn)權。

        (11) He worked hard to keep his outstanding loan paid on time.

        他努力工作以便按時支付未償還貸款。

        3. 介詞。

        (1) The board of directors chose Mr. Smith over other candidates as the manager general of the company.

        董事會沒有選擇其他候選人,而是選擇了史密斯先生出任公司總經(jīng)理。

        (2) The buyer raised a claim against the supplier for he thought the equipment was below standard.

        購貨商因認為設備沒有達標,向供貨商提出索賠要求。

        (3) He is above telling lies.

        他絕不會說謊。

        (4) A driver must sticks to the traffic law to load cargo within loading range.

        司機必須要遵守交通法規(guī),裝貨不能超過規(guī)定限度。

        (5) He went into business against his will.

        他經(jīng)商不是他的意愿。

        4. 連詞。

        (1) One of the closely watched measures included in this report is the capacity utilization ratio, which estimates the portion of productive capacity that is being used rather than standing idle in the economy.

        報告里密切監(jiān)管的方法之一是產(chǎn)能利用率。產(chǎn)能利用率是對經(jīng)濟活動中正在使用的而不是閑置的生產(chǎn)能力比例的估算。

        (2) If Europe wants to produce a durable economic recovery and make its single market really pay off, it will have to concentrate on a lot more than lower interest rates and other typical pump-priming measures.

        歐洲如果想使經(jīng)濟復蘇持久并使單一市場成功就必須去做許多別的事而不僅僅是降低利率和運用其他一些典型的以政府投資來刺激經(jīng)濟的措施。

        (3) I wish you had consulted me before you took that step, you’ve upset my applecart now.

        你在沒有采取行動之前征求一下我的意見該多好啊,現(xiàn)在我的計劃被全盤打亂了。

        (4) His audacious bet against the British pound last year seemed from his savvy reading of Britain’s economic malaise and a belief that, despite strong statements to the contrary, Britain would abandon the European exchange rate rather than continually defend the pound through repeated and expensive interventions in the currency markets.

        去年他做出英鎊不會貶值這一很有膽識的斷言源于他對英國經(jīng)濟不景氣狀況卓有見地的分析和理解。他認為雖然其他一些見解也頗具說服力,但是英國不會老在貨幣市場上反復使用昂貴的干預手段來維持英鎊,而是要放棄歐洲的匯率機制。

        (5) The firm thought it would be better to unwind its positions than to buy gold.

        該公司認為購買黃金不如平倉好。

        (6) He said he would rather resign than stay as a yes man.

        他說他寧愿辭職也不留下做個應聲蟲。

        (7) But for their intervention, the two sides would have reached a contract.

        若不是因為他們的干擾,雙方就會簽訂了合同。

        5. It is …that … (這不是強調句而是諺語):

        (1) It is a wise father that knows his own child.

        再聰明的父親也不見得了解自己的孩子。

        (2) It is a good divine that follows his own instructions.

        即使好牧師也不會總履行自己的宣教(能說者未必能行)。

        (3) It is a foolish bird that fouls his own nest.

        再蠢的鳥也不會弄臟自己的窩(家丑不外揚)。

        二、因英語否定句中還包含著具有否定意義的詞語,所以句子的雙重否定使句義變?yōu)榭隙?/p>

        (1) We could not wish for a more qualified person for the post than you.

        在我們看來,你是該職位的最佳人選了。

        (2) The company could do nothing but being swallowed up in the corporate merge.

        該公司只能在該次公司合并中被收購了。

        (3) The new government is determined to spare no efforts in curbing the present inflation.

        新一屆政府決心全力以赴控制當前的通貨膨脹。

        (4) The two sides didn’t leave off their talk until 3 p.m. without any fruitful result.

        雙方的會談持續(xù)到下午3點鐘,沒有取得任何重大成果。

        (5) Your quotation is not unacceptable.

        貴方報盤可以接受。

        (6) Eating disorders have a reputation as white, upper-middle class afflictions, reserved for adolescent girls who succumb to the dictum that you can never be too rich or thin.

        飲食失調作為白人中上層階級的苦惱而著稱,為信奉越有錢、越瘦就越好的青春少女而特有。

        (7) With such a great damage to the cargo, the shipping company can not fail to compensate for it.

        由于貨物受損如此嚴重,船運公司必須賠償。

        (8) We have no objection to the terms of the contract.

        我們同意合同條款。

        (9) They can’t help but redo the work at their expense.

        他們必須返工,費用由他們承擔。

        (10) It is impossible but that a sever trade competition will take place between the countries.

        國與國間的貿(mào)易競爭大戰(zhàn)必將展開。

        (11) It is marvelous for him to have finished such work that none but a man of genius could do.

        他完成了只有天才才能完成的工作,真了不起。

        上述例子中所采用的否定轉移法實際上是一種歸化翻譯法,為含有否定成分的英語句子提供了一種替代翻譯方法。韋努蒂(1995)把歸化翻譯法定義為譯者使用目的語讀者易懂流暢的文體翻譯以便盡量減少原文陌生感的翻譯方法。雖然由于不同譯者在解讀原文上的主觀因素會使譯文不盡相同,但是譯者所能為和不能為的必須是以用最接近的自然對等語重現(xiàn)原語信息為前提,譯者必須是能夠打開語言和文化帷幔使人們能夠清楚地理解原文信息意義之人(奈達,2001:139)。

        參考文獻:

        [1]Nida, E. A.. Language, Culture and translating[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1997:119,123,325.33.

        [2]柯平.視點轉換、具體化和概略化[J].中國翻譯,1992:24-26.

        [3]Nida, E. A.. Language and Culture——Contexts in translating[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.

        [4]Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation[M]. London and New York: Routledge,1995:20.

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