白毅平 莫利群 劉清湄 張代英
[摘要] 目的 探討右臀墊高4~5 cm及手術(shù)床左傾30°對(duì)腰麻下剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)及新生兒血?dú)庥绊憽?方法 選取我院2016年10月~2017年6月、年齡20~40歲、孕37~41周、無(wú)嚴(yán)重胎兒宮內(nèi)窘迫、擇期剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦150例,隨機(jī)分為三組(n=50)。腰麻前30 min,產(chǎn)婦給予膠體液10 mL/kg;腰麻后實(shí)驗(yàn)組1(Exp1組)產(chǎn)婦取仰臥位,右臀部墊高4~5 cm,實(shí)驗(yàn)組2(Exp2組)產(chǎn)婦取床左傾30°,對(duì)照組(Con組)產(chǎn)婦取仰臥位。記錄腰麻前(T1)、腰麻后3 min(T2)、腰麻后5 min(T3)、腰麻后10 min(T4)、取出胎兒時(shí)(T5)的平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、心率(HR)、心輸出量(CO);檢測(cè)新生兒臍動(dòng)脈pH及HCO3-值,并對(duì)新生兒進(jìn)行Apgar 1 min、5 min評(píng)分。 結(jié)果 (1)MAP:三組產(chǎn)婦T2-4均明顯低于T1,Exp1組及Exp2組T2,3明顯高于Con組(P<0.05),Exp1及Exp2組間無(wú)差異。(2)CO:Con組T2-4明顯低于T1(P<0.05);Exp1組及Exp2組T2低于T1,T2-4高于Con 組(P<0.05)。(3)產(chǎn)婦體位體驗(yàn)度:Exp1及Exp2明顯高于Con組,Exp1明顯高于Exp2組(P<0.05)。(4)新生兒臍動(dòng)脈pH、HCO3-及Apgar評(píng)分三組比較無(wú)差異。 結(jié)論右臀墊高4~5 cm及手術(shù)床左傾30°均能更好維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,對(duì)新生兒影響不明顯。右臀墊高4~5 cm體位,產(chǎn)婦體驗(yàn)度更好。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 仰臥位低血壓;體位;剖宮產(chǎn);血流動(dòng)力學(xué)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)15-0024-04
Effects of two types of uterus left shift on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal blood gas in elective cesarean section
BAI Yiping1? ?MO Liqun1? ?LIU Qingmei1? ?ZHANG Daiying2
1.Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou? ?646000, China; 2.Operating Room, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou? ?646000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of right hip joint blocking up 4-5 cm and left tilt 30 degrees of the operating bed on maternal hemodynamics and neonatal blood gas under spinal anesthesia. Methods 150 cases of selective cesarean section puerperas, aged 20 to 40 years old, 37 to 41 weeks pregnancy, no severe fetal distress, who were selected from our hospital from October 2016 to June 2017, were randomly divided into three groups(n=50). At 30 minutes before the spinal anesthesia, the puerperas were given administration of colloidal fluid 10 mL/kg. After spinal anesthesia, experimental group 1(group Exp1) took supine position, with hip joint blocking up 4-5 cm, and experimental group 2(group Exp2) was treated with left tilt 30 degrees of the operating bed. The control group(Con group) took supine position. The average arterial pressure(MAP), heart rate(HR), cardiac output(CO) before spinal anesthesia(T1), at 3 minutes after spinal anesthesia(T2), 5 minutes after spinal anesthesia(T3), 10 minutes after spinal anesthesia(T4) and when the fetus was removed(T5). The neonatal umbilical artery pH and HCO3- value were detected. And Apgar 1 minute, 5 minutes score for newborns was performed. Results (1)MAP: T2-4 in the three groups was significantly lower than T1. And T2, 3 in the group Exp1 and group Exp2 was significantly higher than that in the Con group(P<0.05), and there was no difference between the group Exp1 and group Exp2. (2)CO: T2-4 in the Con group was significantly lower than T1(P<0.05); T2 in the group Exp1 and group Exp2 was lower than T1, and T2-4 in the group Exp1 and group Exp2 was higher than that in the Con group(P<0.05). (3)The maternal position experience in group Exp1 and Exp2 were significantly higher than that of the Con group, and the maternal position experience of group Exp1 was significantly higher than that of group Exp2(P<0.05). (4)There was no difference in the umbilical artery pH, HCO3- and Apgar scores of neonates between three groups. Conclusion The right hip joint blocking up 4-5 cm and and left tilt 30 degrees of the operating bed can better maintain hemodynamic stability, and has little impact on newborns. The maternal experience is better when the right hip joint blocks up 4-5 cm.
[Key words] Supine hypotension; Position; Cesarean section; Hemodynamics
產(chǎn)婦圍術(shù)期仰臥位低血壓綜合征發(fā)生率達(dá)15%,嚴(yán)重者可致休克,甚至心跳驟停[1]。剖宮產(chǎn)多使用腰麻,雖然起效快作用完善,但同時(shí)也因交感神經(jīng)阻滯及產(chǎn)婦體位因素,低血壓發(fā)生率明顯增加[2]。近年,體位干預(yù)措施對(duì)仰臥位低血壓的研究多局限于對(duì)血壓的影響[3-5],少有研究其對(duì)產(chǎn)婦心排量及新生兒血?dú)獾挠绊懀草^少比較產(chǎn)婦對(duì)圍術(shù)期體位的體驗(yàn)度。本研究擬比較右臀墊高4~5 cm與手術(shù)床左傾30°對(duì)腰麻下剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)及新生兒血?dú)庥绊懀约爱a(chǎn)婦對(duì)手術(shù)體位的體驗(yàn)度。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取我院2016年10月~2017年6月、年齡20~40歲、孕周37~41周、無(wú)嚴(yán)重胎兒宮內(nèi)窘迫、擇期剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)產(chǎn)婦150例;有心肺疾病、低血壓或高血壓、凝血異常,精神病,穿刺局部感染或敗血癥以及異常胎兒的產(chǎn)婦排除在外。采用計(jì)算機(jī)隨機(jī)數(shù)表法分為三組:實(shí)驗(yàn)組1(Exp1 組)、實(shí)驗(yàn)組2(Exp2 組)及對(duì)照組(Con組)各50例。本研究經(jīng)我院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有納入對(duì)象均知情同意。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 麻醉實(shí)施? 產(chǎn)婦入手術(shù)室,建立靜脈通道,30 min內(nèi)給予聚明膠肽注射液10 mL/kg(武漢華龍生物制藥有限公司,1601051)。采用Dash-4000監(jiān)護(hù)儀監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖、無(wú)創(chuàng)血壓、心率、動(dòng)脈血氧飽和度;無(wú)創(chuàng)心輸出量監(jiān)測(cè)心輸出量(CO)。產(chǎn)婦取左側(cè)臥位進(jìn)行腰麻。腰麻后,產(chǎn)婦根據(jù)分組取相應(yīng)體位。實(shí)驗(yàn)組1(Exp1 組)產(chǎn)婦取仰臥位、右臀部墊高4~5 cm,實(shí)驗(yàn)組2(Exp2 組)手術(shù)床左傾30°,對(duì)照組(Con組)產(chǎn)婦取仰臥位。疼痛消失平面穩(wěn)定在胸10水平后行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)。術(shù)中輸液以10~15 mL/(kg·h)速度輸入乳酸林格氏液和聚明膠肽注射液,晶膠比例為1∶1。術(shù)中出現(xiàn)低血壓(90/60 mmHg),靜脈注射去氧腎上腺素50~100 mg;心率小于60次/min,靜脈注射阿托品0.3~0.5 mg。
1.2.2 監(jiān)測(cè)與記錄? 監(jiān)測(cè)記錄腰麻前(T1)、腰麻后3 min(T2)、腰麻后5 min(T3)、腰麻后10 min(T4)、取出胎兒時(shí)(T5)的平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、心率(HR)、心輸出量(CO);阻斷臍血管前抽取臍帶動(dòng)脈血2 mL,即刻使用血?dú)夥治鰞x(美國(guó)雅培,i-stat 300)檢測(cè)pH及HCO3-值;記錄阻斷臍動(dòng)脈后新生兒1 min、5 min Apgar評(píng)分。產(chǎn)婦體位體驗(yàn)度采用數(shù)字法0~10分:0分:體驗(yàn)度最差;10分:產(chǎn)婦日常舒適體位體驗(yàn)度最好。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
本實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS20.0(IBM)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析或重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析,組內(nèi)比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組一般情況比較
三組一般情況比較無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。Exp1組及Exp2組產(chǎn)婦體位體驗(yàn)度明顯高于Con組(t=18.904,P=0.007;t=18.904,P=0.024),Exp1組明顯高于Exp2組(t=18.904,P=0.041)(表1)。
2.2 三組產(chǎn)婦麻醉前血流動(dòng)力學(xué)比較
三組產(chǎn)婦麻醉前血流動(dòng)力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)值比較無(wú)差異。三組產(chǎn)婦MAP T2-4均明顯低于T1(Exp1組:t=3.708,P=0.005,t=2.873,P=0.008,t=3.400,P=0.002;Exp2組:t=2.276,P=0.008,t=3.171,P=0.011,t=3.254,P=0.008;Con組:t=3.127,P=0.012,t=2.241,P=0.009,t=2.874,P=0.015),Exp1組及Exp2組T2、T3 MAP明顯高于Con組(Exp1組:t=8.724,P=0.034,t=8.724,P=0.042;Exp2組:t=8.161,P=0.037,t=8.161,P=0.034),Exp1及Exp2組間無(wú)差異。Con組T2-4CO明顯低于T1(t=3.014,P=0.005,t=2.974,P=0.011,t=3.754,P=0.008);Exp1組及Exp2組T2低于T1(Exp1組:t=4.134,P=0.023;Exp2組:t=3.785,P=0.038),T2-4高于Con 組(Exp1組:t=1.362,P=0.018,t=1.362,P=0.014,t=1.362,P=0.023;Exp2組:t=1.472,P=0.037,t=1.472,P=0.025,t=1.472,P=0.033)(表2)。
2.3 三組新生兒臍動(dòng)脈pH、HCO3-及Apgar評(píng)分比較
三組新生兒臍動(dòng)脈pH、HCO3-及Apgar評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表3)。
3討論
產(chǎn)婦術(shù)中體位對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響的研究均顯示,各種促進(jìn)子宮左移體位能明顯改善產(chǎn)婦圍術(shù)期仰臥位低血壓的發(fā)生[3-5]。然而,少有文獻(xiàn)比較產(chǎn)婦右臀墊高4~5 cm及手術(shù)床左傾30°對(duì)腰麻下剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)及新生兒血?dú)獾挠绊懸约爱a(chǎn)婦術(shù)中體位體驗(yàn)度調(diào)查。
產(chǎn)婦術(shù)中仰臥位低血壓發(fā)生率高[6,7],Loubert C[8]研究顯示麻醉前液體預(yù)充對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改善存在局限性,且晶體液由于迅速在血管和組織間重新分布,但仍不少研究提示術(shù)前補(bǔ)液的必要性[9,10]。為此,該實(shí)驗(yàn)選擇腰麻前30 min,預(yù)先給予500 mL膠體[9,10]。
近年無(wú)創(chuàng)心排量能實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)心功能狀態(tài),安全可靠,為術(shù)中患者的診斷及處理提供了可靠的方向和依據(jù)[11,12]。實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),三組產(chǎn)婦腰麻后血壓均出現(xiàn)不同程度的下降,但產(chǎn)婦血壓在仰臥位比兩種子宮左位下降更明顯,表明了兩種子宮左位方式對(duì)仰臥位低血壓處理的有效性,與既往研究相同[3-5]。無(wú)創(chuàng)心排量結(jié)果顯示,麻醉后3 min時(shí),雖然三組產(chǎn)婦心輸出量在麻醉后均明顯低于麻醉前,但在麻醉5 min后,僅有仰臥位產(chǎn)婦心輸出量明顯低于麻醉前,并且明顯低于兩種子宮左位產(chǎn)婦的心輸出量。這種體位對(duì)心輸出量影響的差異,與子宮左位減少下腔靜脈壓迫,回心血量增加有關(guān)[13]。心輸出量在兩種子宮左位方式中比較沒有差異。在兩種方式子宮左位的產(chǎn)婦中,仍然有部分產(chǎn)婦因低血壓使用去氧腎上腺素,表明通過(guò)子宮左位方式改善產(chǎn)婦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的局限性和縮血管物質(zhì)使用的必要性,該研究結(jié)果也在Stewart A等[14]研究中得到證實(shí)。