籍萬杰

一、段落主題句

通常在說明文中，段落主題句位于段首，考生要先觀察其他段落主題句的句式特點(diǎn)，確定可能的選項(xiàng)，再根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找選項(xiàng)和段落中是否有關(guān)鍵詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。

（2018年高考全國卷二）●39Studies foundthat people who woke up early for exercise slept betterthan those who exercised in the evening. Exercise ener-gizes you，so it is more difficult to relax and have apeaceful sleep when you are very excited.

●40If you work out bright and early in thernoming ，you will be more likely to stick to healthy foodchoices throughout the day. Who would want to ruin theirgood workout by eating junk food？You will want to con-tinue to focus on positive choices.

A. You will stick to your diet.

B. Your quality of sleep improves.

C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D. There is no reason you should exercise in themorning.

E. You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours af-ter exercise.

F. After you exercise ，you continue to bum caloriesthroughout the day.

G. If you are planning to do exercise regularly，oryou' re doing it now， then listen up！

第39題和第40題分別位于第四段和第五段的段首，空格處很有可能考查段落主題句。觀察其他段落主題句后，從形式上看，A、B、C、E符合段落主題句的特點(diǎn)。第39題所在段談?wù)摰氖撬哔|(zhì)量的改善，故選B。第40題所在段談到你如果一大早就做運(yùn)動(dòng)，很可能一整天都選擇健康食物，選A。

二、篇章主題句

通常來說，說明文的首段是主題段，首段的末句是全文的主題。如果首段的末句設(shè)空.則考慮是篇章主題句。解題時(shí)考生要快速查找選項(xiàng)中是否有統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的主題句，如Below are some helpful sug-gestions on...;Here are some points/suggestions/steps/tips...;Four ways/steps to...，然后試填到空格中，看文章的謀篇布局是否成立。

（2018年高考浙江卷）Moving intoa new home ina new neighborhood is an exciting experience. Ofcourse，you want to make sure that you become an ac-cepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood. Theeasiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you con-duct yourself as a good neighbor should.31

A. In general，keep an eye on their property whilethey are gone.

B.A good neighboris also one who likes to help outin small ways.

C. Being a good neighbor is more or less about con-siderate behavior.

D. Sometimes neighbors may go to the supermarkettogether to do shopping.

E. Should you come across waste paper thrown outofa passing car， pick it up.

F. People tend to take pride in keeping everythingin their street fresh and inviting.

G. Here area few tips to help you win over everyonein the neighborhood quickly.

第31題在首段的末句，極有可能是篇章主題句。文章第一段談?wù)撊绾慰焖偃谌胄律鐓^(qū)，下面的幾段分別提供了幾個(gè)竅門。因此，第一段的最后一句是篇章主題句，選G。

三、段落總結(jié)句

如果設(shè)空位于段末，設(shè)題可分為兩種情況：種是承接類，考查設(shè)空處與前文的順承邏輯關(guān)系另一種是段落總結(jié)句，此時(shí)要注意查找選項(xiàng)中是否有表示結(jié)論、概括性的語句。特別留意那些表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論的信號(hào)詞，如therefore，as a result，thus，tosum up，to conclude，in short，in a word等。另外，選項(xiàng)中也可能出現(xiàn)與主題句呼應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵詞。

（2017年高考全國卷三）●Keep your sleep/wakschedule on weekends. If you're tired out by Fridanight，sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderfuBut compensatlng on the weekends actually feeds intyour sleepiness the following week，a recent studfound.19

A. Get a sleep specialist.

B. Find the right motivation.

C.A better plan for sleep can help.

D. And consider setting a secondalarm.

E. If the steps you take are work-ing，keepit up.

F. Stick to your set bedtime andwake-up time ，no matter the day.

G. Reconsider the 15 minutes youspend in line at the cafe to get coffee.

第19題位于段末，考慮為段落總結(jié)句。本段的主題句是“Keep yoursleep/wake schedule on weekends"，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段的總結(jié)，且呼應(yīng)主題句。

四、篇章總結(jié)句

如果說明文的最后一段不是與前面幾段并列的要點(diǎn)，而是對(duì)整篇文章的總結(jié)，則是篇章總結(jié)段。如果在段末設(shè)題，則極有可能是篇章總結(jié)句。閱讀七選五的文章大部分沒有總結(jié)段，近年來只有2012年高考新課標(biāo)卷考查了這一類型，但也應(yīng)引起注意。

（2012年高考新課標(biāo)卷）These steps aren't mag-ic ，but they do work. And if'you can stay positive as youmake your way through a tough time， you'll help yourselffeel better even faster.75

A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through thetough situation.

B. Notice your friends' feelings and find a way tohelp them.

C. Different people feel stress in different ways.

D. Ah，it feels so good when the stress is gone.

E. You need to figure out what the problemis.

F. And don't forget about your friencls.

G. Then ，finda way to calm down.

該段是文章的末段，設(shè)空位于篇尾，并且最后一段是對(duì)全文的總結(jié)，75題應(yīng)該是考查篇章總結(jié)句。文章介紹了克服壓力的四個(gè)步驟：獲取支持、避免白責(zé)、解決問題和保持積極情緒。最后一段說，這些措施并不是萬能的，但是的確會(huì)起作用。如果你在克服困難的過程中保持積極樂觀的心態(tài)，你就能更快地幫助白己感覺良好。75題選D。

五、承上啟下句

這是考查得最多的一類，通常在文章或段落的中間出現(xiàn)，有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)在段落的最后。所設(shè)空的句子通常在語境和邏輯方面與上下文有密切的關(guān)系。

1.注意特殊疑問詞。如果選項(xiàng)中或空前出現(xiàn)特殊疑問詞，一定要注意對(duì)不同特殊疑問詞的回答方式不一樣，比如對(duì)why的回答，要有because等表原因的詞：對(duì)when的回答，要有表時(shí)間的狀語：對(duì)where的回答，要有表地點(diǎn)的名詞：對(duì)how的回答，要有方式狀語等。

2.注意表示轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、因果、讓步、順承、舉例等邏輯關(guān)系的連詞或副詞。這些連詞或副詞可以表現(xiàn)句與句之間的關(guān)系，通過這些詞我們可以推知句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

3.注意查找是否有關(guān)鍵詞的重復(fù)。保持對(duì)一些線索詞的敏感，關(guān)注空格前后的名詞和動(dòng)詞，并在選項(xiàng)中查找它們的近義詞、反義詞、同義詞或同類詞等。

4.注意空格后面句子中的代詞或定冠詞。通過代詞我們能找到它所指代的對(duì)象。定冠詞所修飾的名詞意味著特指，根據(jù)這個(gè)名詞就可以找到含有該名詞的相應(yīng)選項(xiàng)。