03AlgerianModelofDe-Radicalization:Means,EffectsandChallenges

AbstractSince the late 1990s, Algeria combined its counter-radicalism with other anti-terrorism measures, correction of radicals’ behaviors with prevention of high-risk social groups, and individual de-radicalization with collective de-radicalization. Meanwhile, the country was dependent on both social and government works, and employed different policies towards various targeted groups in its de-radicalization practices. By the mid-2010s, Algeria’s de-radicalization methods had achieved remarkable results. When the decade-long civil war ended, there were trends of moderation of religious groups, secularization of moderate religious groups, and diversification of social ideologies. However, due to the lack of the tracking system towards the repentant radicals, the failure of destroying the networks among radicals, and the problems with the country’s way of manipulating different Islamist groups, as well as the international rise of radicalism and the turmoil in surrounding countries, Algeria has witnessed the resurgence of radicalism in recent years. The case study of Algeria can provide useful insights for the study of effects of de-radicalization and the prevention of the recurrence of radicalism.

KeyWordsAlgeria; Radicalism; De-radicalization; Counter-terrorism Measures

AuthorZHANG Chuchu, Ph.D., Associate Professor, School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Fudan University.

16Morocco’sCounter-ExtremismPolicy:AnAnalysis

AbstractCounter-extremism is the sublimation of the concept of de-radicalization, which has important theoretical and practical significance for understanding the efforts of governments’ de-radicalization. This paper uses counter-extremism as a conceptual method to evaluate Morocco’s efforts of de-radicalization. The Moroccan counter-extremism policies mainly include three aspects. First, the top-down “mandatory” religious institutional reform for religious unification and standardization; second, governance on poverty and improving social and economic conditions; third, initiating themusalaha(rehabilitation) program, which ensures that detainees can achieve self-reconciliation, identify with Moroccan moderate Islam and integrate into Moroccan society through a series of mechanisms, such as Islamic moderating, psychological counseling and post-prison tracking mechanism. Overall, although the Moroccan counter-extremism policies have prevented terrorist attacks successfully, the return of jihadists and the emergence of a new generation of extremists have highlighted the shortcomings.

KeyWordsCounter-extremism; De-radicalization; Morocco; Reform of Religious Institutions

AuthorZHANG Yuyou, Post-Doctoral Researcher, Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, Northwest University.

術前宣教形式多樣，包括展開個人咨詢、宣傳彩頁或多媒體方式等。如果患者及家屬與相關的外科醫(yī)生、麻醉醫(yī)生及護理人員進行一次面對面的交流則更理想。宣教內容應包括解釋在整個流程中患者的任務，鼓勵患者術后早期進食，早期下床活動，配合鎮(zhèn)痛及呼吸功能鍛煉等，并應向患者及家屬詳細說明出院標準。

31FromSocialMediationtoState-LedReform:TheEvolutionofEgypt’sDe-RadicalizationPolicies

AbstractSince the 1970s when Islamic Extremism emerged in Egypt, the country has witnessed two waves of large-scale radical Islamist insurgency, respectively in 1990s and in the post-January 25 revolution era. The driving factors are considered to be the socieo-economic predicaments and turbulent regional situation. In the Mubarak and Al-Sisi eras, the Egyptian government adopted policies to prevent and counter extremism. During these periods, Egyptian government has transformed its policies from relying on social mediation to de-radicalize extremist groups behaviorally and ideologically, to state-led reform aimed at religious ideology modification. These policies have achieved positive effects, but the socieo-economic predicaments, as root of extremism, remain unsettled.

KeyWordsIslamic Extremism; De-Radicalization Policy; Egypt; Armed Groups

AuthorDUAN Jiuzhou, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Institute for International and Area Studies, Tsinghua University.

44Iraq’sDe-Radicalizationafterthe2003War:PracticesandChallenges

AbstractAfter the outbreak of 2003 Iraq War, the security situation in Iraq was in consistent deterioration. In response to the escalating radicalization in Iraq, the U.S. military launched a de-radicalization project named TIFRIC Services in 2007, through which detainees were de-radicalized from prevention, rehabilitation and aftercare programs. This project has greatly improved the living conditions and mental outlook of the detainees, but the development of Iraqi sectarian politics after the U.S. withdrawal prevented the project from being sustained and fruitful. With the rise of the ‘Islamic State’, the security situation in Iraq has deteriorated again and the threat of radicalization also intensified. At present, the de-radicalization projects place more emphasis on the individual level of the extremists, such as disengagement, psychological counseling and psychological reconciliation. However, Iraq’s experience demonstrates that the comprehensive de-radicalization process requires the implementation of micro-level individual governance such as de-radicalization programs; it is also inseparable from the basis of political and social governance on the macro level.

KeyWordsIraq; De-Radicalization; TIFRIC Services Project, Iraq War; Sectarian Politics

AuthorLI Ruiheng, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Arabic Language, Peking University.

58ReligiousPredicamentsofKurdishNationalisminthePost-ISISEraandtheJeopardyofSecularPoliticalOrderAdvocatedbytheWest

AbstractWith the demise of ISIS’s physical presence, the Kurdish nationalism has developed tremendously in a context of post-conflict reconstruction. Religious beliefs can provide sources of aggregation and mobilization for Kurdish self-determination. However, since the ISIS showed extreme characteristics of the close combination of violence and religion, those national independent forces, rooted in the local religious society, have to revalue their religious security. This paper argues that although Western powers are expecting a regional secular order with a secular successor regime, if nationalism deliberately curtails the religious external expression only for the purpose of tactically avoiding the skepticism of the outside world to achieve scheduled regional autonomy and independence, once the expected political goal is not achieved as scheduled, the repressed national religion will revenge in the future.

KeyWordsKurdish Nationalism; Post-ISIS; Religious Security; Secular Political Order

AuthorZHANG Yuan, Ph.D., Professor, Middle East Studies Institute, Shanghai International Studies University.

75‘ResourceCurse’:OnNegativeEffectsofthePetroleumFactorintheMiddleEast

AbstractThe oil economy has played a systematic role in Middle Eastern politics. In general, the rise of the oil economy has more negative impact on the Middle East countries. First, the oil-producing countries may enjoy the short-term benefits of huge wealth, but the economic structure and development values have been damaged in the long run. Second, the oil economy has dissolved the determination of industrialization in the oil-producing and non-oil-producing countries, and has intensified imbalances in regional economy. Third, the oil economy has led to the growth of conservative forces in the Middle East and compel these countries more dependent on Western countries. Fourth, the oil economy has sustained the US dollar hegemony, and strengthened the international financial order based on US dollar. In this context, the Middle East oil-producing countries have also tried to improve industrialization, but this kind of “purchasing industrialization” has eventually failed.

KeyWordsPetroleum Factor; Industrialization in the Middle East; Conservative Forces; International Financial Order

AuthorTIAN Wenlin, Ph.D., Professor, China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations.

88The‘LookEast’DiplomacyofArabCountries:DynamicsandIntentions

AbstractThe ‘Look East’ diplomacy is a shift in foreign policies of Arab countries, and GCC countries in particular, to adapt to the transformation of international system and global energy pattern, and to meet the needs of their domestic development. This shift seeks to expand Arab countries’ cooperation with emerging Asian economies, to increase economic complementarity and interconnectivity, and to balance their diplomacy. Against the co-existence of transformation incentives and reform pressure, Arab countries launched their medium- and long-term national transformation programs respectively, the experience of reform and development in Asian states and the need to balance US’ influence in the Middle East drive Arab countries to deepen their cooperation with emerging Asian economies. Meanwhile, cooperation between the Arab world and Asian countries is expanding moderately from low-politics domains to security areas due to the regime insecurity inside Arab countries. The overall improvement of the relations between China and Arab countries is not only the practical needs for China to expand its strategic space of neighboring diplomacy and develop relations with the Islamic world, but also the outcome of benign interaction between the ‘Belt and Road’ Initiative and ‘Look East’ policy of Arab countries.

KeyWordsArab Countries; ‘Look East’ Diplomacy; Emerging Asian Economies; China-Arab Relations

AuthorBAO Chengzhang, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Middle East Studies Institute, Shanghai International Studies University.

103SocialistPracticeinSomaliaandItsImplications

AbstractDuring the Cold War, the socialist practice of Somalia was directly influenced by the Soviet Union. Through Socialist practice and measures, Somalia established a strong central government, stabilized the relationship between politics and religion, and achieved fast economic and cultural development. However, the excessive dependence on the Soviet Union, the pan-nationalism-oriented diplomacy and the government’s manipulation of tribal politics led to the failure of the socialist practice in Somalia, which shows that a country could be more healthily developed only through adhering to the independent development path, keeping vigilant to the harm of pan-nationalism, establishing a strong central government based on its own national conditions and building a harmonious relationship between politics and religions.

KeyWordsSomalia; Socialism; the Soviet Union; Tribalism

AuthorCHEN Likuan, Ph.D., Lecturer, Department of History, Yan’an University.