亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        Discussion of the effectiveness of virtual teams

        2019-01-21 11:49:22HuiYu
        西部論叢 2019年3期

        Hui Yu

        Abstract:With the development of globalization and technology, there is an increasing trend of using virtual teams by multinational enterprises nowadays. Therefore, knowing how to build successful virtual teams are important to firms to meet demands of the modern business environment.

        Key words:virtual teams, effectiveness, multinational enterprises

        1. The definition of virtual teams

        1.1 Defining the virtual teams

        There were many literature surveys on virtual teams and each of them has its own definition of virtual teams based on their emphasis. While most of them were approximately the same as that are described by Warner and Witzel (2004), they defined virtual teams as intangible teams which are made up of members who are dispersed geographically and connected with each other primarily based on advanced information and telecommunications technologies such as text messaging, telephone, e-mail, blogs and videoconferencing.

        1.2 The comparison with conventional teams

        Compare with a conventional team, the most difference between these two types of team is the existence form. Conventional teams are defined by physical space which consists of office building, factories and warehouses while virtual teams are based on intangible networks which cannot be seen.

        Due to this lack of face-to-face communication, it is always difficult to build a high level of trust in virtual teams, especially global virtual teams deal with several challenges such as the use of media for interaction, time differences, and cultural differences.

        Moreover, in a conventional team, it is relative easy for supervisor to monitor and motivate members as knows their attitudes and requirements.

        2. The effective virtual teams

        2.1 The way to measure the effectiveness of virtual teams

        This essay uses a framework (Fig.1) which begins with the inputs which affect the process and outcomes depend upon the interaction within the process of the team.

        2.3The major determinants of effective virtual teams

        In fact, to measure the effectiveness of virtual team is to assess if the team could transform inputs of team members into good outputs. According to the research of Dekker (2008), there are many factors which could influence interaction behaviors within team members, which in turn, affect achievement of virtual teams effectiveness.

        2.3.1 Media Use

        It is important to match task with proper media as different media have different functions and effective team can choose right medium for interaction.

        2.3.2 Common organizational cultural

        Have a common team culture is important to the successful virtual team as members could bond together tightly under the same perception of culture.

        2.3.3 Handling diversity

        Handling diversity refers to deal with language, time zone, and cultural differences of virtual team members. All these diversity could lead to serious conflicts if team members do not deal with them appropriately.

        2.3.4 Interaction volume and interaction reliability

        Interaction volume is about the frequency of interactions. Effective interaction should compact and straight to the point rather than overflow of written or verbal messages.

        2.3.5 In-role behavior and extra-role behavior

        These two behaviors are all relevant to team commitment. Defined by Dekker (2008), effective in-role behaviors is members take the team goal seriously and working on the task towards this goal instead of their personal goal and take responsible for it, whereas extra-role behavior is the willingness of individuals to help other team members with their works when they find difficulties in the process of work or just because they are too busy to complete it.

        2.3.6 Effective communication

        As lack of physical interaction, to keep pace with work process by communicating in time about tasks which are not finished or the deadlines is very important otherwise the team may not complete the task.

        2.3.7 Effective leadership

        Good leaders could contribute on team success through rallying people around a compelling purpose, sharing power and admitting their ignorance. They could transfer a clear, compelling purpose to every team member and guide them move towards the same direction and motivate team members.

        3. Case study of Nokia: a successful virtual team

        Nokia is a multinational communications and information technology corporation which has around 122,000 employees across 120 countries. Even though team members are located in different countries, across different time zones and cultures, Nokias teams are effective and successful which could be presented by the speed and flexibility of decision-making in its flat, networked team structure.

        The official business language of Nokia is English. All documentation is written in English, and is used in official intra-company spoken communication and e-mail. The use of same language means effective communication as almost every employee could speak English in such a large-scale multinational company.

        In the process of selection, Nokias managers are very careful to hire people those have collaborative mindsets and are highly committed to the tasks or projects. The company also tries to make sure some members in a team have worked together before as this provides relatively high trusting relationships. In addition, Nokia makes the best use of technology which could affiliate team members access all day and it provides an online social networking where virtual workers are encouraged to post photos and share personal information with each other. These behaviors can promote the build of trust and commitment within the team.

        Another factor which contributes to the effectiveness of Nokias virtual teams is the strong company values. Until May 2007, the Nokia values were customer satisfaction, respect, achievement, and renewal. In May 2007, Nokia redefined its values based on the employee suggestions, the new values were defined as: engaging you, achieving together, passion for innovation and very human. The common values which are believed by every team members make them always bond together.

        4. Conclusion

        This essay has analyzed factors relevant to effectiveness of virtual teams by using input-process-outcome framework. Virtual teams are an innovative type of team and relatively difficult to manage as the lack of physical communication and highly rely on technology when comparing with conventional teams. Therefore, using technology to enhance communication and trust, paying attention to diverse skills and opinions, ensuring timely responses online and creating a psychologically safe virtual culture are all help enhance the virtual team effectiveness.

        5. References

        Warner, M and Witzel, M. (2004). Managing in Virtual Organizations, London: Thomson Learning

        Dekker, M. D. (2008). Global Virtual Teams: Enhancing Effectiveness, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology

        Daft, R. L and Marcic, D. (2011). Management The New Workplace, Andover: Cengage Learning

        Ahuja, J. (2010). A Study of Virtuality Impact on Team Performance, The IUP Journal of Management Research, (8/5). 27-56

        Pauleen, D. (2004). Virtual teams: Projects, protocols and processes. Hershey: Idea Publishing Group

        九月色婷婷免费| 国产视频一区二区在线免费观看| 久久夜色精品国产亚洲av动态图| 乱色熟女综合一区二区三区| 久久精品亚洲牛牛影视| 国产三级在线观看性色av| 成人一区二区三区国产| 不卡日韩av在线播放| 国产乱码精品一区二区三区四川人| 日韩国产欧美视频| 少妇特殊按摩高潮不断| av在线免费高清观看| 色欲av蜜桃一区二区三| 亚洲美腿丝袜综合一区| 99久久无色码中文字幕鲁信| 青青草在线这里只有精品| 欧美一区二区三区久久综| 免费a级毛片在线观看| 日韩有码中文字幕av| 中文字幕在线亚洲三区| 欧美日韩一区二区三区在线观看视频| 久久久久久国产精品mv| 日本污视频| 一区二区三区日本在线| 国精产品一区一区三区| 国内a∨免费播放| 国产不卡视频一区二区在线观看| 香港三级日本三韩级人妇久久| 欧美大屁股xxxx高跟欧美黑人| 狠狠综合亚洲综合亚洲色| 色大全全免费网站久久| 欧洲熟妇色xxxxx欧美老妇伦| 国产精品偷伦免费观看的| 日韩va高清免费视频| 久久久久亚洲av成人片| 国产成人精品午夜福利| 亚洲av黄片一区二区| 日本视频一区二区三区观看| 偷国产乱人伦偷精品视频| 四虎影视国产在线观看精品| 丁香婷婷激情俺也去俺来也|