高先宏

摘 要：為了確保閱讀理解題目的難度與質(zhì)量，真實地考核出學(xué)生的閱讀理解水平，命題者在出題時往往會設(shè)置至少一個能從實質(zhì)上干擾到正確選項的選項。這類選項可能代表著讀者所得出的結(jié)論，它（們）所包含的信息與作者通過文本所要真正傳遞的信息或多或少存在著不對稱或差別，于是就借用社會學(xué)上的“信息逆差”來表達。

關(guān)鍵詞：高考;命題;干擾

一、望文生義之差

閱讀者不關(guān)注、不了解某個詞/短語在語境中的確切涵義，只從字面上牽強附會地作出對問題的解答。

題例：（2018年全國卷I-C篇）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years， but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers， small， tightly knit （聯(lián)系） groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago， when the world had just five to ten million people， they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.

28. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times？

A. They developed very fast.

B. They were large in number.

C. They had similar patterns.

D. They were closely connected

*命題套路揭秘：答案是B。命題者利用部分考生望文生義的“偏好”，故意在某些關(guān)鍵詞上做文章，讓這部分粗心大意的考生跌入文字陷阱。

二、主客觀差

即文本描述的是中性或不帶任何主觀色彩，但是選項卻添加上褒義/貶義含義或帶著主觀色彩。反之也是，即文本帶著主觀傾向的描述，而選項卻以中性或不帶主觀色彩進行同義轉(zhuǎn)述。

題例：（2016年全國卷I-B篇）No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obamas mother-in-law.Marian Robinson， ahs agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents.com， 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family.

26.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson s decision？

A.17% expressed their support for it.（實質(zhì)干擾項）

C.83% believed it had a bad influence.（實質(zhì)干擾項）

D.The majority thought it was a trend.（正確選項）

*命題套路揭秘：A、C兩個選項都對文本被調(diào)查者觀點添加了主觀色彩，文章并沒有表態(tài)究竟是什么影響。

三、地點差

即題目中出現(xiàn)的事件發(fā)生地點與文本有出入。如文本提到了多個地點，命題者選四個地點作為四個選項，導(dǎo)致粗心或未看明白的考生對地點的混淆;也如，文章中發(fā)生的某事與某地點的相對位置有誤差。

題例：（2018年天津卷-A篇）A fire drill will be conducted in your residence hall every semester. During a fire drill， please do the following：

◎Take your room key and ID， close and lock the door to your room.

◎Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit; do not use a lift.

◎Meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions.

38. In a fire drill， the students should____.

C. Shut the door and leave at once（正確選項）

D. Wait for instructions in the hall.（實質(zhì)干擾項）

*命題套路揭秘：文本里所發(fā)生的“等待進一步指示”的地點是在大廳外面（outside of your residence hall），而非大廳里面（in the hall）。

四、標的物差

即文本中呈現(xiàn)了幾個不同的帶有某種特征的物體/物品，命題者為考核讀者是否張冠李戴、混淆彼此，便依據(jù)其特點進行出題，選項則包含文本提及的幾個物體/物品。

題例：（2018年北京卷-B篇）

Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation Center

For the trainees，the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges（榮譽徽章）.At Space Camp， trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets， learn about space tasks and trysimulated （模擬）flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit（駕駛艙）of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start ontheir Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water-and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of "downed" pilot.

41.To earn a Space Exploration badge， a trainee needs to _________.

C.study the principles of flight（實質(zhì)干擾項）

D.build and fire model rockets（正確選項）

*命題套路揭秘：文本中若密集出現(xiàn)類似物體/物品，命題者往往會利用閱讀者的閱讀錯覺或理解誤差進行設(shè)題，難度不等。本題中的study the principles of flight是拿到 Aviation badge的條件。

五、時間差

時間差是指學(xué)生在理解文本中某個事件于何時發(fā)生與文本實際時間存在誤差;也指選項中的事件發(fā)生的時間與文本發(fā)生時間不吻合。

題例：（2017年11月浙江卷-A篇）I told my father how Mrs. Stanley talked as if Mr. Stanley were still alive. Dad said she was probably lonely， and that I ought to sit and listen and nod my head and smile， and maybe shed work it out of her system. So thats what I did， and it turned out Dad was right. After a while she seemed content to leave her husband over at the cemetery （墓地）.

23.Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase “work it out of her system”？

A.recover from her sadness（正確選項）

D.speak out about her past.（實質(zhì)干擾項）

*命題套路揭秘：如果選D（說出過往的事情）的話，說明在作者聽、點頭、微笑的狀態(tài)下，最后Mrs.Stanley才傾訴。現(xiàn)實中并非這樣。現(xiàn)實中往往是“我”坐下來邊聽邊積極地點頭、微笑，說明是處于“聽中”狀態(tài)，然后Mrs. Stanley從悲傷中走出來，這樣時間段上比較匹配。

六、方式差

方式差是命題者利用學(xué)生理解文本中某件事情的執(zhí)行方式與文本實際執(zhí)行方式可能會存在誤差，從而設(shè)置干擾選項。

題例：（2015年全國卷II-A篇） Gradually， this noise began to appear during a show， and to get rid of it， I had to change to another channel and then change it back. Sometimes this technique would not work， and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound. I actually began to build up my arm muscles（肌肉） shaking my set.

When neither of these methods removed the static noise， I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away. At last I ended up hitting the set with my first， and it stopped working altogether. My trip to the repair shop cost me ￥62， and the sit is working well now， but I keep expecting more trouble.

23. How did the author finally get this TV set working again？

A.By shaking and hitting it.（實質(zhì)干擾項）

C.By switching channels.（實質(zhì)干擾項）

D.By having it repaired.（正確選項）

七、程度差

即文本描述對象的某種事態(tài)、形態(tài)或狀態(tài)，與選項中的相應(yīng)事態(tài)、形態(tài)或狀態(tài)在程度上不一致，如程度故意夸大或縮小。

題例：（2018天津卷-A篇）Fire extinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment. Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so. Irresposible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property. Misuse of a fire extingusher will result in fines.

39. What do we know about the use of fire extinguishers？

A.Using them wrongly results in punishment.（正確選項，程度與文本吻合）

C.Improper use of them can destroy the apartment.（實質(zhì)干擾項，程度被夸大）

編輯 馮志強