浙江

英語課程內(nèi)容是發(fā)展學生英語學科核心素養(yǎng)的基礎，它包含六個要素, 即主題語境、語篇類型、語言知識、文化知識、語言技能和學習策略。這六個要素貫穿于各種類型的語篇材料中, 共同作用、影響和推進各類語篇的形成，而其中語篇的導入部分受到這些核心素養(yǎng)要素的影響更加明顯, 下面筆者就這六個要素對語篇導入的影響分門別類地進行闡述, 以期起到拋磚引玉的作用,達到激起大家共同思考的目的。

一、主題語境

主題為語言學習提供主題范圍或主題語境。學生對主題意義的探究應是學生學習語言中最重要的內(nèi)容，因為這將直接影響學生對語篇理解的程度、其思維發(fā)展的水平和語言學習的成效。細分開來，主題語境主要包括人與自我、人與社會和人與自然三大類型。能夠快速、準確把握哪種主題語境類型對于學生理解篇章，提高其閱讀能力不無裨益，而篇章起首的導入部分往往能夠幫助我們確定對全文主題語境的定位。

導入語篇一：（2018年全國卷Ⅲ完形填空）When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person, we usually say “Sorry, wrong number!”and move on. But when Dennis Williams received a text that clearly wasn’t intended for him, he did something special.

導入語篇二：(2018年11月浙江卷閱讀理解C篇)I start every summer with the best of intentions： to attack one big book from the past, a classic that I was supposed to have read when young and ambitious. Often the pairings of books and settings have been purely accidental： “Moby Dick” on a three-day cross-country train trip; “The Magic Mountain”in a New England beachside cottage with no locks on the doors,no telephones or televisions in the rooms, and little to do beyond row on the salt pond. Attempting “The Man Without Qualities” on a return to Hawaii, my native state, however, was less fruitful： I made it through one and a quarter volumes (冊)，then decided that I’d got the point and went swimming instead.

導入語篇三：The Domesticate elephant Arjun in Mysore is the most intelligent animal I have seen. When we rescued two elephants in Mysore four years back I saw how Arjun played a key role in taming (馴化 ) the two brat baby elephants. The baby elephants that we had caught were two years old and they had escaped from the herd for a fun ride as they were always under discipline from the elder ones. Both of them were caught after several hours of chasing and tied in different places as they were caught in different places. Both were shocked and depressed and were refusing to touch any food including sugar cane for the entire day and night.

導入語篇一是一篇完形填空篇章，主要講述應對錯發(fā)短消息的做法，很明顯這是一篇有關人與社會，即良好的人際關系和交往主題的文章。

導入語篇二是一篇難度系數(shù)較大的有關夏天閱讀的篇章，主要講述作者在每年夏天閱讀不同書籍并體會到不同感受的內(nèi)容，顯而易見，我們很容易把它歸納到人與自我，即終身學習的類型。

導入語篇三是筆者根據(jù)國外英語網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容編寫的文章，主要講述大象的智慧以及人類馴服大象的過程。毋庸置疑，本文在語篇類型上屬于人與自然系列，即人與動植物相互關系的類型。

在語篇開頭馬上確定主題語境可以幫助我們快速切入主題，從而為快速準確地理解全文打下扎實的基礎。綜上所述，重視文章導入部分的主題語境關乎語篇閱讀的成敗，我們千萬不能掉以輕心。

二、語篇類型

語篇類型是指記敘文、議論文、說明文、應用文等不同類型的文體，以及口頭、書面等多模態(tài)形式的語篇，如文字、圖示、歌曲、音頻、視頻等。接觸和學習不同類型的語篇，熟悉生活中常見的語篇形式，把握不同語篇的特定結構、文體特征和表達方式，不僅有助于學生加深對語篇意義的理解，還有助于他們使用不同類型的語篇進行有效的表達和交流。往往每篇語篇的文體在導入部分就可以確定，所以仔細研讀語篇的導入部分，盡早確定語篇的文體類型，對于把握文章的中心、梳理語篇的結構、確定作者的意圖有非常大的幫助。

導入語篇四：Almost everyone wants to be happy, but not all know how to find happiness. Money and success alone do not bring lasting happiness. Aristotle, a Greek thinker, said,“Happiness depends upon ourselves.” In other words, we make our own happiness. Here are a few suggestions to help you be happier.

導入語篇五：I’d just finished some shopping, and was getting ready to leave the supermarket’s parking lot, when I heard music coming from the area of the shopping carts. I knew it was someone I knew, well—the beggar, I couldn’t really call him.

對于上面兩篇語篇的導入部分，我們可以從語篇類型的角度進行分類，導入語篇四講述如何得到人生的快樂，明顯是一篇說明文，而導入語篇五講述了作者在超市購物結束后進入地下車庫的情節(jié)，毫無疑問是一篇記敘文。

對于如何區(qū)分記敘文和說明文，我們有一種簡便的方法，那就是注意篇章中時態(tài)的使用。如果導入部分使用了一般現(xiàn)在時，那么這篇文章往往是說明文，如果導入部分使用了一般過去時，那么這篇文章很可能是記敘文。

一旦根據(jù)語篇導入部分確定了語篇類型，我們就可以調(diào)整閱讀策略，對于說明文，我們必須要立足篇章信息的邏輯關系，而對于記述文，我們則應該重視文章情節(jié)的展開。側重點不同可以保證我們合理分配閱讀的時間和精力，達到高效閱讀的目的。

三、語言知識

語言知識包括語音、詞匯、語法、語篇和語用知識。學習語言知識的目的是發(fā)展語言運用能力，因此要特別關注語言知識的表意功能。每篇語篇的導入部分都會運用到不同的句型結構和詞匯知識，如果不能準確把握這些句型的表意功能，不能準確理解這些高級詞匯的含義，閱讀之初即被當頭一棒，對于語篇的正確打開會有致命的影響。

導入語篇六：(2016年10月浙江卷讀后續(xù)寫) One weekend in July, Jane and her husband, Tom, had driven three hours to camp overnight by a lake in the forest. Unfortunately,on the way an unpleasant subject came up and they started to quarrel. By the time they reached the lake, Jane was so angry that she said to Tom, “I’m going to find a better spot for us to camp”and walked away.

導入語篇七：Researchers carried out a series of studies which showed those who counted money before taking part in an experiment where they would accept low levels of pain felt less discomfort than those who did not. Handling a hand of cash may be better at killing pain than aspirin, their study suggests. The study showed that counting notes and coins helps to reduce pain by improving feelings of self-worth and selfsatisfaction.

如果在導入語篇六中不注意句型知識by the time引導的時間狀語從句，那么我們很可能會在閱讀中卡殼，影響閱讀的心情，從而使我們失去繼續(xù)閱讀的興趣，不能正確把握發(fā)生在Jane和Tom之間的故事。

如果在導入語篇七中不注意詞匯 carry out, a series of,discomfort, handle, self-worth, self-satisfaction 等的具體含義，那么我們就會陷入理解的誤區(qū)，在文章脈絡把握和主題思想概括方面遇到困難。

“千里之堤，潰于蟻穴?！蔽覀儽仨氉⒁馄綍r的積累，打好扎實的句型和詞匯知識基礎，學會把這些知識運用到語篇導入部分，進而為梳理文脈和理解中心思想掃清障礙。

四、文化知識

文化知識是指中外文化知識。語言是文化的載體，語言知識與文化知識是相互依存和相互滲透的關系，語篇起初往往滲透著不少文化知識，我們必須要在閱讀開端即注意中西方文化差異，正確對待這些文化知識，快速入局，從而使我們能夠高效閱讀，精致閱讀。

導入語篇八：（2018年11月浙江卷閱讀理解A篇）The most welcome sight on a cold, wet winter night in London is the familiar shape of a London taxi cab approaching with its yellow “for hire” sign shining brightly. That shows it is ready to pick you up. Travelling by taxi in London is not just a way of going from one place to another. It is an experience to be enjoyed and remembered.

導入語篇九：Winter is the time of year when people feel very blessed. This isn’t because people feel thankful for the cold weather, nor because the important festivals—Christmas or Spring Festival—offer an excuse to celebrate. In fact, “Bless you!”is a common response if someone sneezes, a symptom of catching a cold or the flu.

如果在閱讀導入語篇八之前就了解國外出租車司機的開朗、博學，那么我們在快速切入主題、捕捉文意時將不會存在障礙。而假如在閱讀導入語篇九前不了解西方人在別人打噴嚏后往往要說一句“God bless you”這一文化知識，我們很可能在閱讀起初就陷入“云里霧里”，不知所以然。

五、語言技能

語言技能包括聽、說、讀、寫、看五項技能, 是學生從語篇中獲得語言知識和文化知識,理解和表達意義、意圖、情感和觀點，發(fā)展思維品質(zhì)的重要途徑。如果我們在語篇導入時就能把閱讀內(nèi)容與聽力材料內(nèi)容以及書面表達寫作內(nèi)容緊密掛鉤，達到共通有無的地步，就能夠輕松達到柳暗花明的境界。

（2018年11月浙江卷聽力材料第10段獨白）

Hello, everyone. It is indeed a great pleasure to have this chance to address such a large audience this evening. I’m Pierre Chabrol from the University of Marseille. At the moment, I’m carrying out research in Senegal for the United Nations, as part of a project to increase world food production. Before I get on to what exactly we did in our research, I would like to explain briefly the purpose behind it. Quite simply, my subject is rice.As you all know, rice is the main food for millions of people in the world. So, if rice crops fail, millions of people starve and die. And they do fail, very often through disease. Now,what my colleagues and I have been doing out in the field in Senegal, as well as in the university laboratories, is to try to produce a disease-resisting variety of rice — a particular kind of rice which will resist disease...in other words, a stronger type of rice.

導入語篇十：As the old Chinese saying goes, “Humanity’s most fundamental relationship is with what we eat.” Although food has played an important part in Chinese culture for years,hunger had been a huge problem in the country until the 1970s.However, the Chinese scientist Yuan Longping helped to deal with this problem.

在聽力輸入有關非洲科學家著力研究抵抗疾病的水稻的背景知識下,我們肯定能夠?qū)υ∑皆诮鉀Q中國的糧食問題上的重要性有更加深刻的認識,從而對閱讀活動的展開會有很大的幫助。

（2018年11月浙江卷書面表達）

假定你是李華，乘坐FL753航班抵達倫敦后發(fā)現(xiàn)錢包遺失。請給航空公司寫一封郵件說明情況并尋求幫助。內(nèi)容包括：

1.行程信息；

2.錢包特征；

3.聯(lián)系方式。

注意：

1.詞數(shù)80左右；

2.可以適當增加細節(jié), 以使行文連貫。

One possible version：

To whom it may concern,

I am writing to report the loss of my wallet. On 1st November, 2018 I flew business class on your flight FL753 from China to London.

I clearly remember it was still with me the moment I boarded the plane. However, on arrival in London Heathrow Airport, I found it gone. I guess it must have slipped out of my pocket during the flight. It is a black leather one with around 200 dollars, my ID card, and 2 credit cards in it. Along with the items mentioned above, the wallet contains a family photo,which is my precious memory. As you can imagine, these matter a lot to me.

Has anybody happened to find it? Please email me at XXX@googlemail.com.

Thank you for your time and support.

Yours sincerely,Li Hua

導入語篇十一：I had arrived at the airport to catch an early flight home. It had been a very busy three days for me on an interstate trip with lots of meetings，business to do and new customers to meet. Then came the announcement that the flight had been delayed due to a technical problem. I could see a group of technicians and ground staff rushing about，obviously trying hard to fix the problem. I watched and listened as many of the passengers sitting near me shared their frustration about the inconvenience.

同理，在進行了有關乘飛機遇到麻煩的應用文寫作后，我們遇到類似的飛機故障延時的導入語篇就會有似曾相識的感覺，從而輕松完成閱讀任務。

聽、說、讀、寫、看五種能力都是立足于篇章基礎之上的，所以，重視五種能力的融會貫通并且應用到語篇導入環(huán)節(jié)能夠使我們看到意想不到的效果。

六、學習策略

學習策略包括元認知策略、認知策略、交際策略和情感策略。其中認知策略中的重要一條學習策略是根據(jù)語篇中的核心詞、代詞等去理解段落或句子之間的內(nèi)在銜接。比如說句型 What comes to your mind when you talk/think about...?（當你談/想到……你會想到……?）往往是用來引出話題的，先提出一種你經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的錯誤想法作為比較,然后引出篇章主題。通過歸納總結我們在語篇導入部分就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)的核心句型的語用知識，了解其這一特點，從而順利切入主題：

導入語篇十二：What comes to your mind when you talk about donations? You probably think of a group of people with boxes in hand asking people to donate money. But my school came up with a new way of raising funds—Fun Night.

導入語篇十三：What comes into your mind when you think about robots? Do you imagine armies of evil metal monsters planning to take over the world? Or perhaps of mechanical men who have been created as guards or soldiers by a mad genius? Or maybe you think of man-like robots who act, think, and look like human beings. In fact robots like these have more to do with science fiction films than with real life.In the real world robots are machines that do jobs which have to be done by people. Robots either are operated by themselves or under the control of a person.

盡管上述兩個語篇的主題語境和語篇類型不盡相同，但是從導入語篇的寫作手法來看，都是使用提問的手法引出話題，然后再提出反面例子作為鋪墊，最后導入主題。把握了這一特點，我們就能夠集中精力緊抓文章中心。更加重要的是在以后遇到類似以“What comes to your mind when you talk/think about...？”開篇的語篇材料時能夠合理使用閱讀策略，完成理解任務。

語篇導入部分不可避免地受到英語學科核心素養(yǎng)六個要素的影響，為了解碼語篇，我們需要探索這些核心素養(yǎng)的影響，只有在語篇開端就正視這個問題，才能實現(xiàn)“良好的開端是成功的一半”的目的，切實從閱讀中享受到幸福和快樂。