莎瑪有限公司

1 總平面圖Site plan

2 鳥瞰圖 “羽翼橋”將3個(gè)公園連接在一起Aerial view “The Bird Wave Bridge” joins the 3 parks

羽翼橋是一座50m長(zhǎng)的步行橋，它跨越了一條小河道，不僅在羅特菲公園與地處曼谷北部的H.M.詩(shī)麗吉王后公園之間建立了物理連接，同時(shí)也將公共項(xiàng)目的復(fù)雜流程與城市公園的普遍印象聯(lián)系在了一起。

與世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）所建議的每個(gè)城市都應(yīng)擁有的最低人均綠地面積9m2相比，曼谷的人均公共綠地面積僅為3m2左右，而這3m2中已經(jīng)包含了小至道路中央綠化、大至大型公園的所有綠色區(qū)域。顯然，曼谷市不僅綠地面積有限，同時(shí)也缺少尺度較大、具有更廣泛利用潛能和具有城市生物多樣性提升空間的綠地。在查圖查克地區(qū)，3個(gè)主要的公園緊鄰彼此，它們分別是羅特菲公園、H.M. 詩(shī)麗吉王后公園（多被稱為皇后公園）和吉塔吉克公園（又名JJ 公園）。盡管皇后公園為H.M.詩(shī)麗吉王后公園基金會(huì)所擁有，但這3個(gè)公園都是由曼谷城市管理局（BMA）公園管理處進(jìn)行管轄，分別于1980年、1992年和2002年向公眾開(kāi)放。

3個(gè)公園的總面積為116hm2，相互連接后將會(huì)成為曼谷最大的公園。當(dāng)邦素站于2019年在皇后公園西側(cè)開(kāi)放時(shí)，查圖查克社區(qū)將成為曼谷新的軌道交通樞紐，皇后公園充分的潛力將為這個(gè)城市做出巨大貢獻(xiàn)，未來(lái)的城市發(fā)展也將為這片社區(qū)帶來(lái)更高的密度與對(duì)游憩綠地空間更旺盛的需求。

從2008年起，BMA便制定了將3個(gè)公園連接合并的總體規(guī)劃，然而，土地所有權(quán)的差異所致的政府各機(jī)構(gòu)間復(fù)雜的協(xié)調(diào)，各園區(qū)的設(shè)計(jì)理念和規(guī)劃的差異以及公眾對(duì)目前使用情況與樹(shù)木砍伐影響的擔(dān)憂，導(dǎo)致這個(gè)規(guī)劃并未實(shí)現(xiàn)。某些需要橫穿這些公園的人也反對(duì)這一規(guī)劃。

3 橋梁位于皇后公園的中軸線北端，跨越河道從現(xiàn)有的茂密樹(shù)林中蜿蜒而過(guò)The bridge is located at the north end of central axis from the Queen Park and crossing over small watercourses,curving away from existing mature trees

4 橋身立面的起伏消除了高差的變化The wave elevation of the bridge is employed to mitigate the level difference

5 “羽翼橋”這個(gè)名字既符合它的外觀又符合它所處的環(huán)境The name “The Bird Wave Birdge” tributes to its appearance as well as the surroundings in which it is situated

目前，JJ公園由于擁有適合休閑活動(dòng)的開(kāi)放式草坪以及毗鄰大眾軌道交通站和地鐵站的地理區(qū)位，一周內(nèi)工作日的使用率頗高。而羅特菲公園—前身為隸屬于泰國(guó)國(guó)家鐵路局的高爾夫球場(chǎng)，則因?yàn)槠涿利惗暄哑鸱淖孕熊嚨蓝谥苣﹤涫軞g迎?；屎蠊珗@由于僅能利用私家車抵達(dá)，可達(dá)性不高，游覽人數(shù)最少。JJ公園和一條公路將它與主要交通系統(tǒng)分隔開(kāi)。它與羅特菲公園也因一條水道分離，這2座公園唯一的連接是一座從皇后公園的角落搭起的臨時(shí)鋼橋。

由于其建設(shè)的主要目的是收集與展示泰國(guó)各地的本土植物，不同于參觀者人數(shù)稀少，皇后公園擁有的植物種類是所有曼谷公園中最多的。

據(jù)泰國(guó)鳥類保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)調(diào)查，皇后公園中的生物多樣性也吸引了多種鳥類。公園將東北部的一片與羅特菲公園毗鄰的區(qū)域劃為“鳥類保護(hù)區(qū)”，在那里植被自然生長(zhǎng)，枯枝落葉堆積起來(lái)，為昆蟲提供食物和住所，河道淺灘上的枯木供烏龜、蜥蜴和鳥類棲息。盡管這個(gè)地方被觀鳥者所熟知，但仍有不少人認(rèn)為這里骯臟而雜亂。

2014年，風(fēng)景園林師向皇后公園的董事會(huì)提出在鳥類保護(hù)區(qū)的南端建立“羽翼橋”作為總體規(guī)劃前的實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目，率先將3個(gè)公園連接在一起，并付諸使用。經(jīng)過(guò)2年的審批，公園管理局為該橋的建設(shè)批準(zhǔn)了60 000美元的預(yù)算費(fèi)用，其中軟質(zhì)景觀的經(jīng)費(fèi)由H.M.詩(shī)麗吉王后公園基金會(huì)資助。這座橋于2016年8月向公眾開(kāi)放。

羽翼橋位于皇后公園的中軸線北端，跨越河道從現(xiàn)有的茂密樹(shù)林中蜿蜒而過(guò)，最終延伸坐落于高程略低2m的羅特菲公園內(nèi)。橋身立面的起伏消除了高差的變化，同時(shí)也是對(duì)皇后公園內(nèi)傳統(tǒng)的曲橋的致敬。河堤上橋梁的中部切面向鳥類保護(hù)區(qū)彎曲，形成一處在茂密的樹(shù)冠下的空間，半實(shí)心的木質(zhì)欄桿將其圍合成一處水平視線開(kāi)放的木質(zhì)觀鳥活動(dòng)區(qū)。

6 橋梁的底座和立柱采用了鋼筋混凝土作為材料The bridge is reinforced concrete for the footing and column

7 該橋的地上結(jié)構(gòu)采用了黑色鋼板，地面鋪裝和欄桿則采用了風(fēng)化木材The bridge is reinforced black painted steel for above ground structure and weathered timber for flooring and railing

“羽翼橋”這個(gè)名字既符合它的外觀，又符合它所處的環(huán)境，不僅強(qiáng)調(diào)了其作為鳥類保護(hù)區(qū)的用途和功能，而且展現(xiàn)了其作為一塊有著生物多樣性且與城市環(huán)境和諧共融的公共綠色空間的本質(zhì)。橋梁的建造主要采用3種材料，其中底座和立柱采用鋼筋混凝土，地上結(jié)構(gòu)采用黑色鋼板，欄桿和地面鋪裝則采用風(fēng)化木材。

在橋梁影響下的周邊景觀是在與泰國(guó)鳥類保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)協(xié)商后設(shè)計(jì)的，提升了小型動(dòng)物棲息環(huán)境的質(zhì)量，緩坡入水的堤岸為它們提供了庇護(hù)和覓食的場(chǎng)所，種植的各種花灌木和樹(shù)木既保護(hù)了入水坡面的水土，同時(shí)也吸引著昆蟲。距離這個(gè)項(xiàng)目完成就剩下籌集資金來(lái)建設(shè)指示性標(biāo)牌這一步了。

盡管羽翼橋的建設(shè)目的是要連接羅特菲公園與皇后公園，并吸引更多的游客，但它是否能使公眾關(guān)注其他可能形式的公園，又是否能傳達(dá)復(fù)雜的公共項(xiàng)目也可有直接的解決方案的理念，只有時(shí)間才能檢驗(yàn)。

景觀設(shè)計(jì)師：莎瑪有限公司

位置：泰國(guó)曼谷，位于詩(shī)麗吉王后公園和羅特菲公園之間

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)：

設(shè)計(jì)總監(jiān)：納姆查塞恩蘇哈

景觀設(shè)計(jì)師：莎瑪有限公司

客戶和開(kāi)發(fā)商：H.M.詩(shī)麗吉王后公園基金會(huì)（公園管理處）

建筑師：皇家地產(chǎn)總局

機(jī)械與電氣設(shè)計(jì)：皇家地產(chǎn)總局

土木建筑與工程設(shè)計(jì)：皇家地產(chǎn)總局

項(xiàng)目類型：公園

基地面積：7,354m2

建成年份：2016年

照片來(lái)源：威森 唐三亞

翻譯：劉心夢(mèng)

校對(duì)：孫越

8 河堤上橋梁的中部切面向鳥類保護(hù)區(qū)彎曲，形成一處在茂密的樹(shù)冠下的空間The middle section of the bridge is curved out towards the Bird Sanctuary to create a room with tree crowns as roof

9 橋梁圍合出一個(gè)內(nèi)向的活動(dòng)空間The bridge enclosures a space faced inward

The Bird Wave Bridge, a 50m long pedestrian bridge crossing over small watercourse from Rotfai Park to H.M. Queen Sirikit Park at the Northern part of Bangkok aims to bridge not only the physical gaps but also the public projects’complicated process and general perception of urban parks.

The public green area in Bangkok is only about 3m2per person as opposed to minimum 9m2per person as suggested by The World Health Organization (WHO) that every city should have.The 3m2per person fi gure already compiled every green area possible from large parks to planted road median. Obviously not only the city lacks green space in terms of area but also the sizeable ones where greater capacity enables broader use and increase of urban biodiversity.

Within Chatuchak district, 3 main public parks are situated next to each other. The Rotfai Park, The H.M. Queen Sirikit Park (widely referred to as the Queen Park) and The Jatujak Park (nick name JJ Park). All the parks are under care of Public Parks Department of Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (BMA) even though the Queen Park is owned by H.M. Queen Sirikit Park Foundation.They were opened to public in 2002, 1992 and 1980 respectively.

The area of 3 parks combined is 116 Hectare which will make it the biggest public park in Bangkok. Its full potential will greatly contribute to the city as Chatuchak District is set to become Bangkok’s new rail transport hub when Bangsue Grand Station opens in 2019 on the West of the Queen Park. The future urban development will see the district with more density and more need of recreation green space.

However, BMA’s master plan to combine the 3 parks since 2008 has not been realized due to difference in land ownership resulting in the complicated inter-authority coordination, the difference in each of the parks’ concepts and programs and public concerns over the impact on existing use and cutting of trees. Users of road that cuts through these parks were also against the plan.

Currently, JJ Park, with its properly mowed open lawn suitable for leisurely activities and its location next to Mass Rail Transit as well as Underground stations, is well used throughout the week while Rotfai Park, formerly a State Railways Authority of Thailand’s golf course, is most popular during weekend for its biking route through photogenic rolling mounds.

10 緩坡入水的堤岸為小型動(dòng)物提供了庇護(hù)和覓食場(chǎng)所，種植的各種花灌木和樹(shù)木既保護(hù)了入水坡面的水土，同時(shí)也吸引著昆蟲Banks were gently sloped into the water to provide feeding and refuging environment and various flowering shrubsand trees were planted to protect slope and attract insects

11 橋梁的一端連接的是羅特菲公園的自行車道The end of the bridge links to the bikeway in Rotfai Park

12 皇后公園擁有的植物種類是所有曼谷公園中最多的，也因此吸引了很多鳥類Queen Park has the most variety of plant species among all Bangkok’s public parks so that lots of birds are attracted

The Queen Park has the least numbers of visitors due to its less accessibility, mainly only by private transportation. It is separated from mass transit system by JJ Park and a road, and from Rotfai Park by the drainage moat. The only connection to Rotfai park was by a 1 temporary steel bridge from one corner of the Queen Park.

In contrary to numbers of visitors, Queen Park has the most variety of plant species among all Bangkok’s public parks as its main purpose is to collect and exhibit native vegetation from throughout Thailand.

Its biodiversity also attracts most variety of birds as surveyed by The Bird Conservation Society of Thailand. The park dedicated the northeastern portion next to its boundary to Rotfai Park to be“Bird Sanctuary” where vegetation are allowed to naturally grow, fallen leaves and branches are stacked to provide food and shelter for insects and dead trees are left in the moat’s shallow water for the turtles, lizards and birds to perch. Although well known among bird watchers, the area was considered untidy or dirty by some.

It is in the south end of the Bird Sanctuary that “The Bird Wave Bridge” was proposed by the landscape architect to the director board of the Queen Park in 2014 as the ‘trial’ connection to enable real use if the 3 parks are to be joined without having to wait for the realization of the whole masterplan. After 2 years of approval process, the 60,000 USD budget for the bridge was granted by Public Parks Department and the softscape budget was funded by H.M. Queen Sirikit Park Foundation.The bridge was opened to public in August 2016.

The bridge’s location is at the North end of central axis from the Queen Park and crossing over small watercourses, curving away from existing mature trees and landing in Rotfai Park at 2 m.lower elevation. The wave elevation of the bridge was employed to mitigate this level difference as well as paying homage to the traditional curved bridges in the Queen Park. The middle section of the bridge where it landed on a dike is curved out towards the Bird Sanctuary to create a room with tree crowns as roof, the semi-solid timber railing was raised around this room to form a blind with the integration of horizontal opening and wooden counter for birding activity.

The name “Bird Wave” tributes to its appearance as well as the surroundings in which it is situated, giving importance to the uses and function of the Bird Sanctuary and gently introducing the different kind of public green space where biodiversity can coexist with urban environment.

The bridge is primarily constructed with 3 materials; reinforced concrete for the footing and column, black painted steel for above ground structure and weathered timber for fl ooring and railing.

The surrounding landscape which was affected by construction was re designed in consultation with The Bird Conservation Society of Thailand to increase suitable living condition for small animals, banks were gently sloped into the water to provide feeding and refuging environment and various flowering shrubsand trees were planted to protect slope and attract insects. The next step to fully complete the project is fund raising to provide interpretive signage.

Even though the bridge is achieving its purpose to connect 2 parks and attract more users,but only time will tell whether or not its humble goals to bring to public’s attention the other possible forms of public parks and to convey the idea of direct solution approach to the complicated public projects can be reached.

Landscape Architect:Shma Company Limited

Location:Between Queen Sirikit Park and Rotfai Park,Bangkok Thailand

Project Team:

Design Director:Namchai Saensupha

Landscape Architect:Shma Company Limited

Client &Developer:H.M. Queen Sirikit Park Foundation(Public Parks Department)

Architect:Crown Property Bureau

M&E:Crown Property Bureau

C&S Engineering:Crown Property Bureau

Project Type:Park

Site Area:7,354 m2.

Completion Year:2016

Photograph Credit:Wison Tungthunya

Translator:LIU Xinmeng

Proofreader:SUN Yue