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        持續(xù)到設(shè)計(jì)最終的原則

        2018-12-18 11:26:00呂德布勞韋斯RuudBrouwers
        世界建筑 2018年11期
        關(guān)鍵詞:卡恩阿姆斯特丹航站樓

        呂德·布勞韋斯/Ruud Brouwers

        戴安娜·貝福德 荷譯英/Translated from Dutch by Dianna Beaufort

        陳雨瀟 英譯中/Translated from English by CHEN Yuxiao

        一覽卡恩建筑事務(wù)所的作品,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管他們的作品中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)時(shí)而秩序井然,時(shí)而抽象的柱廊,但他們的標(biāo)志性風(fēng)格并不是通過(guò)特定形狀或形式的語(yǔ)匯被定義,而是從其關(guān)于建筑的堅(jiān)定信念中被解讀。他們所演奏的建筑總譜,總是既用到一系列的音符,而又不失去功能性的和諧。由一個(gè)項(xiàng)目受到啟發(fā),卡恩建筑事務(wù)所在保有對(duì)環(huán)境背景關(guān)注的同時(shí),一個(gè)達(dá)到共識(shí)且經(jīng)久不衰的理念應(yīng)運(yùn)而生:不要用建筑的琴鍵彈奏出不和諧的音符,而是呈現(xiàn)出一個(gè)清晰的韻律,既功能完備同時(shí)又旋律動(dòng)聽(tīng)。

        兩個(gè)迥異的項(xiàng)目闡釋了這一點(diǎn)。同樣尚在建造中的新阿姆斯特丹法院和阿姆斯特丹史基浦機(jī)場(chǎng)的新航站樓,展示出了成功設(shè)計(jì)作品背后明晰的概念基礎(chǔ)。項(xiàng)目的外觀(guān)可能不同,但是它們有著相同的崇高內(nèi)涵。它們?cè)谝黄鸸餐瑯?shù)立了一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)意義的建筑典范,并對(duì)建筑文化的論述做出了貢獻(xiàn)。

        阿姆斯特丹史基浦機(jī)場(chǎng)航站樓

        這個(gè)新的航站樓預(yù)計(jì)將于2023年開(kāi)放,每年會(huì)有1400萬(wàn)名乘客到達(dá)于此并在此出發(fā)。卡恩建筑事務(wù)所與西班牙Lamela工作室和Ineco,以及ABT、DGMR、Arnout Meijer工作室和Planeground,同在一個(gè)名為KL AIR的聯(lián)合企業(yè)中運(yùn)作。在國(guó)際競(jìng)標(biāo)中,卡恩所投標(biāo)的設(shè)計(jì),在所有的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上都得分最高。

        航站樓大廳的設(shè)計(jì)以乘客本身為關(guān)注的核心,這既包括個(gè)人體驗(yàn)的關(guān)注,也包括對(duì)人群承載力的考量。離境旅客對(duì)整體總覽、充足采光、定位簡(jiǎn)便性及空間寬敞性的需求得到了保證。但同樣地,也為到達(dá)的旅客提供了一個(gè)舒適、寬敞、滿(mǎn)足視野和身體舒適度的環(huán)境。

        位于大廳中央的是一個(gè)高起且寬闊的平臺(tái)。出境旅客往上方走去,而那些揮手送別的人則會(huì)停留在下方。在平臺(tái)上,旅客們將驚嘆于航站樓寬敞的空間,和玻璃幕墻外的景色——最初是陸地的景色,然后看到天空,以及空中的飛機(jī)和圩田上方大片的荷蘭天空。在自動(dòng)行李托運(yùn)和登機(jī)手續(xù)辦理之后是安全檢查區(qū)域。溫暖的木制家具,充裕的陽(yáng)光,以及兩個(gè)郁郁蔥蔥的采光井,為安檢過(guò)程的執(zhí)行帶來(lái)了一種更加輕松的氣氛。

        航站樓的氣氛很大程度上受到光線(xiàn)的影響,并決定了旅客、地勤人員等使用者對(duì)空間的感受。航站樓中央通高部分的天花板/屋頂有一個(gè)180m×150m的“眼睛”,透出白天的天光和夜晚的星空,讓旅客能夠感受到一天內(nèi)時(shí)間的變化。

        阿姆斯特丹法院

        法院以一種富于表現(xiàn)力的建筑語(yǔ)言展示并支持著民主法治。這是一個(gè)向公眾開(kāi)放且引人入內(nèi)的建筑,同時(shí)也是一個(gè)頗具威嚴(yán)的機(jī)構(gòu)。該建筑恰當(dāng)?shù)伢w現(xiàn)了“司法體系是一項(xiàng)公共事務(wù),而法院的裁決具有權(quán)威性”。

        法律的公共屬性是指導(dǎo)該建筑設(shè)計(jì)及其建造和維護(hù)的最必要且一致的原則。訪(fǎng)客們?cè)诤翢o(wú)瑕疵的整潔環(huán)境中受到歡迎。這很重要,因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)訪(fǎng)客——即便不是全部——也都不是為了好玩而來(lái)的。因此,一個(gè)寧?kù)o而寬敞的環(huán)境、具有美感的材料和顏色、視野開(kāi)闊的休息室和使人感到受尊重的空間,都對(duì)營(yíng)造輕松的氛圍有著重要作用。

        中央大廳是法院后側(cè)空間概念的范例——充足的陽(yáng)光,既提供監(jiān)管又保證視線(xiàn)通透的開(kāi)放性,還有新式的商務(wù)裝修風(fēng)格。地板和墻壁都使用了與入口區(qū)和前院相同的石材貼面。左右兩棟包括律師室和聽(tīng)證室的法院大樓,構(gòu)成了一個(gè)均衡的整體。兩棟建筑的四層樓均部分向中庭開(kāi)放。宏偉的封閉式花園里中間偏右的位置是自動(dòng)扶梯,樹(shù)間放置有雕塑。

        法院前的空地呈現(xiàn)出對(duì)城市的開(kāi)放姿態(tài)。透過(guò)外立面纖細(xì)的柱廊,人們對(duì)在露天廣場(chǎng)上可以一覽無(wú)余地看到法庭的公共區(qū)域。一個(gè)斜坡和幾步臺(tái)階提供了通往廣場(chǎng)的通道。廣場(chǎng)水池的反射面以及花草相伴的長(zhǎng)凳邀請(qǐng)人們?cè)诖诵蓓?,駐足停留。□

        1 阿姆斯特丹史基浦機(jī)場(chǎng)航站樓外景/Exterior view of the Amsterdam airport schiphol terminal

        2 夜景/Night view

        3 內(nèi)景/Interior view

        Looking at the oeuvre of KAAN Architecten,one sees that their signature style should be read in terms of a conviction regarding architecture, rather than through a vocabulary of shapes or patterns,even though a sleek, sometimes abstracted,colonnade often makes an appearance in their work.The architectural score that played always makes use of a range of notes without losing the functional harmony. Inspired by a project, and while remaining aware of the context, they come to a concept that thrives under consistency: playing the keys not into dissonance, but achieving a clear cadence that is at once functional and melodious.

        Two very different projects illustrate the point. The new Amsterdam Courthouse and the new terminal at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol,both under construction, show a clear conceptual foundation that has fed a successful design. Their appearances may be different, but they share the same noble character and together they exemplify an architecture imbued with meaning and contribute to the discourse on the culture of building.

        Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Terminal

        A new terminal for the arrival and departure of 14 million passengers a year is set to open in 2023. KAAN Architecten is working in a consortium called KL AIR, with Estudio Lamela and Ineco from Spain and with ABT, DGMR, Arnout Meijer Studio and Planeground. KAAN's design submission to the international competition scored the most points on all criteria.

        The design of the terminal concourse takes the passengers themselves as the central point of concern, whether as individuals or in a crowd capacity. Overview, daylight, ease of navigation and spaciousness are guaranteed for departing passengers, but equally, passengers arriving are given a pleasant, spacious environment with views and physical comforts.

        Positioned centrally in the hall is a wide plateau.Outbound passengers are taken up and those waving them off remain below. From the plateau,travellers are surprised by the generous space of the terminal and by the views through the high glazed facades, initially views of the landside and then the airside with its aeroplanes and big Dutch skies over the polder. After the automated baggage handling and check-in are the security checks. Warm wooden furnishings, direct daylight and views of two large light wells filled with lush greenery ensure a more relaxed atmosphere for the security protocols.

        The terminal's atmosphere is strongly influenced by the light and determines how users like travellers and ground staffs feel about the space. The ceiling/roof of the high central part of the terminal has an "oculus" measuring 180 by 150 metres, letting daylight and night skies in and allowing passengers to experience all times of the day.

        Amsterdam Courthouse

        The Courthouse showcases and supports the democratic rule of law, and does so in an eloquent architectural language. It is an inviting building open to the public and simultaneously a distinguished institution. The architecture expresses that jurisprudence is a public affair and the court's rulings are authoritative.

        The public nature of law was the most imperative and consistent principle to guide the design of this building and its construction and maintenance. Visitors are impeccably welcomed into a tidy environment. This is important because most of the visitors, if not all, are not here for fun. So a calming, spacious environment,beautiful materials and colours, foyers with views and spaces that treat one with respect significantly contribute to a sense of ease.

        The central hall is the epitome of the spatial concept behind the Courthouse: generous with daylight, an openness that provides oversight and sightlines, and stylishly business-like. The floors and walls are clad in the same stone that is found in the entrance zone and forecourt. The two courtroom buildings, left and right, that include counsel and hearing chambers, form a balanced composition for the whole. The floors of the four storeys in both buildings partially open up to atriums. Right of centre, the escalator is set against the backdrop of a magnificent enclosed garden with sculptures set among trees.

        The forecourt of the Courthouse is a generous gesture to the city. Between the slender columns of the front facade, the open square offers unhindered views of the public area of the courtrooms. A ramp and some steps provide access to the square. The reflective surface of the square pool and the benches with flowers and plants alongside invite people to rest and stay a while.□

        4 阿姆斯特丹法院外景/Exterior view of the Amsterdam courthouse

        5 細(xì)部/Detail

        6 內(nèi)景/Interior view(1-6圖片來(lái)源/Sources: KAAN Architecten)

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