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        語(yǔ)法填空中無(wú)提示詞題的解題點(diǎn)撥

        2018-12-18 02:50:20四川
        教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2018年6期
        關(guān)鍵詞:連詞代詞介詞

        四川

        高考語(yǔ)法填空題型分為有提示詞和無(wú)提示詞兩種。筆者經(jīng)過(guò)多年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)提示詞的設(shè)空處,通常需要補(bǔ)充連詞、介詞、冠詞、代詞、助動(dòng)詞等,近4年來(lái)的全國(guó)卷和浙江卷基本上是每年考查3道題。下面筆者結(jié)合高考試題對(duì)語(yǔ)法填空中無(wú)提示詞題的解題進(jìn)行點(diǎn)撥。

        2015—2018年全國(guó)卷、浙江卷語(yǔ)法填空題中有提示詞題和無(wú)提示詞題統(tǒng)計(jì)表

        一、連詞

        若兩個(gè)分句之間沒(méi)有分號(hào)、破折號(hào)或句號(hào),則應(yīng)考慮填并列連詞或者從屬連詞。由上表可知,連詞是近4年全國(guó)卷和浙江卷考查的熱點(diǎn)。

        1.考查并列連詞的選用

        若兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)單詞、短語(yǔ)或分句之間沒(méi)有連詞,可能是填and, but, or, when等連詞或者是考查both...and...,either...or..., neither...nor..., not...but..., not only...but also..., as well as等詞組。

        【考例1】In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl”cultures of China, Japan, Korea, ______ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.(2016年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,61)

        【答案與解析】and。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,應(yīng)填連詞and表示四個(gè)國(guó)家的并列。

        2.考查從屬連詞的選用

        (1)考查名詞性從句中的連接代詞(which, what,who, whom, whose)、連接副詞(when, where, how, why)和連接詞(that, if, whether)的選用。

        【考例1】As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ________ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,70)

        【答案與解析】how。連接副詞how引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句且在句中作狀語(yǔ),修飾形容詞thick,表示程度。

        【考例 2】I’m not sure ______ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩)that suddenly appears out of nowhere.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,61)

        【答案與解析】who。連接代詞who引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句且在句中作主語(yǔ),表示“誰(shuí)”。

        (2)考查狀語(yǔ)從句中的從屬連詞(when, before, if,as, because, since, than, though等)的選用。

        【考例1】Over time, _____ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.(2016年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,65)

        【答案與解析】as/when。此處填as“隨著”,從句作伴隨狀語(yǔ),或填when“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

        【考例 2】While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life____ walking, cycling or swimming.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,65)

        【答案與解析】than。由前文的more effective可知,本句是將跑步與其他運(yùn)動(dòng)方式作對(duì)比,應(yīng)填than引出比較對(duì)象。

        (3)考查定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞(who, which, that,whose, as)和關(guān)系副詞(when, where, why)的選用。

        【考例1】But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ______ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,65)

        【答案與解析】when。先行詞my days指時(shí)間,且定語(yǔ)從句不缺少主干成分,而缺少狀語(yǔ),應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞when。

        【考例2】Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ______ it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted(生長(zhǎng))through it.(2017年浙江卷,64)

        【答案與解析】where。先行詞the garden指地點(diǎn),且定語(yǔ)從句不缺少主干成分,而缺少狀語(yǔ),應(yīng)填關(guān)系副詞where。

        【考例 3】Like many things in life, it’s an ongoing process,and the best part of the process is that there’s enough room for improvement, ______ means you’ll just keep getting better and better.(2017年11月浙江卷,57)

        【答案與解析】which。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代前面一整句話(huà),且在從句中作主語(yǔ),應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞which。

        【考例4】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _____ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,66)

        【答案與解析】that/which。先行詞a study指物,且定語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ),應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞that/which。

        【考例5】Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018年浙江卷,57)

        【答案與解析】who/that。先行詞many westerners指人,且定語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ),應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞who/that。

        二、介詞

        當(dāng)空格后面的名詞、動(dòng)名詞或代詞,不充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ),也不充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),空格處應(yīng)該填介詞。尤其要注意含有介詞的固定搭配或習(xí)慣用法。由前面表格可知,介詞是近4年全國(guó)卷和浙江卷考查的重點(diǎn)。

        1.考查介詞的基本用法

        【考例1】This trend, which was started by the medical community(醫(yī)學(xué)界) ______ a method of fighting heart disease,has had some unintended side effects.(2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,61)

        【答案與解析】as。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境“作為一種抵御心臟病的方式”可知, 應(yīng)填as表示“作為”。

        【考例2】After school she plans to take a year off to model full- time before going to university to get a degree _____engineering or architecture.(2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,68)

        【答案與解析】in。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境“在工程或建筑方面獲得學(xué)位”可知, 應(yīng)填in表示“在某方面”。

        【考例3】If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home ______dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.(2018年浙江卷,65)

        【答案與解析】for。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境“去你媽媽家吃飯”可知, 應(yīng)填for表示目的。

        2.考查介詞的固定搭配或習(xí)慣用法

        【考例1】But my connection with pandas goes back ______my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,64)

        【答案與解析】to。go back to意為“追溯到……”,是固定搭配。

        【考例2】I was searching __________ these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.(2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,67)

        【答案與解析】for。search for意為“搜尋”,是固定搭配。

        三、冠詞

        可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前面,若沒(méi)有限定詞(冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、指示代詞等),且表示泛指,意為“一個(gè),又一個(gè)” 時(shí),用不定冠詞a/an ;如果該名詞表示特指,意為“這個(gè),那個(gè)”或者表示最高級(jí)或順序時(shí),就用定冠詞the。同時(shí),也要注意含有冠詞的固定搭配或習(xí)慣用法。由前面表格可知,冠詞是近4年全國(guó)卷和浙江卷的??键c(diǎn)。

        1.考查冠詞的基本用法

        【考例1】Instead, she is earning £6 500 a day as ______model in New York.(2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,62)

        【答案與解析】a。model意為“模特”,是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),用不定冠詞a表示泛指某一職業(yè)。

        【考例 2】Like many things in life, it’s ______ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there’s enough room for improvement, which means you’ll just keep getting better and better.(2017年11月浙江卷,56)

        【答案與解析】an。單詞ongoing的發(fā)音是以元音音素開(kāi)頭,再根據(jù)語(yǔ)境“和生活中許多事情一樣,積累詞匯也是一個(gè)不斷發(fā)展的過(guò)程”可知,用不定冠詞an表示泛指。

        【考例3】Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,62)

        【答案與解析】the。用定冠詞the表示特指,意為“在過(guò)去的25年里”。

        2.考查冠詞的固定搭配或習(xí)慣用法

        【考例1】As ____________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.(2017 年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,65)

        【答案與解析】a。 as a result意為“結(jié)果”,是固定搭配。

        【考例 2】Unexpectedly, I’m face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at _________ top of her lungs.(2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,62)

        【答案與解析】the。at the top of one’s lungs意為“大聲叫喊”,是習(xí)慣用法。

        四、代詞

        主要考查it以及人稱(chēng)代詞、不定代詞等的選用。代詞是該題型的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),近4年全國(guó)卷和浙江卷共考查了3題??忌趥淇紩r(shí)要特別留意人稱(chēng)代詞和不定代詞。

        【考例1】However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25 000 people were using ______ every day.(2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,67)

        【答案與解析】it。代詞it指代前文的the railway。

        【考例2】Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap______ can be to eat out.(2018年浙江卷,58)

        【答案與解析】it。在賓語(yǔ)從句中,it用作形式主語(yǔ),替代真正的動(dòng)詞不定式主語(yǔ)to eat out。

        五、根據(jù)常識(shí)和上下文語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷空格處所填的詞

        該考法的出題幾率較小,近4年全國(guó)卷和浙江卷共考查了2題。

        【考例 1】A few hours ______ , I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with its choking smog.(2015年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,62)

        【答案與解析】before/earlier?!皶r(shí)間段+副詞before/earlier”常與過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)連用。

        【考例2】Pahlsson screamed ______ loudly that her daughter came running from the house.(2017年浙江卷,58)

        【答案與解析】so??疾榻Y(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句句型so...that...,意為“如此……以至于……”。

        六、助動(dòng)詞

        若空格后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是原形,特別是與上下文時(shí)態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時(shí),則很可能是填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或表示疑問(wèn)的助動(dòng)詞(do, does, did等)??疾橹鷦?dòng)詞的幾率也不大,近4年全國(guó)卷和浙江卷都未考查,但考生在備考中仍要留意。

        【考例1】Not until I returned ________ I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.

        【答案與解析】did?!皀ot until...”位于句首時(shí),主句要用部分倒裝,且主從句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致,應(yīng)填did。

        【考例2】Remember, however, that you should usually consult different types of sources.That is, you ______ always rely just on the Internet for your research.

        【答案與解析】shouldn’t。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境“you should usually consult different types of sources”可知,空格處應(yīng)填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shouldn’t,表示“不應(yīng)該”。

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