By Belinda Goldsmith

Cairo is the world’s most dangerous megacity for women while London is the best, according to the first international experts’ poll on how females fare in the rising number of cities with over 10 million people.

[2] The Thomson Reuters Foundation survey asked experts in women’s issues in 19 megacities how well women are protected from sexual violence, from harmful cultural practices, and if they have access to good healthcare, finance and education.

[3] Cairo, the capital of the Arab world’s most populous country, fared worst globally, followed by Karachi in Pakistan, Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of the Congo, then the Indian capital New Delhi.

[4] London was ranked as the most woman-friendly, then Tokyo and Paris.

[5] Women’s rights campaigners in Cairo said traditions dating back centuries made it a tough city, with discrimination rife.

人口上千萬(wàn)的城市越來(lái)越多，這些大城市中的女性過(guò)得怎樣？專家第一次在全球范圍內(nèi)對(duì)此展開(kāi)的調(diào)查顯示，開(kāi)羅是對(duì)女性最危險(xiǎn)的城市，倫敦則是最安全的。

[2]湯森路透基金會(huì)調(diào)查訪問(wèn)了19個(gè)大城市的女性問(wèn)題專家，問(wèn)題涉及女性在免遭性暴力和惡俗文化傷害方面受到的保護(hù)程度，以及女性是否能夠接受良好的醫(yī)療和教育，是否有良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。

[3]開(kāi)羅是阿拉伯世界人口最多之國(guó)的首都，卻在這份調(diào)查問(wèn)卷中排名最前，其次是巴基斯坦的卡拉奇、剛果民主共和國(guó)的金沙薩和印度首都新德里。

[4]倫敦被列為對(duì)女性最友好的城市，其次是東京和巴黎。

[5]開(kāi)羅的女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)者稱，數(shù)百年的傳統(tǒng)使女性在開(kāi)羅過(guò)得艱難，處處遭受歧視。

[6] “We’re still operating under a conservative country and it’s hard to take any radical progressive steps in the area of women and women’s laws,” said Omaima Abou-Bakr, co-founder of the Cairo-based campaign group Women and Memory Forum.

[7] “Everything about the city is difficult for women. We see women struggling in all aspects. Even a simple walk on the street, and they are subjected to harassment, whether verbal or even physical,” said high-profile Egyptian journalist and women’s rights campaigner Shahira Amin.

Sexual harassment

[8] Delhi and Sao Paulo emerged as the worst cities when respondents were asked if women could live there without the risk of sexual violence, including rape, attacks or harassment.

[9] The fatal gang rape of a woman on a Delhi bus in 2012 led to a wave of public protests and jolted many in the world’s second most populous country out of apathy over the treatment of women, forcing the government to toughen penalties for sex crimes.

[10] Since then a spike in media reports, government campaigns and civil society programmes, have increased public awareness of women’s rights and emboldened victims to register abuses.

[11] Authorities recorded four rapes every hour in India in 2015.

[6]開(kāi)羅的運(yùn)動(dòng)組織“女性與記憶論壇”聯(lián)合創(chuàng)立人奧邁馬·阿布-貝克爾說(shuō):“我們?nèi)陨钤谝粋€(gè)保守的國(guó)家，在女性以及與女性相關(guān)法律問(wèn)題上很難取得突破性進(jìn)展?！?/p>

[7]“女性在這座城市里舉步維艱，在各個(gè)方面都遭受困境。即便僅僅走在街頭，她們都會(huì)遭受言語(yǔ)或者肢體的騷擾。”埃及知名記者和女權(quán)主義者莎哈拉·阿敏如是說(shuō)。

性騷擾

[8]根據(jù)受訪者的回答，女性在德里和圣保羅遭到強(qiáng)奸、襲擊和性騷擾等性暴力的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大。

[9] 2012年德里公交輪奸致死案件引起了一波公眾抗議高潮，將這座世界第二大人口城市的許多人從對(duì)女性的冷漠中喚醒，迫使政府嚴(yán)懲性犯罪。

[10]至此之后，媒體報(bào)道、政府宣傳和民間社會(huì)項(xiàng)目等的猛增，增強(qiáng)了公眾對(duì)婦女權(quán)利的保護(hù)意識(shí)，并鼓勵(lì)受害者舉報(bào)其所受虐待。

[11]據(jù)印度官方記錄，2015年該國(guó)平均每小時(shí)就有4起強(qiáng)奸案發(fā)生。

[12] “Even after the Delhi gang rape,we are seeing rising cases of sexual violence. All the measures taken so far are welcome, but they are not enough,” said lawyer Rishi Kant from Shakti Vahini, a charity that supports rape victims.

[13] “These rapists act because they know they won’t get caught. So strengthening the police and courts to effectively investigate, prosecute, convict and punish is key.”

[14] In Sao Paulo, women are increasingly using social media to denounce sexual violence, including writer Clara Averbuck, who launched an online campaign in August after she was sexually assaulted by a taxi driver.

[16] “I’ve never been so violated as in Brazil,” Averbuck told the Thomson Reuters Foundation. “I’m not speaking only about physical rape. In London, in New York, I feel very comfortable because they treat me like a human being.Here they treat you less than a human being.”

[12]“即使在德里輪奸案之后，性暴力案件數(shù)量仍持續(xù)攀升。現(xiàn)有對(duì)策雖然可嘉，但仍然不夠?！甭蓭熇锵！た档抡f(shuō)道。康德供職于幫助強(qiáng)奸受害者的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)夏克提·瓦西里。

[13]“強(qiáng)奸犯之所以敢這樣就是因?yàn)樗麄冎雷约翰粫?huì)被抓。因此，增強(qiáng)警力和審判，有效調(diào)查、起訴、定罪和懲罰強(qiáng)奸犯是關(guān)鍵?！?/p>

[14]在圣保羅，更多女性使用社交媒體聲討性暴力，其中包括作家克拉拉·阿維布克，她曾遭到出租車司機(jī)性侵，之后在8月發(fā)起了一場(chǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)動(dòng)聲討性暴力。

[15]《圣保羅報(bào)》今年為巴西公共安全論壇開(kāi)展的民意調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，過(guò)去一年中，巴西每三名16歲及以上女性中就有一名遭受過(guò)肢體、言語(yǔ)或心理方面的暴力，但52%的人沒(méi)有告發(fā)。

[16]“在巴西以外，我從未被如此冒犯過(guò)，”阿維布克告訴湯森路透基金會(huì)，“我說(shuō)的不僅僅是強(qiáng)奸。我在倫敦，在紐約，都感到非常舒適，因?yàn)槟抢锏娜藗儼盐耶?dāng)人看。但在這里，他們不把我當(dāng)人?！?/p>

研究人員還需考慮具體的引發(fā)形式(elicitation format)，是視覺(jué)的(例如以卡通形式呈現(xiàn)的影片，見(jiàn)Félix-Brasdefer 2010: 46-47; Yamashita 2001)，聽(tīng)覺(jué)的，還是筆頭的。不管采用哪種形式，都必須向被試說(shuō)明交際的情景，讓被試清楚地了解交際雙方的相對(duì)權(quán)勢(shì)、社會(huì)地位以及言語(yǔ)行為的強(qiáng)加程度等情景因素。

London best, Tokyo safest

[17] Lima in Peru came out worst when participants were asked if women had good access to healthcare, including control over reproductive health. Abortion is illegal in Peru except to save the life of the mother and the teenage pregnancy rate is high.

[18] Conflict-ridden Kinshasa, where growing violence has sparked fears of a repeat of civil wars two decades ago in which millions died, was the worst city in terms of female access to education, ownership of land and obtaining financial services.

[19] At the other end of the scale,London was named the best city, buoyed by Britain’s free and universal National Health Service, as well as coming top for economic opportunities.

[20] London Mayor Sadiq Khan said women were now leading at every level of society in London—in public service,the arts, politics, science and business—but there was more to do.

[21] “The progress we’re making as a city is not happening fast enough,” he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.“We must redouble our efforts to remove any barriers to women’s success and to unlock their full potential.”

[22] Tokyo was ranked as the safest city in terms of sexual violence and harassment, though some women’s rights campaigners said sexual violence re-mained a hidden problem.

倫敦最好，東京最安全

[17]據(jù)受訪者提供的信息，秘魯首都利馬的女性在醫(yī)保方面的境況最糟，包括生育自主權(quán)。除了墮胎挽救孕婦生命的情況外，墮胎在秘魯都是非法的，當(dāng)?shù)厣倥畱言新室簿痈卟幌隆?/p>

[18]在沖突不斷的金沙薩，漸增的暴力事件引起人們對(duì)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)再次爆發(fā)的恐懼。上百萬(wàn)人在20年前的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中喪生。金沙薩的女性在接受教育、擁有土地和獲得金融服務(wù)方面的待遇最差。

[19]與之相反，倫敦被認(rèn)為是對(duì)女性最好的城市，這得益于英國(guó)免費(fèi)的全國(guó)性的國(guó)民醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系，以及即將是首屈一指的經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)遇。

[20]倫敦市長(zhǎng)沙迪克·汗說(shuō)，女性如今在倫敦社會(huì)的各個(gè)行業(yè)都嶄露頭角，包括公共服務(wù)、藝術(shù)、政治、科學(xué)和商業(yè)，但還有很多不足。

[21]“作為城市，我們的進(jìn)步不夠迅速，”他告訴湯森路透基金會(huì)，“我們必須加倍努力消除阻礙女性成功的障礙，充分釋放她們的潛力?！?/p>

[22]東京是女性受到性暴力和性騷擾最少的城市，雖然一些女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)者稱性暴力仍是隱患。

[23] Moscow outperformed New York on a range of measures, and was named the most female-friendly city judged solely on cultural practice, perhaps a nod to its avowedly egalitarian Soviet past.

Urban jungles

[24] The Thomson Reuters Foundation’s seventh annual perception poll was conducted as cities grow rapidly and the future looks increasingly urban,with 66 percent of people expected to live in urban areas by 2050, up from 54 percent currently.

[25] The United Nations says the number of megacities has tripled since 1990 to 31, including six in China and five in India, and forecast this will rise to 41 by 2030. The poll was only conducted in the largest city in each country.

[26] Campaigners said understanding and preparing for key trends in urbanisation in coming years is crucial to meet the U.N.’s latest set of global goals to end poverty and inequality by 2030. The poll was designed around U.N. targets.

[27] Billy Cobbett, director of the Cities Alliance, a global partnership for urban poverty reduction that promotes the role of cities in sustainable development, said the success of Agenda 2030 would be substantially dependent on the role played by women in cities of all sizes.

[23]莫斯科在很多方面的表現(xiàn)都勝過(guò)紐約，其在文化方面對(duì)女性最為友好，這可能歸功于其蘇聯(lián)時(shí)期人人平等的主張。

城市叢林

[24]湯森路透基金會(huì)開(kāi)展了第七個(gè)年度感知調(diào)查，因?yàn)槌鞘性鲩L(zhǎng)迅速，未來(lái)城鎮(zhèn)規(guī)模將進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，預(yù)計(jì)到2050年將有66%的人居住在城市，比現(xiàn)在提高12個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

[25]據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)資料，1990年以來(lái)世界超級(jí)大都市的數(shù)量已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)了兩倍，增加到31個(gè)，其中中國(guó)6個(gè)，印度5個(gè)，預(yù)計(jì)到2030年將增加到41個(gè)。此項(xiàng)調(diào)查僅在每個(gè)國(guó)家的最大城市開(kāi)展。

[26]社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)人士認(rèn)為，理解并為接下來(lái)的城鎮(zhèn)化主要趨勢(shì)做好準(zhǔn)備，是達(dá)到聯(lián)合國(guó)最新設(shè)立的在2030年前消除貧困和不平等全球目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵。此項(xiàng)調(diào)查圍繞聯(lián)合國(guó)的目標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)而成。

[27]城市聯(lián)盟的負(fù)責(zé)人比利·科貝特說(shuō)，“2030可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程”成功與否將取決于女性在各種規(guī)模的城市中扮演的角色。城市聯(lián)盟是一家全球組織，致力于減少城市貧窮并促進(jìn)城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

[28] “The opportunity for women to play a full and leading role cannot be taken for granted, but requires reliable data, sound policy and decisive actions by city leaders,” Cobbett told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

[29] The poll of 380 people was conducted online and by phone between June 1 and July 28 with 20 experts questioned in each of the 19 cities with a response rate of 93 percent. The results were based on a minimum of 15 experts in each city. ■

[28]“女性發(fā)揮多方面作用、展現(xiàn)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的機(jī)會(huì)并非理所當(dāng)然，必須依賴城市領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者提供的可靠數(shù)據(jù)、制定穩(wěn)妥的政策和采取果斷的行動(dòng)?！笨曝愄馗嬖V湯森路透基金會(huì)。

[29]湯森路透基金會(huì)在6月1日至7月28日期間調(diào)查了19個(gè)城市的380人。調(diào)查者通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和電話詢問(wèn)了這19個(gè)城市中每個(gè)城市的20名專家，回復(fù)率為93%。根據(jù)每個(gè)城市至少15位專家的意見(jiàn)得出了調(diào)查結(jié)果。 □