吳元培

近年來對被動語態(tài)（ passive participle，下文簡稱pp）的考查是高考的熱點之一，特別是以考查其與動詞各種時態(tài)相結(jié)合的題型為主，并且體現(xiàn)在上下文語境當中。本文通過對最近幾年來有關(guān)被動語態(tài)的高考試題的歸納和分析，讓學生了解和掌握被動語態(tài)在高考常考時態(tài)中的具體運用。

一、高考?？紩r態(tài)的被動語態(tài)

當我們強調(diào)動作的承受者或者我們不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰或者動作的執(zhí)行者是誰對我們并不重要時，我們就要采用被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)是由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成，助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化；含有情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)是由“情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

（Ⅰ） 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)：am /is/are+ pp

1.A lot of people often forget that oral exams____to test our communicative ability.

A. design

B.are designed

C.are designing

D.are being designed

解析：一般現(xiàn)在時常與often，always，usually，sometimes，every day等時間狀語連用，表示經(jīng)常性動作或狀態(tài)。design與oral exams之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，所以謂語應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。故答案選擇B項。

2. The wet weather will continue tomorrow if a cold front____to arrive.

A. is expected

B.is expecting

C.expects

D.will be expected

解析：在由if引導的條件狀語從句中，如果主句使用將來時，從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時，且expect與a cold front之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。故選擇A項。

（Ⅱ） -般過去時的被動語態(tài)：was/were+ pp

1. —Have you heard about that fire in the market？

—Yes， fortunately no one___.

A. hurt

B.was hurt

C.has hurt

D.had been hurt

解析：根據(jù)題干語境，“幸運的是沒人受傷”表示的是一個過去的動作，因此，應(yīng)使用一般過去時態(tài)。hurt與no one之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，所以用被動語態(tài)。故選擇B項。

2. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune____.

A. is made

B.would make

C.was to be made

D.had made

解析：由句意以及主句中的時態(tài)“l(fā)ed”可知，從句需用過去將來時；make與fortune之間又構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，所以又要用被動語態(tài)。故選擇C項。

（Ⅲ）一般將來時與過去將來時的被動語態(tài)：will（would）/+pp或am/is/are/（ was/were） going to be+ pp

Don't worry.The hard work that you do now____later in life.

A.will be repaid

B.was being repaid

C.has been repaid

D.was repaid

解析：句意是：別擔心。你現(xiàn)在努力的工作將會在以后的生活中得到回報。分析句子成分可知that you do now是定語從句修飾主語the hard work；再根據(jù)句中的信息詞later可知此處應(yīng)該用一般將來時，而work和pay之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，所以用一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。故選擇A項。

（Ⅳ）現(xiàn)在進行時與過去進行時的被動語態(tài)：am /is/are（ was/were）+being+pp

1. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house____.

A. is being rebuilt

B.has been rebuilt

C.is rebuilt

D.has rebuilt

解析：根據(jù)句意：目前他們和父母住在一起，因為他們自己的房子現(xiàn)在正在重建中。所以用現(xiàn)在進行時，且their own house和rebuild邏輯上構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，還表示目前正在進行中，故用現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。故選擇A項。

2. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading， only to be told that it________.

A. was decorated

B.had decorated

C. had been decorating

D.was being decorated

解析：根據(jù)語境，only to表示出乎意料的結(jié)果：本來我們想去圖書館看書，結(jié)果被告知圖書館正在裝修。the reading room和decorate之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，表示正在進行，還沒有完工，所以用過去進行時的被動語態(tài)。故選擇D項。

（Ⅴ）現(xiàn)在完成時與過去完成時的被動語態(tài)：has/have（ had ）+been+ pp

1.

In the last few years thousands of films____all over the world.

A. have produced

B.have been produced

C. are producing

D.are being produced

解析：produce與thousands of films之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，所以用被動語態(tài)。in the last few years表示“在過去的幾年里”，是從過去算到現(xiàn)在，是現(xiàn)在完成時的標志。故選擇B項。

2. Experiments of this kind____in both the US and Europe well before the Second World War.

A. have conducted

B.have been conducted

C. had conducted

D.had been conducted

解析：conduct與主語experiment之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，所以用被動語態(tài)。題干中出現(xiàn)的the Second World War是過去的時間點，before the Second War是過去的過去，因此應(yīng)用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。故選擇D項。

（Ⅵ）將來完成時的被動語態(tài)：will have+ been+ pp

The mayor says that all construction work for the games____by 2026.

A. has been completed

B.has completed

C.will have been completed

D.will have completed

解析：由主句中的謂語says可知，“到2026年”是表示到將來的某個時間為止，將要完成的動作；并且complete與all construction work for the games之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，所以用將來完成時的被動語態(tài)。故選擇C項。

二、含有賓語補足語的被動語態(tài)

有些動詞如：consider， find，feel，make，think，keep，name，call后跟賓語+賓語補足語。將這一主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，只需將主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，賓語補足語保留不變，這時它就成了主語補足語?？梢猿洚斮e語補足語的有名詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞等。

1.行為動詞

（1）The wet weather will continue tomorrow if a cold front____to arrive.

A. is expected

B.is expecting

C.expects

D.will be expected

解析：由主句使用將來時可知從句應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時；根據(jù)句子的意思expect與a cold front之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系。故選擇A項。

2.感官動詞和使役動詞后接不定式做賓語補足語

在主動句中，感官動詞（see，watch，hear，listen to等）和使役動詞（make，have）后接不帶to的不定式做賓語補足語；但改為被動語態(tài)后，要加上不定式符號to；若做賓語補足語的動詞與賓語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，則賓語補足語用過去分詞。

（1） To learn English well， we should find opportunities to hear English____as much aswe can.

A. speak

B.speaking

C.spoken

D.to speak

解析：speak與English之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞做賓語補足語。故選擇C項。

（2） Paul doesn't have to be made____.He always works hard.

A. learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

解析：make表示“使得”，是使役動詞，在主動語態(tài)中后接不帶to的不定式做賓語補足語，但在被動語態(tài)中，后接帶to的不定式做主語補足語。故選擇B項。

【注意】但動詞let其被動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式仍不帶to。

例如：A bird is let go after being healed by doctors.一只烏在接受醫(yī)生治療后展翅高飛了。

三、含有雙賓語的被動語態(tài)

有些動詞如：give，tell，buy做謂語后可帶雙賓語。含有雙賓語的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，可以將其中一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個保留不動。一般是將主動結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語；當直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語時，間接賓語前應(yīng)加介詞to或for。

（1） -Do you have any problems if you____this job？

-Well， l'm thinking about the salary...

A. offer

B.will offer

C.are offered

D.will be offered

解析：offer后接雙賓語，所以主語是offer動作的承受者，故用被動形式；而由if引導的時間狀語從句，從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時，故答案選C。

（2） This book is given to you.這書是給你的。

四、短語動詞的被動語態(tài)

有些短語動詞相當于及物動詞，可以有被動語態(tài)，但短語動詞是一個不可分隔的整體，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時不可去掉構(gòu)成短語動詞中的介詞或副詞。

More attention should be paid____our education if possible.

A. to developing

B.to development

C.to develop

D.for developing

解析：本題強調(diào)名詞attention，其實考查的是動詞短語pay attention to，to是介詞，后接名詞或動名詞。故選擇A項。

五、“get+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài)

這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般指動作的結(jié)果而非動作本身，常表示“狀態(tài)的改變”。

Tom knew that he would certainly get_____if he was late home.

A. shout at

B.to shout at

C.shouted at

D.to be shouted at

解析：shout at邏輯上的賓語是主語Tom，所以用“get+及物動詞的過去分詞”，表示“狀態(tài)的改變”。故選擇C項。

六、非謂語動詞中的被動語態(tài)

（1） _______to work overtime that evening，l missed a wonderful film.

A. Having been asked

B.To ask

C. Having asked.

D.To be asked

解析：分詞的邏輯主語“I”與ask之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系。此外，非謂語動詞所表示的動作是發(fā)生在句中謂語所表示的動作之前，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞完成時的被動形式。故選擇A項。

（2） Energy drinks are not allowed

in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand.

A. to make

B.to be made

C. to have been made

D.to be making

解析：根據(jù)詞法，在被動語態(tài)中，allow后接不定式做主語補足語；make與Energy drinks之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，陳述一種事實，所以用不定式被動形式的一般形式。故選擇B項。

七、含有名詞性從句的被動語態(tài)

帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態(tài)時，通常用it來做被動句的形式主語，賓語從句則變成了主語從句。這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以改為“主語+ be+過去分詞+動詞不定式”形式。

（1） At the end of the meeting， it was announced that an agreement____.

A. has been reached

B.had been reached C.has reached

D.had reached

解析：根據(jù)句法，此句是由that引導的主語從句。在主語從句中，reach與an agreement之間構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)用被動形式；并且從句動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前，因此用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。故選擇B項。

（2） Leonardo da Vinci （1452—1519）____birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasureof setting them free.

A. is said to be buying

B.is said to have bought

C. had said to buy

D.has said to have bought

解析：“be said”后接不定式；根據(jù)句意，分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，即：買鳥這一動作發(fā)生在說之前，因此此處應(yīng)用不定式的完成時態(tài)。故答案選B。

【考點拓展】常見的含有名詞性從句的被動結(jié)構(gòu)的句型有：

It is ordered that...

根據(jù)命令……

It is reported that...

據(jù)報道……

It is well known that...

眾所周知……

It must be admitted that...

必須承認……

It is required that...

根據(jù)要求……

It must be pointed out that...

必須指出……

It is generally considered that...

大家認為……

八、考查被動語態(tài)的省略形式

在when，while，if，unless，though等引導的時間、條件或讓步狀語從句中，如果從句的主語和主句的主語一致，從句又含有be動詞時，常可以省略從句的主語和be動詞。

-Who should be responsible for the accident？

-The boss， not the workers. They just carried out the order

A. as told

B.as are told

C.as telling

D.as they told

解析：由as引導定語從句，tell后接雙賓語，從句主語和主句的主語一致，且和tell之間是動賓關(guān)系，可補為：as they were told，省略從句的主語和be動詞were。故選擇A項。

九、用主動形式表示被動意義

1.表示狀態(tài)特征的系動詞look，feel，taste，sound，smell，prove，seem，appear常接形容詞或名詞做表語，只能用主動形式表示被動的含義。

The water____cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.

A. was felt

B.is felt

C.felt

D.feels

解析：由when引導的時間狀語從句，應(yīng)保持主從句時態(tài)的一致性；feel是系動詞，只能用主動形式表示被動的含義。故選擇C。

2.表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞（如：read，write，sell，open，shut，begin，wash，wear，cut，lock，pack，act，draw，iron，dry， eat，heat， clean等）與副詞well，smoothly， easily等連用時，說明主語內(nèi)在的性能、特點，應(yīng)用主動形式表示被動的含義。

Books of this kind____well.

A. sell

B.sells

C.are sold

D.is sold

解析：這種書很好賣，是說明主語內(nèi)在的性能與特點，所以應(yīng)用主動形式表示被動含義；而句子的主語是books，謂語動詞應(yīng)用復數(shù)形式。故選擇A項。

3.少數(shù)動詞用進行時的主動式表示被動含義，這時甸子的主語必須是無生命的物體。如：build，print， cook， hang， fry， make.

The books are printing.書在印刷。

4.need，want，require，stand， bear，deserve等詞后面常接主動的-ing分詞形式表示被動意義。

We've had a good start， but next， more work needs____to achieve the final success.

A. being done

B.do

C.to be done

D.to do

解析：句子的主語more work是動作承受者時，所以need后接動詞-ing形式或者后接不定式的被動形式做賓語。故選擇C項。

5.動詞不定式在某些做表語的形容詞后，用主動形式表示被動含義

當動詞不定式做表語形容詞（easy，difficult.hard，comfortable等）的狀語，又與句子的主語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系時，動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。

In many people's opinion， that company， though relatively small， is pleasant____.

A. to deal with

B.dealing with

C.to be dealt with

D.dealt with

解析：在某些形容詞后常用不定式的主動形式表被動含義，此時，不定式動作和句子的主語存在動賓關(guān)系。故選擇A項。

6.動詞不定式在某些做賓語補足語的形容詞后，用主動形式表示被動含義。

當動詞不定式做賓語補足語的形容詞（easy，difficult，hard等）的狀語，又與句子的賓語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系時，動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。

（1）This machine is very easy____.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.

A. operating

B.to be operating

C.operated

D.to operate

解析：在形容詞easy后常用不定式的主動形式表示被動含義，此時，不定式動作和句子的主語存在動賓關(guān)系，用主動形式表示被動含義。故選擇D項。

（2）We find the man hard to get along with.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個男人很難相處。

7.不定式做名詞或代詞的后置定語，動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義

If there's a lot of work____，I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished.

A. to do

B.to be doing

C.done

D.doing

解析：用不定式表示將要做的事情，并且在there be句型中，如果be后面的sth.要跟上不定式，要用主動形式表示被動含義，故選擇A項。

8.在be worth doing結(jié)構(gòu)中，用-ing分詞形式表示被動含義

The song is well worth listening to a second time.這首歌值得聽第二遍。

9.不能用被動語態(tài)的動詞及動詞短語。如：cost， fit， suit，benefit， lack，happen to do sth，last， spread， belong to， break out， run out， go out， shut off，take place， work out， lose heart， consist of。

Food supplies in the flood-stricken area____.We must act immediately before there's none left.

A. have run out

B.are running out

C.have been run out

D.are being run out

解析：根據(jù)句意與語境可知，食品供應(yīng)即將耗盡。run out為不及物動詞短語，不能使用被動形式，由此可排除C和D兩個選項。B選項為現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)，可以表示將來，符合題意。故選擇B項。

10.不定式to let，to seek，to blame（應(yīng)受責備），to decide on用主動形式表示被動含義。

Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy， saying that he was not the one___________.

A. blamed

B.blaming

C.to blame

D.to be blamed

解析：blame表示“應(yīng)負責任”，常用主動形式表示被動含義。根據(jù)句法，用不定式“to blame”做詞“the one”的后置定語。故選擇C項。

鞏固性練習

1. The 32rd Summer Olympic Games _______ in Tokyo， Japan， 2020.

A. was held

B. was holding

C. will be held

D. will be holding

2. He could have helped us， but he _______ from coming in time by a traffic jam.

A. has been prevented

B. had been prevented

C. is prevented

D. was prevented

3. Not until he called the secretary three times _______ that the manager went to animportant meeting.

A. did he tell

B. he told

C. was he told

D. he was told

4. English has been changing for centuries， and even now， new words and expressions_______ nearly every day.

A. have added

B. are being added

C. are added

D. have been added

5. Although many measures _______， the world's economy is still going down.

A. were taken

B. will be taken

C. are taken

D. have been taken

6. It is reported in the papers that the old coins_______ under the earth for about 200 yearsby the time they were discovered.

A. had buried

B. had been buried

C. buried

D. were buried

7. Nobody has any idea that how long it will be before the hostages _______.

A. are released

B. will be released

C. are to be released

D. has been released

8. With the help of high technology， more than one oil fields _______ in the last two decades.

A. were discovered

B. have discovered

C. have been discovered

D. has been discovered

9. Great changes________in my town and many a factory______

A. are taken place； are set up

B. have been taken place； have been set up

C. took place； are set up

D. have taken place； has been set up

10. The tree over there is so tall that I suppose it _____ nearly twenty meters.

A. measures

B. is measured

C. measure

D. to be measured

11. —Good morning. Doctor Brown's office.

—Hello， this is Tom Smith. Could you please tell Doctor Brown I ______？ My car_______ start.

A. was delayed； doesn't

B. will be delayed； won't

C. am delayed； didn't

D. would delay； mustn't

12. I _______ a book on fashion at the moment， and it _______

in the book that Europeansstarted to wear top hats in the early 1800s

A. read； is said

B. am reading； is saying

C. was reading； was saying

D. am reading； says

13. We find the oil in the car ______.

A. has been run out

B. is run out

C. has run out

D. being run out

14. New technology _

～ to make sure that the cars， taxis， buses and trains we use_______the air.

A. is used； not pollute

B. has used； is not polluted

C. is being used； do not pollute

D. has been used； to pollute

15. The cause he had devoted himself to ______ a perfect success.

A. proving

B. proved

C. was proved

D. has been proved

Keys ：1～5 CDCBD

6～10 BACDA

11～15 BDCCB