江西 邱世才
句子按用途可以分為四類,即陳述句(肯定句和否定句)、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句,對它們的考查常常出現(xiàn)在選擇填空和句型轉換題型中。
1.there be結構
(1)there be結構的謂語動詞。
be在人稱和數(shù)上應與其后的主語(名詞)保持一致。主語是不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時用is,復數(shù)名詞用are。兩個或兩個以上的名詞作主語,be動詞和鄰近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。例如:
There is a pen and some books on the desk.在桌子上有一支鋼筆和一些書。
(2)there be結構時態(tài)的構成。
表達將來用there is (are)going to be或there will be;表示過去某處或某時有某人或某物用there was/were。例如:
There were a lot of students in the classroom yesterday.昨天教室里有許多學生。
2.否定句
(1)含be、情態(tài)動詞或助動詞的句子,直接在這些詞后加not。
(2)含實義動詞的句子,主語是第三人稱單數(shù),一般現(xiàn)在時的否定句要借助于助動詞does,并加not構成,實義動詞用原形;一般過去時的否定句要借助助動詞did,并加not構成,實義動詞要用原形。
(3)單詞變化構成否定句,如both改neither,both...and...改 neither...nor...,all(of) 改 none(of),often 改never,always 改 seldom,already 改 yet,everything改nothing等。例如:
All the answers are wrong.=None of the answers are right.沒有一個答案是對的。
【注意】
在構成否定句時,some改為any,some-所構成的復合不定代詞改為any-所構成的復合不定代詞。例如:
The twin needs some bananas.(改為否定句)
→The twin doesn’t need any bananas.
3.高頻句
(1)“It’s+ 形容詞 +for/of sb.to do sth.”意為“對某人來說做某事是……的”。句中的形容詞表示人的性格特征時,用of;形容詞描述事物,不對不定式作為者進行評價,用for。例如:
It’s foolish of him to go alone./He was foolish to go along.他單獨外出太傻了。
It’s very dangerous for him to cross the busy street.對他來說,穿過繁忙的街道很危險。
(2)“It takes/took/will take sb.+time/money to do sth.”意為“花費某人多長時間/錢做某事”。此句型可轉換為“Sb.spends/spent/will spend+time/money(in)doing/on sth.”。例如:
It took me a week to finish reading the book./I spent a week in reading the book.讀完那本書花了我一周時間。
(3)“It seems/seemed that...”意為“看起來好像……”。it是形式主語,代替that引導的主語從句。此句型常與“Sb./Sth.seems/seemed to be...”互換。例如:
It seems that he has known everything./He seems to have known everything.他似乎已經知道一切了。
(4)“It’s said+that從句”意為“據(jù)說……”。充當形容詞成分的said是過去分詞,類似的詞還有reported(報道)、thought(認為)、known(周知)、suggested(建議)、proved(證明)等。例如:
It is reported that there will be a concert this evening.據(jù)報道,今晚有一場音樂會。
1.一般疑問句
含助動詞、情態(tài)動詞及be動詞的陳述句,把這些詞提前即可變成一般疑問句。句中的動詞為實義動詞,可加助動詞do/does/did,且實義動詞還原為原形。陳述句中的第一人稱變?yōu)橄鄳牡诙朔Q,第二人稱有時也改為相應的第一人稱。例如:
I used to get up early in the morning.→Did you use to get up early in the morning?
Allan goes to the library every Monday.→Does Allan go to the library every Monday?
2.選擇疑問句
對選擇疑問句的考查,除包含一般疑問句的考查內容外,還要側重于連詞or的使用。例如:
This is my pencil.(用her pencil改為選擇疑問句)→ Is this your pencil or her pencil?
3.反意疑問句
(1)反意疑問句的構成是“前肯后否或前否后肯”,附加問句的主語和謂語應與陳述部分主語和謂語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。例如:
You bought a new computer last week,didn’t you?
Peter hardly had time for concerts at that time,did he?
(2)陳述部分是祈使句,附加問句部分用will you/won’t you。但 Let’s... 后的附加問句用 shall we,Let us...后的附加問句用will you。例如:
Don’t plan on driving a car in Tibet,will you?
Let’s go to the supermarket,shall we?
Let me help you,will you?
(3)陳述部分中含有 never、seldom、hardly、few、little、nothing、none、no、nobody 等否定意義的詞匯時,附加問句則為肯定形式。例如:
He can hardly swim,can he?
They seldom come late,do they?
4.特殊疑問句
(1)疑問詞的選用。
根據(jù)疑問詞(如 how,when,what,where,why,who,whom,whose及以其他詞構成的疑問詞)的意思,并結合句意和語境來選擇疑問詞。例如:
—It took me half an hour to clean the house.打掃房子花費我半個小時。(對畫線部分提問)
—How long did it take you to clean the house?打掃房子花費你多長時間?(詢問時間長度)
(2)特殊疑問句的語序。
一般情況下,特殊疑問句是由“疑問詞+一般疑問句”構成,但疑問詞作主語或主語的定語時,用陳述語序。例如:
Who’s your English teacher?誰是你的英語老師?
Which woman is your aunt?哪一位婦女是你的姨媽?
(3)對畫線部分提問。
對畫線部分提問可采取下列方法。去:去掉畫線部分;變:把去掉畫線部分后的句子變化為一般疑問句句型(對主語提問或對主語的定語提問時,仍用陳述句語序);選:即根據(jù)畫線部分的意思選擇一個合適的疑問詞,并放在句首;改:即將原句首詞的字母由大寫形式改為小寫形式(原句為人名、地名等專有名詞仍用大寫),并將原句的句號改為問號。例如:
The woman looks after Rose at home.
【解析】去:去掉畫線部分at home,成為“The woman looks after Rose.”。變:改為一般疑問句句型:Does the woman look after Rose?選:根據(jù)畫線部分(at home)的意思選擇合適的疑問詞。此處的畫線部分指地點,選where,并放在句首。改:首字母大寫并標上問號,即“Where does the woman look after Rose?”。
1.肯定句式
祈使句肯定結構的三種類型(Do、Be、Let),委婉請求用please。例如:
Go and ask the teacher.去問問老師。
Be quiet,please.請保持安靜。
Let’s put these books in the box.請把這些書放進箱子里。
2.否定句式
祈使句否定句式的三種類型:“Don’t+實義動詞原形”、“Don’t be”和“No+ 名詞或動名詞”。例如:
Don’t play with the cat,please./Please don’t play with the cat.請不要玩貓。
Don’t be late.不要遲到。
No smoking!禁止吸煙!
【注意】
Let型祈使句的否定式可分兩種情況:“Don’t let+名詞(代詞)+動詞原形”或“Let’s not+動詞原形”。例如:
Don’t let him in.不要讓他進來。
Let’s not play basketball in the classroom.咱們別在教室打籃球。
四、感嘆句
1.What式感嘆句
引導感嘆句的what為形容詞,作定語,用來修飾名詞(詞組)。如果名詞是可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù),形容詞前要加上a/an。例如:
What a fine day it is!多好的天氣??!
What bad weather it is!多糟糕的天氣!
What beautiful flowers these are!這些是多么漂亮的花??!
2.How式感嘆句
引導感嘆句的how為副詞,用來修飾其后的形容詞或副詞。例如:
How hot it is!天氣多熱啊!
How well he draws!他畫得多好啊!
【注意】
兩種感嘆句的互換:what引導的感嘆句中有名詞短語時,可轉換成how引導的感嘆句;當how引導的感嘆句中有形容詞時,可轉換成what引導的感嘆句。例如:
Howinterestingthestoryis!這個故事多么有趣?。 鶺hat an interesting story it is!多么有趣的故事??!
1.—What’s in the picture?
—There______a teacher and some students playing games on the playground.【2017·銅仁中考題】
A.is B.are C.has D.have
【答案與解析】A 考查there be結構。根據(jù)答語意思“在操場上有一個老師和一些學生在做游戲”可排除C、D兩項。在there be結構中,be后的可數(shù)名詞(主語)有幾個時,根據(jù)靠be最近的那個主語來確定。鄰近主語是a teacher,故用is。
2.______that they haven’t known the news.【2016·蘭州中考題】
A.It seems B.It seemed
C.They seem D.They seemed
【答案與解析】A 考查固定句型。It seems/seemed that...意為“看起來好像……”。根據(jù)that后的賓語從句為現(xiàn)在完成時可知,主句不可能是一般過去時。故選A項。
3.—______will you ask for help when you are in trouble?
—My parents,I think. 【2017·孝感中考題】
A.Who B.WhatC.Where D.When
【答案與解析】A 考查疑問代詞。根據(jù)答語句意“我認為是我父母”可推斷,問句詢問的是“當你處于困境中時,你會向誰求助?”,故所缺的疑問代詞是Who。
4.—People choose high-speed train or selfdriving to travel on holidays.
—_______ fastthe traditionaltravelways change! 【2017·宜昌中考題】
A.What a B.How C.WhatD.How a
【答案與解析】B 考查感嘆句的構成。修飾副詞fast要用How,且其后不加冠詞。
5.—Excuse me,but can you tell me where the nearest bank is?
—Just_______going for two more blocks and you’ll see it. 【2017·南京中考題】
A.keep B.to keep C.keeping D.keeps
【答案與解析】A 考查祈使句的構成。肯定祈使句通常以動詞原形開頭。
6.Professor Tu Youyou never stops doing research on Chinese medicine,_______?【2017·上海中考題】
A.is she B.does she
C.isn’t she D.doesn’t she
【答案與解析】B 考查反意疑問句。陳述部分含否定意義的never,附加疑問部分用肯定式;Professor Tu Youyou是第三人稱單數(shù)形式,用she代替;陳述句謂語為實義動詞stops,助動詞用does。
7.Mark is watching TV now.(改成否定句)【2015·重慶中考題】
Mark______________TV now.
【答案與解析】isn’t watching 考查否定句的構成?,F(xiàn)在進行時結構的否定句式直接在助動詞be后加not構成。
8.People will use robots more and more in the future life.(改為一般疑問句) 【2017·孝感中考題】
_______people_______robots more and more in the future life?
【答案與解析】Will;use 考查一般疑問句的構成。一般將來時的結構將助動詞提前即轉化為一般疑問句。
9.My husband likes fish for lunch.(用chicken完成選擇問句) 【2014·新疆中考題】
Which does your husband like better for lunch,fish______________?
【答案與解析】or chicken 考查選擇疑問句的構成。選擇疑問句的結構為“一般疑問句+or+供選擇部分?”。
一、根據(jù)句意,從A、B、C、D四個選項中選擇正確答案。
1.Look!There_______a photo of our English teacher in today’s newspaper!
A.is B.are C.have D.have
2._______picture books in class,please.
A.Not read B.No read
C.Not reading D.Don’t read
3.It’s dangerous_______with the wild animal.
A.for us to play B.of us playing
C.for us playing D.of us to play
4.—_______are the Olympic Games held,do you know?
—Every four years.
A.How soon B.How far
C.How long D.How often
5—_______kind girl Nancy is!
—Yes,she is always ready to help others.
A.What B.What a C.How D.How a
二、根據(jù)括號里的要求完成句型轉換,每空一詞。
1.Liu Ying does morning exercises every day.(改為否定句)
Liu Ying______________morning exercises every day.
2.The red skirt is Lily’s.(對畫線部分提問)
______________the red skirt?
3.We had some work to do last Sunday.(改為一般疑問句)
_______you______________work to do last Sunday?
4.He could hardly wait.(改為反意疑問句)
He could hardly wait,_______________?
5.It is a very fine day.(改為感嘆句)______________fine day_______________!