羅煥慧

◎要點(diǎn)概述

過去完成時用來描述主語在某一過去時間或行為之前就已經(jīng)完成了的動作或狀態(tài)，側(cè)重于其在過去的過去時間里對某事造成的某種影響或結(jié)果。過去完成時由“助動詞had（用于各種人稱和數(shù)）+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

掌握這個時態(tài)的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在于理解主語動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時間是“過去的過去”。下面我們來學(xué)習(xí)三種判定過去完成時的方法：

一、從時間狀語來判定

一般來說，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有以下幾種：

1.by + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。例如：

①I had finished reading the novel by nine o？蒺clock last night.到昨晚九點(diǎn)，我已經(jīng)看完這本小說了。

②By the time of yesterday， we had gotten more than ten thousand letters.到昨天為止，我們已經(jīng)收到了一萬多封信件。

2.by the end of + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。例如：

①We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.到上學(xué)期末，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了兩千多個英語單詞。

②By the end of last week， they had completed the new bridge.到上周末，他們已經(jīng)完成了這座新橋。

3.before + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。例如：

①They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.在上星期三之前，他們已經(jīng)種了六百棵樹了。

②My uncle had never been to Shanghai before I was born.在我出生前，我舅舅從未到過上海。

二、由“過去的過去”作判定

過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指在過去某一動作之前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法可根據(jù)以下來判定：

1.從賓語從句中判斷

當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。過去完成時通常出現(xiàn)在told、 said、 asked、 knew、 heard、 thought等動詞后的賓語從句中。例如：

①He said that his wife had seen the film before.他說他妻子已經(jīng)看過這部電影了。

②She asked me where I had been during the summer holidays.她問我暑假去了哪里。

2.從狀語從句中判斷

在時間、條件、原因和方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。例如：

①After he had finished his homework， he went to bed.做完作業(yè)后，他上床睡覺了。

②I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當(dāng)車來的時候，我在車站已經(jīng)等了20分鐘。

【注意】由before、after引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。例如：

①After he closed the door， he left the classroom.他關(guān)上門離開了教室。

②Henry visited New York before he left for Washington.亨利去華盛頓前游覽了紐約。

3.從定語從句中判斷

在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中敘述過去的事情，先發(fā)生的動作用過去完成時。例如：

①She found the key that she had lost.她找到了丟失的鑰匙。

②Linda wanted to use the umbrella that her mother had bought for her before.琳達(dá)想要用她媽媽以前給她買的那把雨傘。

4.在固定句型中判斷

過去完成時還可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...，It was the first / second / ...time（that）...，It was...since...等固定句型中。例如：

①Hardly had John begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.約翰剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。

②No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。

③It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年的第三次失業(yè)了。

5.從意向性動詞上判斷

表示意向的動詞如hope、 wish、 expect、 want、 think、 intend、 mean、 suppose等，用過去完成時表示“原本……，未能……”。例如：

①We had hoped that you would come， but you didn？蒺t. 我們原本希望你來，但你沒有來。

②Peter had meant that he could give his wife a surprise.彼得原本打算給妻子一個驚喜。

三、根據(jù)上下文去判定

當(dāng)人們敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動作時，常用過去完成時。例如：

①I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn？蒺t seen each other since he went to Beijing.我昨天在街上遇見了王滔。自從他去北京后，我們都沒有見過面。

②Last week I talked with my cousin about my favorite novel Pride and Prejudice. It so happened that she said she had read it before.上周我和表姐談起我最喜歡的小說《傲慢與偏見》。真巧了，她說她以前正好也讀過。

◎貼身小練

一、用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1.The old man （help） twelve kids return to school by the year of 2010.

2.We （intend） to help but could not get there in time.

3.I returned the book that I （borrow）.

4.She didn？蒺t go to bed until she （finish） her work.

5.He said he （work） in that factory since 1949.

6.By nine o？蒺clock last night， we （get） 200 pictures from the spaceship.

7.When I woke up， it （not stop） raining yet.

8.I thought I （send） the letter a week before.

9.Hardly she （leave） home when the telephone rang.

10.Mr. Green died yesterday. He （be） a good friend of mine.

二、根據(jù)所給的漢語，完成英語句子。

11.在我父母昨天到家時，我已經(jīng)煮好了晚飯。

By the time my parents yesterday， I the dinner already.

12.他一到，天就下起雪來了。

Hardly he when it to snow.

13.在我們搬進(jìn)去之前我們已經(jīng)把房子油漆過了。

We the house before we

.

14.我們驚訝于她所做的一切。

We at what she

already.

15.湯姆說這本書他已經(jīng)讀過兩遍了。

Tom he the book twice.

16.她沒通過考試，因為她沒準(zhǔn)備好她的功課。

She didn？蒺t the exams because she her lessons well.

17.他告訴我們他已經(jīng)把那本書給了他兄弟。

He us that he the book to his brother.

18.這是他第一次遲到。

This the first time he

late.